SALT ANALYSIS KEY Precipitate (PPT), salt solution (S.S), Test Tube (T.T), Dilute (Dil), Concentrated (conc.

Preliminary Observations 1. Color

Blue/ Bluish Green Greenish Light Green Dark Brown Light Pink White Cu+2 Ni+2 Fe+2 Fe+3 Mn+2 Absence of above cations

2. State
Crystalline Amorphous

3. Odour

Vinegar like smell Ammonical Smell Rotten egg smell

May be CH3COO May be NH4+ May be S-2

4. Solubility

Dry Test
Take Small amount of salt in a T.T & heat it Evolution of colorless gas withRotten egg smell Brown Color Gas Colorless gas with vinegar smell

May be S-2 May be Br or NO3May be CH3COO

-

Flame Test Take small amount of salt Brick red color flame
in a watch glass, add conc. HCL to make a paste, introduce the paste in a non luminous flame Apple green color flame Crimson color flame Blue color flame Evolution of colorless gas with brisk effervescence Colorless gas with S-2 smell Colorless gas with burning S smell If no evolution of gas is observed Evolution of colorless gas with pungent smell Light brown fumes Brown color fumes with blue color solution on addition of copper tunings Colorless gas with vinegar smell No evolution of gas White color PPT formed

Ca+2 Ba+2 Sr+2 Cu+2 May be CO3-2 May be S-2 May be SO3-2 st I group anions absent May be CL May be Br
-

Identification Of Anion
Group I (dil acid group):- Take small amount of salt in a T.T And add dil H2SO4

Group II (conc. acid group):- Take

small amount of salt in a T.T And add conc. H2SO4 (heat if necessary) do not boil.

2nd

May be NO3 May be CH3COO group anions absent

BaCl2 Group :- To the S.S add BaCL2

sol.

May be CO3-2 or SO4-2

Confirmatory test for anoins CO3-2 :- To the S.S add BaCL2 sol.
To the above PPT add dil HCL White color PPT formed PPT dissolve White color PPT formed PPT insoluble CO3-2 Confirmed

SO4-2:- To the S.S add BaCL2 sol.

To the above PPT add dil HCL

SO4-2 Confirmed

S-2 :- To the S.S add freshly prepared

sodiumnitroprusside Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO] Sol. Violet / Purple coloration appeared

S-2 Confirmed

SO3-2:- To the S.S add dil CH3COOH

till effervescence stops the add BaCL2 White PPT formed White PPT formed

SO3-2 Confirmed

CL- :- To the S.S add AgNO3 sol.

CL Confirmed

Br-:- To the S.S add AgNO3 sol. NO3- :- To the S.S add freshly
prepared FeSO4 sol. Then slowly add conc. H2SO4

Off White PPT formed Formation of Brown ring at the junction

Br Confirmed

NO3 Confirmed

CH3COO- :- To the S.S add freshly

prepared FeCL3 sol. To the above coloration add dil HCL

Red coloration formed Red coloration disappeared CH3COO- Confirmed

Identification Of cations Zeero Group :- To the salt add NaOH Colorless gas with ammonical smell is
sol. And warm it To the above gas expose a glass rod dipped in dil. HCL observed Colorless gas turns in dense white fumes May be NH4+

Confirmatory test for NH4+:- To the 1st Group:- To the S.S add dil. HCL Confirmatory test for Pb2+:- To the
S.S add potassium iodide( KI) sol.

S.S add Nesslers Reagent K2 (HgI4)

Brown PPT Formed White PPT Formed

NH4+ Confirmed May be Pb2+

Yellow PPT Formed Black PPT Formed Yellow PPT Formed No PPT

Pb2+ Confirmed May be Cu+2 May be Cd+2 2nd Group cations absent

2nd Group :- To the S.S add dil. HCL

and pass H2S gas

Confirmatory test for Cu+2 :- To the

S.S add few drops of dil acetic acid(CH3COOH) and then potassium Ferro cyanide K4Fe(CN)6 sol. Chocolate brown color PPT formed Cu+2 Confirmed

Confirmatory test for Cd+2 :Dissolve the above Yellow PPT in minimum quantity of Dil HCL and boil White PPT Formed Cd+2 Confirmed

to remove H2S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide K4Fe(CN)6 sol.

3rd Group :- To the S.S add

ammonium chloride (NH4CL) and ammonium hydroxide(NH4OH) solutions Confirmatory test for Fe+3 :- To the S.S add potassium Ferro cyanide K4Fe(CN)6 sol. brown color PPT formed White PPT Formed No PPT Blue coloration formed May be Fe+3 May be Al+3 rd 3 Group cations absent

Fe+3 Confirmed Gelatinous PPT Formed PPT dissolve Blue color ring formed White color PPT Formed Buff color PPT Formed Black PPT Formed No PPT Al+3 Confirmed May be Zn+2 May be Mn+2 May be Ni+2 th 4 Group cations absent

Confirmatory test for Al+3 (Lake Test) :- To the S.S add NaOH sol.
Then add dil. HCL then Blue litmus Again add NaOH sol. 4th Group :- To the S.S add ammonium chloride (NH4CL) and ammonium hydroxide(NH4OH) solutions then pass H2S gas

Confirmatory test for Zn+2:- To the

above White color PPT add excess of NaOH sol. PPT is soluble in excess of NaOH sol. Zn+2 Confirmed

Confirmatory test for Mn+2:- To the

above White color PPT add little amount of PbO2 and conc. HNO3 and heat it ,wait for some time and dilute it with water Pink coloration formed Mn+2 Confirmed

Confirmatory test for Ni+2:- To the

above White color PPT add ammonium hydroxide to make it ammonicacl then add dimethyl Glyoxime sol (C4H8N2O2)

Bright red color PPT formed

Ni+2 Confirmed

5th Group:- To the S.S add

ammonium chloride (NH4CL) and ammonium hydroxide(NH4OH) and ammonium carbonate[NH4 ]2CO3 White color PPT Formed May be Ca+2,Ba+2 or Sr+2

Confirmatory test for Ca+2:- To the

above White color PPT add ammonium oxalate sol[(NH4)2C2O4] excess of White color PPT Formed Ca+2 Confirmed

Confirmatory test for Ba+2:- To the

above White color PPT add Potassium chromate (K2Cro4) White color PPT turns in Yellow PPT Ba+2 Confirmed

Confirmatory test for Sr+2:- To the

above White color PPT add few drops of ammonium sulphate (NH4)2 SO4 excess of White color PPT Formed Sr+2 Confirmed

6th Group :- To the S.S add solid

ammonium chloride (NH4CL) then add ammonium hydroxide(NH4OH) in excess and then add ammonium phosphate (NH4 )3PO4

White Crystalline PPT Formed

Mg+2 Confirmed