Introduction to MIS Concepts

Many people works on many functions in organization Depends on the verity of functions, the need of information changes Information and its flow also depends on the usage and need All this results in deriving different types of information system for management of an organization and its sub structure Types of Management Systems Decision making process helps the management to run the show of organization with profit maximization aim Information provided by the management at Strategic, Tactical and Operational Level The nature of information at top level is always Strategic and highly structured The nature of information at Operational Level is semi structured The nature of information at low level is always unstructured Concepts & Relationships Transaction Processing Systems TPS Knowledge Based Systems KBS On-Line Analytical Processing Systems OLAPS Executive Information System EIS / MSS Decision Support System DSS Business Process System BPS Object Oriented System - OOS Every business generate set of data through transaction processing.

 Every processed transaction leads to set of data and inturn information The information generated is highly structured Output may be in printed or displayed format Online & Batch Processing Systems are TPS types Online Systems: Enquiry, Ticket Availability etc Batch Processing System: University Mark Sheets Ex: Payroll, Online Ticket Booking, Purchase Order System, Marks Tabulation System Its falls into a category of Decision Making System Decisions are worked on the options and with the standard results stored in the system The processing of data is done on the past decisions taken under suitable conditions Past situations, alternatives and results will help decision maker to take certain options which results into success always Ex: Intelligent Systems, Robotics, Artificial Neural Networks ANN etc Predefined multiple instances of various modules are used in business applications Verification of input is require inorder to process Nearest match leads to process the information and then only output is communicated The system goes through a series of multiple checks of the various parameters used in business decision making Query System is one of the most strongest and widely used for business launch, profit making schemes, stocking policy making etc Such systems are more applicable to the middle and low level managements

 It highlights on daily routine activities more then the strategic decision making process It helps and provides information to the executives to manage their routine functions Ex: Assigning responsibility to executives, Reporting & Documentations, Plotting Trends, Sales Forecast etc. Decision: Choice made from available alternatives Decision Making: Process of identifying problems and opportunities and resolving them Ambiguity: Problem is not clear, the goal is not clear and hence output is not clear Certainty: Input-Output relation is known and hence the result is known Uncertainty: Unawareness about resources, inputs & outputs so results are also unpredictable Risk: Totally unknown results in terms of profit or loss A Decision Support System (DSS) is an interactive computer based information system with an organized collection of models, people, procedures, software, databases, telecommunication, and devices, which helps decision makers to solve unstructured or semi-structured business problems. Programmed Decisions: They are routine or structured, repetitive or short term Definite procedure is to be followed, laid down norms The situations are known & they are taken at the lower or operating levels in an organisation Ex: Inventory should be ordered when inventory levels drop to 100 units is to adhere to a rule Non-Programmed Decisions: Innovative, New or complex situations, Important and Critical, Strategic and Long term Ex: Determining the appropriate training program.

 Handle large amounts of data like database searches Obtain and process data from different sources including internal and external data stored on mainframe systems and networks Provide report and presentation flexibility to suit the decision maker's needs Have both textual and graphical orientation like charts, trend lines, tables and more Perform complex, sophisticated analysis and comparisons using advanced software packages Support Optimization, Satisfying, & Understanding approaches giving the decision maker a great deal of flexibility in solving simple and complex problems Perform "what-if" and goal-seeking analysis Determine existence of problems and opportunities Generate alternatives courses of action Analyse / choose / select a course of action Implement the course of action Monitor, follow-up and initiate course corrective action When we are talking about business then it talks about investment, process, idea generation & selling, running it and output as profit maximization We need to understand the business problems along with all above and solve them at all levels At top level it deals with strategic planning and execution At middle level it deals with the information generation, planning and scheduling etc At bottom level it deals with processing in highly structured manner and routine works All sub process are interdependent of each other

 Ex: Billing, Inventory, Accounting, QC, Logistics etc Every generations makes very positive and remarkable changes on Software and Hardware fronts Object Oriented System Development is further improvement over the earlier approaches, the Procedure Oriented Programming Approach in particular Procedure Oriented Approach: Emphasis on algorithms Functions Based Programming methods Functions Global Data, inter-function data sharing Top Down Approach in Programming design Objects: An object is an entity which has a state and a defined set of operations which operate on that state Classes: User define data type and small program Data Abstraction: Art of representing essential features without including the background details Encapsulation: Wrapping of data and functions into single unit called class Inheritance: Object of one class acquire properties of other Polymorphism: Ability to take more from one form Message Passing: Object name, function name and information to be sent The system development is mainly Modular Cost Effective in designing, development and assembling System Design & Implementations are often easier System Maintenance is easier as it involves minimal changes The system objects are self contained units

 The collections of existing Modules / Codes / Objects can be used or changes for number of applications Programmer security is much higher Real Time Systems Simulation and Modelling Object Oriented Databases Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems Decision Support Systems CAD/CAM Systems Concepts of Management Organization Every organization runs the show with many resources and support. Manpower, Raw Material, Capital, Sales, Market, Distribution Channel, Products and Services plays important role in running any organization with profit maximization role All this constitutes to rules, policies, responsibilities and procedures Organization make, accept, follows and amend this for betterment and success Functional System Concept: Each subsystem has a particular set of data files This are Operational, Transactional & Control Apart from all above there are few general data files which is useful throughout the system Implementation Concept: Focus on System Implementation Process Money is pumped by organization for system implementation & maintenance

 Despite several problems of different magnitude & impact, it is important to note that the system should not come to an halt Interaction of human with the system is most important to focus Level of complexity Must be LOW System response time & reliability Must be HIGH Inadequate functions Functions are needed Lack of equipment Hardware / Software Help Lack of standardization Procedure or Rule Book Problem with network Connectivity & Access to DB Mismatch of Hardware or Software Low level of the technical capacity of the project team Change in job content Loss of Status Change in interpersonal Relationships Loss of power Change in decision making approach Uncertainty / Unfamiliarity / Misinformation Job Security Decision Styles: AI supports Heuristic behavior and DSS supports to Analytic behavior Need for Explanation: ES provides explanation, DSS support partial explanation but Artificial neural network ANN does not Organizational Climate: Lead & support Innovation & new technology Organizational Expectations: Over expectations is not good sign for progress & innovations Resistance to Change: Strong in Management Support System MSS as its impact may be significant

Conclusion Every system has its own ways to function, generate & support organization Types of Management System and its concepts unable to understand systems Role & Significance of MIS in business With all system functionality, we need to understand the behavioral factors & expectations