28th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference 28 June - 1 July 2010, Chicago, Illinois

AIAA 2010-5072

Detached Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a Partially Open Cavity

Shoeb Ahmed Syed* and Klaus A. Hoffmann Department of Aerospace Engineering Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260-0044 The present study is a continuation of a successful validation of the three-dimensional (3-D) open cavity with cover plates using detached Eddy simulation (DES) based on an S-A turbulence model to predict narrowband and broadband flow noise in a rectangular cavity (L/D = 5, W/D = 1) with cover plates at M=0.85. In this paper, the work is extended by numerically investigating the effect of cover plates on an open cavity by application of three DES variants: Spalart-Allmaras (S-A), k--SST and variant based on the realizable kepsilon models. The results of sound pressure levels (SPLs) and root mean square (rms) pressures obtained from these three variants are compared with each other as well as to the predicted Strouhal number by using the semi-empirical Rossiter formula. The main focus of this investigation was to understand the modeling efficiency of these three DES variants and to obtain a further understanding of the cavity flow physics of the 3-D open cavity with cover plates.

I. Introduction HE flow over a cavity gives rise to a wide range of flow phenomena and remains a challenging problem. Thus, the ability of reliably predicting the aero-acoustic behavior of cavity flows is a key factor in the design of weapon bays and landing gear wells for modern aircraft. In compressible flow, cavity oscillations in an open cavity1 arise from a flow-acoustic resonance mechanism which causes structural deflection, structural fatigue and strong acoustic radiation. In the design of cavities in aircraft, consideration should be given to the structure of an aircraft and also to the problems of the aeroacoustic excitation comprising both narrowband and broadband components subjected to the structure. The broadband spectra may have lower energy content than the narrowband, but from a structural design viewpoint, it is necessary to avoid the possibility of a structural mode coinciding with any flow excitation in order to minimize possible fatigue damage.
For modeling turbulent cavity flows coupled with aero acoustic analysis, traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)2-5 methods were used with some success in modeling the narrowband Rossiter mode components of the acoustic spectra but they were unable to predict the broadband contribution. However, both largeEddy simulation (LES)6,7 and the hybrid RANS-LES approach of detached-Eddy simulation (DES)3-10 are capable to predict cavity acoustics of both narrowband and broadband types2. DES is preferred over LES because of its computational affordability. In a previous paper11, three dimensional (3-D) open cavities with and without cover plates were investigated with a DES based S-A turbulence model. The sound pressure level (SPL) spectra and the root mean square (rms) pressure variation along the cavity floor were successfully predicted. In the present study, significant effort has been made to understand the behavior of the three DES variants of the turbulence model and compare the results with each other. Rossiter12 was one of the first few researchers to describe the feedback process. He developed a semiempirical formula to predict the measured resonant frequencies. The modified Rossiter equation derived by Heller et al.13as given in equation 1, allows for the difference in speed of sound within the cavity and in the free-stream flow.

St m =

f mL = U

1+

m 1
2

M +
2

(1)

Graduate Research Assistant, Student Member AIAA Marvin J. Gordon Distinguished Professor, Associate Fellow AIAA

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Copyright 2010 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

where fm is the frequency of a given longitudinal acoustic mode, m is the longitudinal mode number, and K are empirical values, St is the Strouhal number, L is the cavity length, k= 0.57, =0.062*L/D and D is the cavity depth. Acoustic phenomena in a simple rectangular open cavity have been published by several investigators2-10. However, the geometrical configuration of aircraft landing gear, weapon bays, automobile sunroof, etc. are more complicated than that of the simple rectangular cavity. They are similar to a cavity with cover plates at the edges, or Helmholtz resonator shapes. Some research on the effect of cover plates on the 2-D rectangular cavity was carried out by Heo and Lee.14 They numerically investigated the effects of length variation, thickness variation and opening position variation of cover plates on the open cavity at very low subsonic Mach numbers. Nishimura et al.15 examined the noise generation mechanism in an open cavity with cover plates and studied the methods to reduce the noise using experiments and numerical simulations at low subsonic Mach numbers. Massenzio et al.16 discussed the phenomena of flow-acoustic coupling between the unstable shear layer across a slot covering a cavity, i.e., Helmholtz resonator. According to their study, the main mechanisms associated with onset of resonances were shear-tone resonance and coupled-tone shear layer-cavity resonance, the latter being responsible for the higher sound pressure levels. However, a sufficient amount of investigation on the 3-D cavity with cover plates, which has more complicated flow phenomenon, has not been addressed adequately. Therefore, the current study also attempts to address the additional 3-D behavior of this type of cavity. The present investigation was aimed at exploring the three variants of the DES based turbulence models and the flow phenomena of the cavity with cover plates. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations were performed on the M219 cavity at Mach 0.85. The cavity had a width-to-depth (W/D) ratio of 1 and length-to-depth (L/D) ratio of 5 exhibiting flow in shear layer mode. Results were evaluated through comparisons of computed SPL spectra of the three DES variants with the semi-empirical formula of Rossiter for the given configuration.

II. Cavity Configuration and Flow Parameters

In the present numerical analysis, the dimensions of the test case model were similar to those of the test case used by Henshaw17 as shown in Figure 1, with added cover plates at the edges of the cavity. The test case was an open cavity contained in a flat plate of length 1.7272 m and width 0.3048 m. The rectangular cavity had dimensions of L = 0.508 m, D = 0.1016 m and W = 0.1016 m, giving a L:D:W ratio of 5 : 1 : 1. The leading edge of the cavity was located 0.7112 m downstream from the plate leading edge and the cavity centerline was offset 0.0254 m from the plate centerline. The length of the opening (slot) in the cavity was 0.1524 m.

Figure 1: Cavity model used in QinetiQ Experiment

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The test case model used in this numerical simulation is shown in Figure 2. kulite pressure measurements were made at four points: k20 on the front part of the cavity floor, k24 and k25 in the middle part of the cavity floor and k29 on the rear part of the cavity floor, as shown in Figure 1. The slot is present at the center of the cavity with cover plates 0.1778 m long at both edges of the cavity. The simulation was performed with free-stream conditions of M = 0.85, P = 62940 Pa, and T =270.25 K, and the Re (Reynolds number) based on the cavity length was about 8 million.

Figure 2: Cavity with cover plates

III. Numerical Simulation

Computational Mesh

The geometry and structured mesh were generated using the preprocessor, Gambit, supplied in the Fluent18 software suite. A 3-D computational mesh of 3.19 million hexahedral elements for the test case was generated. In terms of depth (D) of the cavity, the computational domain consisted of two cuboidal domains. The first was the interior of the cavity. The second was the volume bounded by the plane of the plate, an inflow plane corresponding to the leading edge of the rig (7D upstream of the cavity front wall), an outflow plane corresponding to the trailing edge of the rig (5D downstream of the cavity back wall), an upper boundary (10D above the cavity) and side boundaries (1.5D from the cavity centerline). There were 0.84x106 cells (200x70x60) within the cavity and 2.35x106 cells (235x100x100) above the cavity in the test case. The grid was highly clustered towards the plate surface in order to resolve the viscous boundary layer. At the wall, the common wall-function grid typically resulted in y < 2, which is sufficient to resolve the viscosity affected near-wall region. A schematic of the 3-D computational domain and some 2-D grid slices are illustrated in Figures 3 and 4.
+

Figure 3: Computational grid

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Figure 4: 2-D slice of a 3-D grid domain Flow Solver

Fluent18 is a commercial CFD software that solves the governing flow equations given by equation 2 using a cellcentered control-volume space discretization method. In the present work, the compressible flow equations were solved using an implicit segregated solver and the artificial viscosity was modeled using a second-order upwind scheme. The system of equations that govern the fluid flow in the computational domain can be written for a control volume V enclosed by surface area A in the following format:
WdV + [F G ] dA = v HdV t v

(2)

where vectors W, F, and G are defined as

u W = v , w E

V Vu + pi F = Vv + pj , Vw + pk VE + pV

0 xi G = yi zi ij j + q

The vector H contains source terms such as body forces and energy sources. Here , V, E, and p are the density, velocity, total energy per unit mass, and pressure, respectively. The viscous stress tensor is , and q is the heat flux. In the segregated solver, convection terms were discretized using a second-order upwind scheme, and diffusion terms were discretized using a central differencing scheme. The governing equations were solved in a sequential (segregated) manner. The discretized algebraic equations were solved using a point-wise Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm. The algebraic multi-grid (AMG) method was employed to accelerate the solution convergence. For temporal discretization, the segregated solver used a three-level, second-order scheme. The Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) pressure-velocity coupling scheme was applied to derive an equation for pressure from the discrete continuity equation. A time step of 1x10-5 seconds was selected with a non-iterative timeadvancement scheme, which significantly sped up transient simulations. Air was modeled as an ideal gas. Air viscosity was defined as a function of temperature by Sutherland's viscosity law. The DES model based on S-A, realizable k-epsilon and k-omega SST turbulence models were employed as a baseline approach to simulate the

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turbulence effects. The solution was carried out using Fluents enhanced wall treatment for compressible flows. The boundary layer flow was assumed to be fully turbulent within the entire computational domain.
Turbulence Model

DES models, often referred to as hybrid LES/RANS models combine RANS modeling with LES for applications such as high-Reynolds number simulations. In FLUENT, the DES model is based on the one-equation SpalartAllmaras (S-A) model, the realizable k-epsilon model, and the SST k-Omega model. All variants behave in such a way that the source terms dominate the transport equations for the turbulence variables in regions where the flow becomes detached and the turbulence is in equilibrium.
1. DES based on Spalart-Allmaras19

The standard S-A model uses the distance to the closest wall as the definition for the length scale d, which plays a major role in determining the level of production and destruction of turbulent viscosity. The DES model, as ~ proposed by Travin et al.21 replaces d everywhere with a new length scale d , defined as

d = min(d ,C des )
where the grid spacing, , is based on the largest grid space in the x, y, or z directions forming the computational cell. The empirical constant Cdes has a value of 0.65.
2. DES based on k--SST20

Travin et al.21 describes the modifications necessary for the dissipation term of the turbulent kinetic energy as described in Menters20 work such that
Yk =

k 3/ 2
LDES

The turbulent length scale (Lt) is the parameter that defines this RANS model:

Lt =

The DES modified length scale (LDES) then becomes,

L DES = min(Lt ,C des )

where, Cdes is the DES filter length, Cdes takes the value 0.61, and is the maximum local grid spacing.
3. DES based on realizable k-22

In the DES model, the realizable K-epsilon was proposed by Shih et al.,22 and the RANS dissipation term was modified such that:

Yk =

k 3 / 2 L DES 2

The turbulent length scale (Lt) is the parameter that defines this RANS model:

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Lt =
The DES modified length scale (LDES2) then becomes,

k 3/2

LDES 2 = min( Lt , Cdes )

where, Cdes is the DES filter length, Cdes takes the value 0.61, and is the maximum local grid spacing.
Boundary Conditions

The boundary conditions used in the present study were based on the work of Ashworth.8 The inflow, outflow, and upper boundaries of the domain were applied with the pressure far-field conditions: M = 0.85, pressure P = 62940 Pa, temperature T = 270.25 K and eddy viscosity ratio t/0 = 10. The adiabatic wall conditions were applied on the surface of the plate and the cavity walls. Symmetric boundary conditions were applied to the side boundaries of the domain similar to the work of Mendonca et al.2 The initial conditions for the DES were obtained from a steady RANS computation of respective turbulence models.
Simulation Procedure

The computation was performed with a time step size of 1x10-5 seconds for a total of 0.5 seconds. The initial data of 0.1 seconds was neglected in order to remove startup disturbances from the flow. The pressure measurements were obtained from the remaining 0.4 seconds. The transient DES calculations started from the data obtained from the steady-state RANS simulations of the respective Spalart-Allmaras, the realizable k-epsilon, and the SST k-Omega models, with a convergence criterion of 1x10-6. For the given test case, calculations of 0.5 seconds elapsed time on the 3.19 million mesh cells took approximately 25 days on six 3.6 MHz Xeon (EM64T) processors on Linux OS. The flow in the computational domain passed over the cavity 275 times for a time period of 0.5 seconds with a flow Mach number of 0.85.

IV. Results and Discussion

The numerical results obtained from simulations are presented in the form of pressure fluctuations, pressure analysis, and cavity flow fields. The pressure fluctuation P(t) data was obtained at four locations K20, K24, K25, K29 for all turbulence models of the cavity, as shown in Figures 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 respectively. The results of the cavity with cover plates were obtained over a sufficiently long period of 0.5 second. The initial data of 0.1 second was discarded in the analysis of the pressure time series. The pressure fluctuations of the cavity were very closely related to the resonance phenomenon of the cavity. The pressure analysis was carried out by computing the sound pressure level (SPL) spectrum of the cavity. A discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was used to compute the power spectral density (PSD). The SPL spectrum was then obtained from the PSD using

SPL = 10 log

PSD 2 p ref

where pref = 2 x 10-5 Pa is the value adopted as the minimum audible sound pressure variation. The numerical simulation was obtained by using detached eddy simulation with Spalart-Allamaras (S-A), k- SST and realizable k- models. Since no experimental data was available for direct comparison with the computational results for the cavity with cover plates, the comparison was made with the modified semi-empirical Rossiter formula, as given by equation 1.

A. Pressure Variation Along Cavity Ceiling

The pressure fluctuations observed in the cavity flow were mainly due to the interaction of the shear layer formed over the cavity with the aft edge of the cavity resulting in the pressure feedback phenomenon.12 Therefore, the pressure field within the cavity was closely coupled with the shear layer formed over the cavity. In the present case, the shear layer interacted with the aft cover plate of the cavity, resulting in pressure feedback. The length of the shear layer formed over the cavity in the present case was reduced due to the presence of cover plates on the edges

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of the cavity. Rowley and Williams23 describe the interaction between the shear layer and the pressure field as shear mode. According to Larcheveque et al.,7 the intensity of the pressure fluctuations in the cavity depends on the interaction of the shear layer with the cavity aft edge. The pressure fluctuation p(t) was taken from the cavity floor surface at four locations: k20 on the front part of the cavity floor, k24 and k25 in the middle portion of the cavity and k29 at the rear of the cavity. The pressure fluctuations for the cavity of DES S-A, DES k- SST and DES realizable k- models are shown in Figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 respectively. The pressure data was extracted from the fully developed flow field, ruling out any effects of initial flow conditions. As shown in Figures 5.1 to 5.3, the pressure fluctuations are relatively low on the front part of the cavity floor and more intense on the rear part of the cavity. Figure 6 compares the rms pressure variations within the cavity for all turbulence models. The general trends for Prms were well produced and comparable with each other.

B. Pressure Analysis
The pressure fluctuations were analyzed by means of the discrete Fourier transform. In the present analysis, the power spectral densities were computed with MATLAB using Welchs method of averaging over periodograms, with 50% overlap between blocks, and using a hamming window for each block in order to remove the error due to periodicity. Figure 7 shows a comparison of the SPL spectrum of all the turbulence models at four locations K20, K24, K25 and K29. The SPL spectrum of the cavity, as shown in Figure 7, has multiple distinct peaks of comparable strength. The presence of multiple peaks in the spectrum as explained by many researchers is due to the strong non-linear coupling between the shear layer and the pressure fluctuations within the cavity. There have been several interpretations of the SPL spectrum in the past. Cattafesta et al.24 and Kegerise et al.25 used short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform and results suggest the occurrence of a phenomenon called modeswitching, where the temporary shift of dominant energy takes place from one mode to another. Rowley and Williams23 explained a peak-splitting phenomenon, where two spectral peaks form near the original peak. However, Delprat26 used the theory of signal processing and applied it to the aeroacoustic spectrum of Rossiter to provide more insight into the cavity flow phenomenon. She used the modulation process by using fundamental aeroacoustic loop frequency (fa) and a very low-frequency modulating signal (fb). They all explained different phenomenon in order to interpret the SPL spectrum dominated with multiple modes, which uses detailed spectral analysis and is out of the scope of this paper and thus not investigated. The vertical bars shown in Figure 7 correspond to the Rossiter frequencies, as computed with the modified Rossiter formula given by equation 1 with K = 0.55 and = 0.21 as used by Delprat26 in her analysis. In the present aeroacoustic analysis, Delprat26 spectral analysis was used to explain the presence of multiple distinct modes in the SPL spectrum. The distinct modes seen in the spectrum of the cavity are fI = 274.673, fI I= 522.735, fIII = 802.6, fIV = 1076.1, fV = 1604.03, and fVI = 2411.82. It is clearly shown that the frequency modes fI, fIII and fIV are dominant modes in the spectrum. The dashed vertical lines represent the Rossiter frequencies as f1 = 519.4138, f2 = 1176.9, f3 = 1834.386 and f4 = 2491.871 in the spectrum. It is observed that only three Rossiter modes are present in the spectrum and that these Rossiter modes are not the dominant modes of the spectrum. The presence of peak-splitting phenomenon near the third Rossiter mode is possible. The low frequency component present at all four locations in the SPL spectrum of all the turbulence models was observed. The presence of this component was not clearly explained by Delprat. The SPL spectrum of the cavity is much more complex due to the non-linear phenomenon and thus, requires further investigation of the spectral analysis. The behavior of the SPL spectrum of DES k- SST and the DES realizable k- model is similar to the DES S-A model where the spectrum is dominated by multiple peaks owing to the non-linear coupling phenomenon. The first three modes of the SPL spectrum of all three DES variants are very well comparable to each other.

C. Cavity Flow Field Analysis

The cavity flow in the present simulation was characterized by a shear layer mode.23 According to Rockwell and Naudasher, 27 the pressure oscillation in the cavity is a fluid-resonant type due to the presence of coupling between the shear layer and the pressure field. The length of the shear layer was reduced in the cavity due to the presence of the cover plates at the edges of the cavity. The three-dimensional effect of the unsteady turbulent flow field is shown

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in Figures 8.1 to 8.3 for different turbulence models. These figures illustrate the computed velocity ow-eld contours at a number of subsequent time instants, covering a time period of 0.4 sec. In each illustration, the left window presents the flow field in the mid sections of the cavity in the streamwise direction and the right one provides the flow field in the spanwise direction respectively. The velocity field has been colored by the velocity magnitude. In the present three-dimensional simulations the flow features did not render any periodicity. Figures 8.1 to 8.3 show the presence of a shear layer over the cavity opening and recirculating motion within the cavity. The shear layer waves up and down with break up occurring at the aft end plate of the cavity as shown in Figures 8.1 to 8.3. The shear-layer instability was coupled with the pressure waves generated within the cavity and produced acoustic tones at discrete frequencies, as analyzed in the above section. In Figures 9.1 to 9.3 the three-dimensional vortical motion is further illustrated by plotting the unsteady velocity vector elds. The recirculating motion was contained within the cavity in the front part, where the vortical motion was close to the mixing layer and relatively weak with a low level of turbulence intensity. Similar to the mass exchange process occurring over the aft edge of the cavity, these vortical motions were closely coupled with the pressure oscillations inside the cavity in terms of the pressure modes and their resonant frequencies. Moreover, the ow exhibited signicant time-dependent three-dimensionality, as can be seen from the ow motions on the spanwise section in Figures 9.1 to 9.3. The recirculation bubble not only evolved in the longitudinal streamwise direction, but also presented vortical motions in the transverse direction. Figure 10 demonstrates the streamlines for the cavity of the DES S-A model within the cavity. The shear layer over the cover plates formed a thin layer between the flow inside and outside of the cavity. As shown in Figure 10, several recirculation zones formed within the cavity. The number of recirculation zones changed with time. Figures 11.1 to 11.3 show the variation of the turbulent viscosity both in the streamwise and transverse directions over a period of 0.4 sec. The turbulent intensity contours for the cavity of DES S-A model are shown in Figure 11.1. An increase in the turbulent viscosity a short distance away from the leading edge was observed. The turbulent intensity contours for the cavity of DES k- SST and DES realizable k- turbulence models are shown in Figures 11.2 and 11.3 respectively. The turbulence viscosity was generated in large amount by the DES k- SST model, compared to other DES variants. Formulation of k- SST model includes the best combination of both standard k- and standard k- models. The standard k- model suffers from the problem of generating nonphysical viscosities in a region where the flow involved was both stationary and rotational. The turbulent intensity contours of the DES k- SST model shows the presence of a small amount of non-physical viscosity in the region of the cavity.

V. Conclusion
The present simulations, involved an open cavity with cover plates with a length-to-width-to-depth ratio of 5: 1: 1 at a free-stream Mach number of 0.85. The simulations were carried out for a completely turbulent flow domain using the three DES variants based on S-A, k- SST and realizable k- models for the cavity with cover plates. Results include both the aeroacoustic analysis and the flow field of the cavity. The aeroacoustic analysis of the pressure data was performed, and the results were represented in an SPL spectrum. The results were subsequently compared with the semi-empirical Rossiter formula. The SPL spectrum of the cavity with cover plates was more complex compared to the cavity without cover plates. The spectrum was dominant with multiple distinct peaks due to the non-linear coupling-flow phenomenon in the cavity. Delprats spectral analysis was used to interpret the SPL spectrum of such a cavity. The first three Rossiter modes were predicted in the spectrum by all the turbulence models. The presence of the peak-splitting phenomenon was observed near the third Rossiter frequency mode of the spectrum. The presence of low frequency component in the spectrum of all turbulence models is not well understood. The rms pressure variations of all turbulence models showed a similar trend and were comparable with each other. All three variants of the DES model performed well for the present application of the cavity flow for aeroacoustic analysis in the nearfield region of the flow. Due to the complexity involved in the SPL spectrum of the cavity with cover plates, the aeroacoustic spectrum requires further investigation of the spectrum.

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Figure 5.1: Pressure fluctuations of DES S-A model for cavity with cover plates

Figure 5.2: Pressure fluctuations of DES K- SST model for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 5.3: Pressure fluctuations of DES realizable K- model for cavity with cover plates

Figure 6: RMS Pressure of all the three DES variants along the cavity ceiling for the cavity with cover plates

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Figure 7: SPL variation for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 8.1: Velocity magnitude contour of DES S-A model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 8.2: Velocity magnitude contour of DES K- SST model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 8.3: Velocity magnitude contour of DES realizable K- model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 9.1: Velocity vector field of DES S-A model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

Figure 9.2: Velocity vector field of DES K- SST model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 9.3: Velocity vector field of DES realizable K- model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

Figure 10: Mean velocity streamline plot of DES S- A model on 2-D slice for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 11.1: Turbulent viscosity contour of DES S-A model both in streamwise and transverse for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 11.2: Turbulent viscosity contour of DES k- SST model both in streamwise and transverse directions for cavity with cover plates

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Figure 11.3: Turbulent viscosity contour of DES realizable k- model both in streamwise and transverse directions for cavity with cover plates

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References
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