131 Stutlc Loading

Outer cylinder (see Fig. 7.4) :

K
1
= c./Ir b
2
= 23.6 ksi
16
:
9
= 30.4 ksi
[a,lr=b ...., xl[l + = 30.4( 1 + !., l ) = 84 ksi
= 2K
1
= 60.8 ksi
lnner cyliner (see Fig. 7 .5):
-pb'l. 9
K
1
= - --- - 23.6 ksi --= --42.5 ksi
b
2
- a
2
9 - 4
[atlr=a = 2K = - 85 ksi
[a1],_
9
= K1 [1 + = - 42.5(1 + f) = -61.4 ksi
Port (4) Determine stresses due to Pi= 69 lcsi and plot in Fig. 7.12b.
Assuming for the moment that no yielding will occur, the stresses caused by
this Joad will be identical to those created in a solid cylinder. These can be
computed from the Fig. 7.4 relationshi ps. For this case, no computation
is necessary ifwe note that the dcsired curves are essentially mirror images of
the elastic-release curves of Fig. 7 .lO.
Part (5) Determine stresses due to interference fit plus Pt = 69 ksi aod
plot in Fig. 7.12c. Equations for these curves may be obtained, if desired,
by adding correspondng coefficicots of the equations representing the two
individually. Asymptotes a nd critica! values a re shown in F ig. 7.12c.
Discussion: lf no yielding occurred, the answer t o part b would be that
the stresses a.t p
1
= O and p
1
= 69 ksi are as shown in Fig. 7.12a and c.
Yielding does occur, however, unless a material of greater yield strength is
used. According to the maximum-shear-strcss theory, the required yield
strength is 148 + 41.5 = 189.5 ksi.
Actually, our composite cylinder is but little better than the solid cylinder
with respect to internal pressure required for initial yielding. A comparison
of Figs. 7.4 and 7.12 illustrates clearly why this is so. The solid cylinder
yields at the inner radius while thc st resses are still relatively Jow near the
outside. The composite cylinder has such higb residual stresses duc to
assembly that yielding occurs at the bore of the outer cylinder while the
stresses in the inner cylinder are relatively low. It is obvious that we went
much too far in selecting an interference fit; roughly half the amount used
would be closer to optirnum.
At the outset of the sample problem tne objective was to match the capacity
of the fully yielded autofrettage cylinder with thc two-piccc design. A little
1.
Hadla/ly Loaded Cylindrica/ Memcrs 133
reflection indicates that this is not possible. Figure 7. 10 shows that every
liber in the autofrettage cylinder is stressed to 100 percent of the yield strength
(accordng to the maximum-shear-stress theory). No possible interfercnce
fit can cbange the curves in Fig. 7 .12c to match this.
Let us go back to thc original problem of determining the stress dstribution
for thc composite cyli nder at p = 69 lcsi and with a material hnving S)/ =
100 ksi. Yielding wll begin at the bore of the outer cylinder. According
to the maximum-shear-stress theory, yielding will continue to take place
until the stress distribution of curves 1 and 2 of Fig. 7.10 is established.
According to ths theory, 69 ksi can be withstood only if every fiber is stressed
to the yield point. Therefore, assuming an idealized stress-strain curve,
p
1
= 69 ksi will result in !he Fig. 7.10 stress-dstnbution curves regardless of
how many concentric cylinders are used and regardless of the 6t between
them.
In conncction with the possibility of using more t han two conccntric
cylinders, it is evident that by using optimum interference lits between a Jarge
numbcr of thin concentric cylinders it is theoret ically possible to obtain
curves like Fig. 7. 12c, whid1 v.:ould come close to matching tbe fully yielded
autofret tage curves of Fig. 7.10. When only two concentric cyli nders are
involvcd, it is apparent that sorne guide is needed for selecting an optimum
interfc'rence fit. Furthermorc, the q uestion asto how best to proportion the
total wall thickness between the i nner and outer cylinders has not yet been
considered. Optimizing the proportions and tbe interference fit between
t wo conccntric cylinders is considered next.
7.9 OPTIMJZING CONCENTRIC-CYLlNDER / ;;t,. t,, J<-- '-,,.. < ,.
FITS ANO PROPORTIONS 1' (...";...,: .. P.<..::t r "'' .
\ 1 /
Seely and Smtb [6] consider the case wbere the cyllnder inside diameter and
inside pressure are known and it is desired to use two concentrc cylinders of
the same material with interference fit such t hat a mnimum total wall thick-
ness is required. In spite of its limitations, which have already been pointed
out, the maximum-normal-stress theory is used for this study because (l) a
solution using other theories becomes much more involved mathematically,
(2) Fig. 7.8 shows tbat the maximum-normal-stress theory (for no yielding)
woul d agree with the maximum-shear-s tress theory f sorne yielding is
permi tted (note tbat curve 4 is between curves 1 and 5), and (3) the results
obtained from the analysis can be modificd to fit other theol.'ies, f desired.
J n particular, the proportion of inncr and outer cylinder thickness is
the same for all theories representcd on Fig. 7.8.
The optimum value of mati ng-contact pressure pis found to be
(7.35)
134 Statir l.Qading
Thc opti mum cylinder proportions are such that
b e
-=-= C
a h
wherc
and
e
- = C2
a
1 + (p,fSv) + 2VI + (pt/S11)
3 - (p
1
{S
11
)
7.10 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(7.36)
(7.37)
la Sol ve sample prublem of Art. 7.8 agai n, k.ecping a = 2 in., pi = 69 ksi,
and Sy = 100 ksi but selecting b, e, and p in accordance with Art. 7.9.
Solution: Part (1) Determine b ande from Eqs. (7.36) and (7.37):
C
2 - 1 + o.69 + 2vl.69 - I s5 e = 1.36
- 3 - 0.69 - .
5
b = 2.72 in.
Note:
e = 3.71 in.
g2 = 4
c
2
= 13.75
Part (2) Determine p from Eq. (7.35) :
7.4 - 4(. 13.75 + 4 ) .
p =
2
(
7
.4) 69
13
_
75
_
4
- 100 = 5.9 kst
Part (3) Determine equations for stresses due to asse-mbly:
lnner cylinder [from Eqs. (7.21), (7.22)]:
- 5.9(7.4)
K
1
=
7
_
4
_
4
= - 12.85 ksi
12.85 -
5
\
4
r
51.4
11.-= - 12.85 + - t
,
Ourer cylinder [from Eqs. (7. 18), (7.19)]:
5.9(7.4) .
K1 =
13
_
75
_
7
.4 = 6.88 kst
94.5
a, = 6.88 + -
2
r
94. 5
a, = 6.88 - --;-


Radial/y Loaded G_vlindrical Members US
Part ( 4) Determine eq uat ions for stresses d uc to p
1
= 69 k.si [frorn Eqs.
(7. 18} and (7.19) and applicable t o both cylinders):
390
O' = 28.3 + -t
r
390
a, = 28.3 - -
2
r
Part (5) Determine equations for stresses due to interference fit plus p
1
(by superposition) and plot in Fig. 7.13:
lnner eylinder:
338.6
(J = 15.45 + -2-
r
o, :__ 15.45 - 338.6
,z
Outer cylinder:
484.5
a
1
= 35. 18 + -
11
-
r
a, = 35.18
484

5
r2
Note that O'e.ma.x = 100 ksi for both cyljnders. Furthermore,
e = 3. 71 is tbe smallest onter diameter for whch these tensile stresses will
Fig. 7.13 Strt.'sses due to assembly
plus p,-balanced per maximum-
1/ormldstre.ls the()ry.
136 Static Loading
not exceed 100 ksi at the given interna! pressure of 69 ksi. According to.
thc maximum-shear-stress theory, yielding would, of course, occur. Ths
would be grea.!esi at the bore of the inside cyli nder. Hcuce, according to
the shear-stress thcory, a somewhat greater interference fit would be dcsired.
lb In view ofthe results obtained above, try one more sol ution to the problem
where two changes are made: ( 1) restore the original maximum outsidc
radius, e = 4 in., and (2) increase the contact pressure to 1 1.5 ksi. This
figure represents an estmate aimed at balancing the shear stresses and is
interpolated between the 5.9 ksi of the previous example and the 23.6 ks of
the Art. 7.8 problem. (As in most textbook example "estirnates," the author
has an unfair advantage, but in th1s case the reader's estima te would probably
not be far off either!)
Solution: Letting cfa = C
2
, b is determined as 2.828 in. (b
2
= 8 in.
1
) .
As in Prob. l. above, the stress equations are determined as follows.
Assembly stresses, imrer cylinder:
92
Cl = -23 +-
r y2
Assembly stresses. outer cylinder:
184
Cl , = 11.5 + - ll
r
184
(fr = l J. S - -o
,.
Stresses due to p
1
, buth cylinders:
368
<ft = 23 +-
r2
368
(fr = 23 - - 2
,
Total stresses, inner cylinder:
276
ut = O+-
' 2
276
Clr = O- - 2
,
Total stresses, outer cylinder:
552
Cl = 34.5 + -2
r
552
Cl, = 34.5 --
,a
Radial/y Loaded Cylindrical 137
Discussion: The total stresses, dueto assembly plus interna! pressure, are
plotted in Fig. 7.14. The same maximum shear stress exists in the inner and
outer cylinder. Accordi ng to the maximum-shear-stress theory, this s the
best thai we can do within the Jimitations of cylinder siz.e imposed. A steel
with Sy = 138 ksi would he req uired to prevent yielding. Wilh S
11
= J 00 l<si,
yicldi ng would again result in the Fig. 7.10 stress distribution.
From Eq. (7.34), the radial interference fit required is 0.00651 in. Allowng
0.002 in. (racHally) for assembly clearance, differential tbermal expansion
must provide e = 0.0085 in./2.828 in. = 0.003 i n.fin. When a cocfficient of
tbermal expansion of 0.0000066 in.f(in.)(F) is used, a temperature differential
of 455F is required. This differential can be obtained by heating thc outer
cyl inder aodfor by cooling the inner cylinder. The latter is commonly
accomplished by prolonged immersion in Dry lee (solid C0
2
) nnd alcohol or
in liquid air.
2 A wrought-steel rim (nominal .ID = 20 in., OD = 22 in.) s shrunk onto
a solid cast-steel wheel (nominal OD = 20 in.). The thickness is 2 in., and
thi s may be considered unjform throughout the wheel assembly. The fit
between members should be such t hat t bere is a diametral interference of
Jlg. 7.11 Stri'SUS dueto assembly
plfls p, bulcmced per maximum-
...v thct' ")'
138 Sta 1 ic Loadint
0.006 in. at a design overspeed condition of 8000 rpm. For both materials,
E = 30,000 ksi, v = 0.3, and p = 0.28 lb/ in.
1
a What diametr al interference fit is requi red (at O rpm) ?
b What yield strength must each member have if there is to be no yielding
over the range of Oto 8000 rpm, according to the (1) maximum-normal-
stress theory, (2) maximum-shcar-stress theory, and (3) maximum-
distortion-energy theory?
Sol11tio11: Part {1) Since there is to be no yielding and no scpamtion of
the mating surfaces at the rotating speeds considered, the strcsses duc to
rotation can be figured as iftbe wheel were solid and of 11-in. radius. These
are computed from Eqs. (7.27} to (7.29) and plotted in Fig. 7.15a.
3-L,
u,.max = u 1.m .. x = ----gg- pwtr,
1
at r - O
- 3.3 (O 81 ,. S ( 16,00017' 1 \2( . )2
-
8
(
386
in./secz) .2 b ID. )
60
rad sec J 11 m.
= (210)(121) psi = 25.4 ksi
3+v
a, - --gg pw
2
(r/ - r
2
)
ar - 210(121 - 100) = 4410 psi = 4.41 ksi
3 + v 2 ( 1 + 3v )
q, = -- pcu r ll _ ---r
8g o 3 + ,
q
1
= 210(121 - 1.
9
too) = 13,300 psi = 13.3 ksi
3.3
q
6
"""' 210(121 - 1.
9
121) = 10,800 psi = 10.8 ksi
3.3
at r = JO in.
at r - JO in.
at r = 11 in.
Part (2) Since the radial stress due to rotation at the mating surfaees is
4.41 ksi, the diametral ioterference fit (al O rpm) must be 0.006 more than that
val ue giving a mating contact pressure of 4.41 ksi . The !alter value is
deLem1ined from Eq. (7.34):
2pb'( ct - at)
6 -
E(b! - a
2
}(ct - Ir)
2(4.4IXIOOO){l21 - O) .
30.000(100 - 0)(121 - 100) =
0

0169
JO.
If there were no interfereoce fit remaining al 8000 rpm, the diametral inter-
ferencc (O rpm} required would be 0.0338 in. Addiog 0.006 in., required
diametral interference fit is 0.0398 in. This correspoods to 6 = 0.0199 in.
Part (3) The contact prcssurc associatcd with 6 - 0.0199 in. can be
computed from Eq. (7.34), giving p = 5.2 ksi . Because of this assembly
pressure, the solid inner whccl is subjccted toa binxial stress of rrr = o
1
=
- 5.2 ksi at aJl values of r. This should be intuitivcly apparcnt ond is readily
veriflcd using Eqs. (7.21) a nd (7. 22).
Jlur/ (4) St resscs in !he rim duc h l are computcd wit h rcrcrcncc
1 .
Radial/y LtxJdetl Cylindrica/ Memfxrs 139
to Fig. 7.4:
pb
2
l OO .
K1 = c
2
_ = 5.2
121
_
100
= 24.8 kst
u, = 1 + = 24.8(1 + 1.21) = 54.8 ksi
u, = 2K
1
= 49.6 ksi
Assembly stresses are plotted in Fig. 7.15b.
at r = lO in.
at r = 11 in.
Part (5) Total strcsses at 8000 rpm are plotted in Fig. 1.15c. Examination
of the figure iodicates that the critica! stresses are at r = O and 8000 rpm for
the wheel and at r = 10 in. and 8000 rpm for the rim.
30
25.4
20
>2 10
<Tr 10.8
o
2" 4"
(o)
60
54.8 ..... /(T'
50
\ v<;-49,6
. ..
\

40
;;; 30
\
\
\
lo<
\ 20
\
10
o
:...-- ,
- 10 '-..<T, ond cr
1
.'-,_ (Tr
-5.2
{.b)
70
68.1'
,..(T,
60 --60.4
50
\
\
40 \
\
::.<: 30 . \
\
\
20
\
10
o
(el
'-o. e
Fi:. 7. 15 StreJus i11 wlteef and rim ossemhly
(Samplt Prab. 2). (a) StrnH':t due Jo rota/ion; (b)
.1/rt' .t.fl'.f du 11 il.\M!mh/1. Ir) .1'/rl'.l'\'c'.f tl11t' lo 1/.VJ' CIIIhlll
pltt< rutllliuu.
140 Static Loading
Part (6) Figure 7.16 shows lhe critica! stresses with referencc to biaxial
stress plots for the various failure theories. The critical wheel stress is pure
biaxial tension (a
1
= O' u
3
= 0), whereas the critica! rim stress is for all
practical purposes pure uniaxial tension. For tbcse two special cases the
three failure theories are in agreement. Rounding off to an even ksi, each
one predicts that the required yield strengths are
Wheel:
S, = 21 ksi
Rim:
S
11
- 691csi
30
Crit ico! wheel stren ( <Tr = <Tt .. 20. 2)
IT3 = "'a = O
DE theory
Mox o- ond mox r theories
30
All theories predict thot given critico! stress is
oquivolenl to unio iol tension, o-
1
= 20.2 ksi
(o)
-Critico! rim stress
u
1
=u, , hi (u,=68.1, tTr -0.8)

-lO
-20
i - 30
11
b' - 40
-50
-80
(h)
All theories predict thot goven
crit ico! stress is equivolent l'o
unioxol tensiOf't, cr
1
"' 69 ksi
Mox cr theorv
Fir:. 7.16 Strcn:th retufrcmtmts of rvfaiI!S: whccl mu/Hm (Samplc'
l'mb. Z). (n) Whtel: 1/J) rim.


Radial/y Loaded Cyfindrica/ Members 141
REFERENCES
1 Borg. S. F. : Methods in Continuum Mechanics," D. Van Nostrand
Company. lnc . Princeton, N.J., 1963.
l Durelli, A. J., E. A. Phillips, and C. H. Tsao: " lnlroduction to t he and
Experimental Analys1s ofSt ress and Strain," McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York,
1958.
3 Hanis, Charles O.: " lotroduction to Stress Analysis," The Macmillan Company, New
Yort. 19$9.
4 Nadai. A.: " Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solid.s." 2d ed .. vol. 1, McGraw-Hill Book
Company. Ncw York, 1950.
S Roarlc, Raymond J. : "formulas for Stt"e$5 a nd Strain," 4tb ed., McGraw-HiU Boolc
Company, 1965 .
6 Scely, F. D., and J. O. Smith : " Advanced Mechanics of Materials, .. 2d ed., John Wiley
& Sons. Inc . New York, 1952.
7 Timoshenko, Stephen P.: "Strength of Materials," 3d ed., part 2. D. Van Nostrand
Company, fnc .. Princeton. N.J ., 1956.
8 Timoshenko, S., and J. M. Lessells: "Applied Elasticity," Westiogbouse
Night School Pr(j!S, E. Pinsburgh, Pa . 192S.
9 Wcstcrgaard, H. M. : " Thcory of Elasticity and Plasticity," John Wiley & Sons, l nc.,
New York, 1952.
1
528 Enginurll/l Considerations of Stri'SS, Strtlin. and Strength
J 5.7 Two cylinders are assembled with an interfercnce fit which gives a radial
of JO k si at thc interface. This a tangential compressivc stress of 20 ksi at
the ins1de surfacc of the inne cylinder (point o) and a tangential tensilc stress of
40 k!>l at the inncr surface of the outer cylinder (point b). The a<;Sembled unit IS
then subjected to nn intemal pressurc p. Due 10 interna! pressure alone, then: are
tangcnllal tensile stresses of 8p and 2p at locations a and b, respectively, and also n
radial compressive stress of p/3 al thc interface. 8oth cylinders are made of steel
having S, = 80 k si. S,. SO ksi. Estmate the rressurc at which yiclding will firsl
occur (at one or the other of points o and b}, if the axial stress s 7ero in all
cases.
5.8 Estmate thc tcnsile yield strength required to provide a safety factor of 2 with
rcspcct to initi<ll yiciJing (of a ductile metal) for the stress states encountered in the
foJioy,ing previous problems: (a) 2.1 ; (b) 2.2; (e) 2.3; (d) 2.4; (e} 2.5; (j) 2.6; (K) 2. 7;
(11) 2.8; (1) 4./o; '1./b; (k) 4.7c; (/) 4.7d.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 Threc tcnsile-test specimens nave stress-concentration factors of 1, 1.5. anll 2.S,
respectivcly. Each is made of ductile stecl having s. = 100 ksi, has a rectangular
cross section with a mnimum arca of 1 in.. and is initially free of residual stress.
Draw !he pe of the strcss-distribution curve for each case when (o} a tcnsilc load
of 50.000 lb is applied, (b) the load is increascd to 100,000 lb, and (e) the load is
removed.
6.2 A notched rectangular tcnsile bar of st rcss-concentration factor 3 has a mnimum
arca of O.S in. lt is made of steel with s. = 60 ksi. (a) Show the shape of stress-
distribution curves when loaded to 10,000 lb and after tbe load is removed. (b)
Repeat for 20,000-lb load. (e) Repeat for 30,000-lb load. (d) Are the rcsults
dilferent tf !he sume sample is used with all three loads? (e) Show on an idealized
stress-strain curve !he path reprcscnting material at the notcJt base durint: tests
corresponding to parts a, b, c. (/) Does yielding occur upon subsequcnt reapplicn-
tion and releasc of loads in cases o, b. and e?
6.3 A notched rectangular bar has a stress-concentratioo-ractor of 3 io bending. 1t as
made of a ductile material with s. - 60 ksi. Draw approximate stress-distributton
curves for (a} initial application of a bending moment giving a computed nominal
surface stress of 60 ksi, (b) load removal , (e) reapplication of initial load, (d) load
remo val.
6.4 A straight unnotched bcam is subjected to a fluctuatiog bending momcnt which
causes the computcd nominal surface stresses to vnry stepwise with time between
values of O. 60. 40, 80, 40, 100, 40, 120. 140. and O ksi. The beam is made of a
ductilc material having s. - 60 ksi. Draw corresponding curves showing nomi nal
surface stress vs. time, a nd actual suace stress vs. time.
6.S Two rectangular beamsarc madeof steel havin; St = 40 ksi. Beam A has a unifonn
1- by 6-in. seet ion. Beam B has a 1- by section which blends symmctrienlly
into a H by -in. section al fillets giving a stress-concentration factor of 3. The
bcams are loaded in bending, sucb that Z - 1/c - bh/6 = Hl)'f6 ,', m. (o)
For each beam, what moment M causes ( 1) initial yicldi ng and (2) complete yiclding?
(b) For bcam A, determine the stress ( 1) for a load of M 4000 in.-lb
and (2) afler lllis load has been removed.
Ans. (a) 3333 5000 in.-lb for bcam A; tll l ami 5000 in.-lh for hca111 B; (h)
partial answcr: dcpth of yicld, 0.1 13 in.
Problems 529
6.6 An ini tially straight nnd stress-free beam, similar to that shown in Fig. 6.8, is 1 in.
wide and 2 in. high and i<> made of duetile aluminum having s. = 40 ksi. (a) Wbat
applied momem is requircd to cause yielding to a depth of 0.4 in.? (b} Determine
the residual stress pattem when thc load is remo-.ed. (e) What moment is rcquired
to hold the beam str<nght? (d) What maximum momean m the direction as the
original load can be applicd w1thout causing yiclding? (t') What maximum momeot
in the opposile direction to the original load can be applied without causingyielding?
(/) What momerit is to straighten the bcarn (so that it is again straight when
unloaded)? (g) What residual are in the straightened bcam?
6.7 Repeat Prob. 6.6. using a benm 1 in. wide. 2 in. high, St = 70 ksi, and an initial
load causing yielding to a depth of l in.
6.8 An initially straight and stress-free solid round bar of 2 in, diameter is loaded in
toosion so as to cause yieldmg to a dcpth ot t m. Thc matena11s duct1le and has a
torsonal yicld strcngtb of 30 ksi (assumc idcalizcd strw-strain curve). (a) Sbow
t he distribution when this load i5 applied. (b) Estmate the residual torsional stress
distribution whcn the loau is removed. (e) Estima te the torque required to hold tbe
bar in its initial position of ?ero torsional deRection. (d) How largc a torque can be
appliro in thc dircction of initial loading without causmg yiclding? (e) How large
a torque can be applicd in the oprosite direction without causing yielding? (/)
What value of torquc is requircd to restore the bar to its initial condition of zero
angular deOection when unloadcd ? (g) What residual stresses are present arter this
restoring operation is performed?
6.9 Repeat Prob. 6.8, using a ll-ln.-dlam bar, s - 60 ksi, and initial twisting causing
yielding to a dcpth of i in.
6.10 Transverse beams usecl in lng a particular road bridge were bent to produce
a crown in the road, needed for drainage. The beams werc partially bent toa very
rough tolerance by the steel mili. Additional curvaturc, as rcquircd, was produccd
by a bending operation performed by the conlractor. In service, these beams fiat-
tcned out under loading which was within the oormaUy computed yield streogth of
the beams. Explain the hkely cause of the problem, and suggest an nppropriate
change wben building subsequent brnlges of tbis type.
CHAPTER 7
7" 7.1
7 .. 1
7.J
A 100-in.-diam cylinder made or material having s. = 60 ksi is subjectcd to an
interna! pressurc of 300 psi. Using a safety factor of 3 applicd to initial yielding,
estmate tbe wall thick.ness rcq uired, bascd on (a) maximum-normal-stress theory,
(b) maximum-shear-stress thcory, (e) maximum-distortion-energy theory. Assurne
that the thin-wall analysis is adequate, and then discuss bricfly the validity of this
assumption and of the three failure theories used.
A stcel hoop of 14 in. 00 is shrunk onto a cast-iron disk of exaetly 12 in. diarneter.
Both members llave aa axial length of 3 in. Properties of the stecl hoop are E =
30 x 10' psi, .,.. = 0.29, S, = 60 k si, s. - 90 ksi. Properties of the cast-iron disk
are E = JS x 10' psi, r - 0.21, S, - S, - 40 ksi. Calculate thc inside diarnetcr
to which the rim must be bored in order to induce a maximum tangential stress of
50 k.si in the hoop (a) if the disk. has un inside diametcr of 6 In. ano (b) if the disk is
,.;o lid. Hase your thc thick-wall e<uation. As a rou;h check, rcpeat the
problcm usin; only clcmcnwry 1clatronships and thin-wull approximatrons.
A11.1. (o) 11 . '>70 in .. (/o) 11.974 in. U\in; thick-wall analysis
11. Stccl hnop ur 2.! 1n diUIII('iL'I 1\ 1111!.. tlllhl (111 U)IIIIIIIHIIII o) ;0 111 dt.IIIWl'r.
530 Englneering Considuatimis of Stress. SI rain, and Stren&tlr
Both members ha vean axial length of 2 in. Properties of the steel hoop are E -
30 x 10' ksi. v = 0.3. s. = 15 ksi. Properties of the aluminum disk are E = 10 x
o psi, " - 0.25, s. ""' 40 k si. Calcula te diametrdl inte?erence to
produce a maximum tangential stress of 70 ks1 m the hoop (a ) if the alummum d.slc
is solid and (b) if the aluminum disk. has a 10-in. bore. Solve the problem usmg
thick-wull equations and again using only clementary equations and thin-wall theory.
7.4 A stcel rim of 10.2 in. diameter is pressed over a solid aluminum disk of 10.0 in.
diameter (sl.cel : E= 30 x 10
6
psi , v = 0.3, s. = 50 ksi; aluminum: E = 1 O X 10
psi, ,, = 0.33, s. = 25 ksi). (a) What diametral interference fit will cause the roax.-
imum tangential stress in the rim to be jusi equal to the yield strength? (b) Without
making further calculations, sketch thc radial and tangential Stress distribution for
both members. Your sketches should reflect all known information relative to
curve shapes, specific values, asymptotes, etc.
A forged-steel outer cylinder (lD - 20 in., OD = 22 in . E= 30 X 1 O" psi,'' = 0.3)
is 10 be shrunk over a cast-steel inner cylinder (ID = 10 in. , OD = 20 in., E =
30 x 10 psi ," = 0. 3). (a) What diametral interference will give a peak tangential
stress of 50 ksi in the outer cylinder? (b) After assembly, the unit is subjected toan
interna! hydraulic pressure. What hydraulic pressure will cause a total tangential
stress (due to assembly plus hydraulic pressure) of 70 ksi at the bore of the inncr
cylinder? (e) When the above bydraulic pressure is acting. what total stresses exist
at thc inner surface of the outer cylinder?
Ans. (a) 0.039 in., (b) 54.4 ksi, (e) u1 = 81.3 ksi, Ur = 7.75 ksi
7.6 A cyli nder of hardeoed steel has an outside diameter of 2 in., an inside diameter
of 1 in., and a length of 3 in. Whcn unloaded, tbe cylinder Jits exactly in a circular
hole in a castiron member. When a uniformly distributed load of 160,000 lb is
applied to the e.nd of the cylinder, the restraint of the cast-iron memt>er is su eh that
the 2-in. diameter increases by 0.0004 in. (a) Find the stresses acting on an element
at the outer surface of the cylinder (neglect friction). (b) What is the change in the
3-in. lcngth?
7.7 A gun barre! is made of steel, having properties of E .. 30 x 10' psi, Sv - 60 ksi.
The inside diameter is 0.5 in:, and the outsioe diameter 3. 0 in. The maximum firing
'l, pressure is 27 ksi. (a) Plot the stresses involved, and determine the safety factor for
o / initial yielding using thc maximumshear-stress theory. (b) The above will show very
\ .) \ inefficient use of the material near the outer diameter. In order to utilize the outer
lJ v' material more effectively, it is that the same ioner. and
p ,): be kept and that a two-piece constructJon be uscd w1th the mtcrmedtate dtameter
;j) being 1.5 in. What contact pressure and diametral interference between the two
concentric cylinders would result in stresses in the' outer cylinder being j ust on
thc' verge of yielding (with tbe 27-Jcsi firing pressurc) according to the maximum
shcar-stress theory? (e) Plot the stresses due to this interference fit and the total
stresses resulting from imerference fi t plus firing pressure. (d) Comment b.refly on
the changes that could be made to achicve a more nearly balanced utilizat ion of
strength between the inner and outer cylinders.
\'\} 7.8 This is a continuation of Prob. 7.7 and constitutes a SJudy of optimizing the cylinder
proportions and inteerence fit involvetl. (a) Keeping the samc interna! bore
(0.50 in.), firing pressure {27 ksi). and material, determine a combinatioo of cylinder
d iameters an interference-fit contact pressure which will give bot h cylinders a safety
factor of2.0 for initial yielding (umler assembly stresses plus firing stre5scs) using thc
maxirnum-normal-stress theory. Apply safety factor 10 load. (b) Plol thc asscmbly
stresses, firing stresses, and total stresscs for both cylinders at !he dcsign ovcrload
pressure of 54 ksi. (e) What is thc safery factor bascd on matt'ria/ ''''""X'" for cach
''
' ., 7.9
7.10
7.12
Prublem.r 531
cylinder aeeordiog to the maximum-shear-stress thcory? (Note that a dctermination
of safety factor bascd on Joads would require more cornputation.) (d)
Approx.imatcly, what intel'ference-fit contact prcssure would give the same safety
factor (based on material strength) to both cylindcrs according to the maximum-shear-
stress theory (all nominal diameters remaining unchanged)? (e) What would this
safety factor be ?
This is a continuation of Prob. 7.8. Consider now a one-piece cylinder hnving the
samc bore (0. 50 in.), outsidc diameter ( 1. 11 in.). and material as the two-pi ecc
cylinder of Prob. 7.8. (a) What interna! prcssurc would cause initial yielding,
according to the maximum-shear-stress theory ? (b) 1f tbe cylinder is internally
pressurizcd until "full yield" is reached and thc: pressure t hen released, what is the
distribution of residual stresses which will remain? (e) Without making any detailed
cal .. ulatiuns, and brieny discuss the retauve safety factor of this autofret-
taged cylinder aod the optmized two-piecc design of Prob. 7.8 with respect to ( J)
firing pressure req01red to initiate "new'' yielding and (2) firing pressurl! required
to cause total yiclding (and the resultng dangerous fracture). (d) Without making
further detailed calculations, plot the approximate total radial and tangential stress
distribution curves when the autofreuaged cylinder is exposed toan interna! pressure
of 27 ksi.
A gun barre! is made by shrink.ing an outer cylioder (ID = i in., OD - 11 in.,
E = 28.5 x 10 psi, v = 0.292) over an inner cylinder (lD = i in., OD - t in.,
E = 28. 5 x 10
6
psi, v .. 0.292, s. - 78 ksi). (a) What diametral intcrference fit
will cause a maximum tangential stress in !he inner cylinder equal to the yield
strength ? (Use this fit in solving thc remainder of the problem.) (b) Plot the
stress distribution in the two members resulting from the assembly. {e) Plot the
t9lal stress dimibution whcn an interna! firing pressure of 40 ksi is applied. (d)
Does the inner cylinder yield upon firi ng, aceording to the maximum-shear-stress
theory? (e) What yield strength is needed to preven! yielding of the outer cylinder,
using the mux.imum-shear-st(_ess thcory? Ans. (a) 0.0033 in. ; (e) 128 ksi
A studv of the results of Prob. 7. 1 O reveals that with a zere interfercnce fit the strcsses
in the .inner barre! grcatly elloc:ed those of the outer barre!, and with the imerference
fit used in Prob. 7.10 the reverse is true. (a) Reexamine thc design represented in
Prob. 7.10 and determine what diametral interference lit would result in the same
yield-strcngth requircment for both barreis (based on maximum-shear-stress theory).
(b) What would this yield-strength requirement be? Ans. (a) 0.0012 in., (1>) 61 ksi
In the experimental gun barre! shown, both the inner and outer barreis are made of.
steel having a yield strength S, of 100 ksi. The unit is to be designed for a fi.ring
pressure of 100.000 ps (this includes a safety factor). (a) Determine appropriate
values of b, e, and pressure due to interference fit, on the basis of balancing the
inner- and outer-barrel strcsses in accordance with the maxin1um-normal-stress
theory. (b) After assembly a test is made. during which the ends of the barre! are
plugged and the firing prcssure is simulated with an interna! hydraulic pressure of
100,000 psi. Using values obtained in part a, above, determine the staie of stress
1'7.12
1
532 .Englneerlng Consltkrotions of Stress, Stran, and Strcngth
in the ouler surfacc layer of thc ou1er barre! (al a location far remole from thc ends).
Draw a Mohr-circle rcprescntation of this state of stress. (e) Make a sketch illus-
trating the oriental ion of aplane of maximum shear stress in this outer surface laycr.
(d) Draw (including appropriate numerical values) a Mohr-circle representation of
the state of strain m thc outer surface !ayer of the outer barrcl. (e) l f an cquiangular
strain-gage rosette is installed on the outer surface as shown in the drawing, what
strain will be irxhcated by each of the three gages? (Assume 1ha1 lhe gages
were inslalled prior lo l he barre! assembly, so tltat their readings reflcct strains
due tu as well as interna! hydraulic pressure.)
A11s. (a) 1.553 10., 2.414 in., 12.1 ksi ; {e) ' = 0.0001 0, taH = uo = 0.00135
7.13 An abrasive cutolf wheel weighs 6 oz and is made of a presumably isotropic material
with" - 0.20, I D - 1 in., OD - 6 in., thiclcness = / in. What is the maximum
in the wheel when rotatins 10,000 rpm? Ans. 4SOO
7.14 A cast-iron ftywhccl has ID = 4 in . OD = 20 in., lhickness = 2 in. Material
propcrties ares .. - 105 ksi, s . ,. JO ksi, s = 41 ksi, v = 0.211, p = 0.26lb/in.J
(a} Determine the rotating speed at which fracture would be predicted, according to
both the maximum-normal-su ess theory and the internal-friction theory. (b} What
rotat ing specd corresponds lo a safety factor of 2, based on stress ?
7. 15 A large gear is made by shrinking a steel rim onto a solid cast-steel whecl. Assume
thnt thc whecl acts as a plain solid disk of 20-n. diameter and 2-in. lhickness, and
that the rim is 2 in. lhick and acts as if the outer surface were a cylindcr of 22-in.
lliameter. Diametral interference - 0.04"; rotating speed = 6000 rpm. Assume
that no yielding occurs, and lhat E - 30 x 1 0' psi , G - 11.5 x 10 psi, r = 0.3, and
p = 0.28 lb/in. for both members. (a) Determine lhe most critica) stress loculion
in tbe whecl and in lhe rim. (b) Determine the stale of stress, i.e., o., u
1
, and o,,
at both of these critica) locations. (e) At what rpm will the rim become loose ?
(d) What yield strcngth musl the steel rim if yielding is nol to occur at or below
the speed corresponding to part e?
\ 7.16 A disk of ID = 4 in., OD - 20 in .. a nll thickness = 2 in. is made of cast iron
(S = 105 ks, S., - JO ksi,, = 0.21, p = 0.2llb/in.') aod rotales al N rpm. (o)
Compute maximum tangential and radial stresses as fon<:tions of N. (b) Without
making further calculations. draw the shape of l he radial and tangential stress
distribution curves. (e) lf N is increased unlil failure occurs, where would failure
likely origmate? (d) At what values of N would failure be predicted by the max.i-
mum-normal-strcss theory, maximum-shear-stress tbeory, maximum-dtStortion-
energy theory, and intemal-friction theory ?
7.17 A rim {ID - 12 in., ID = JO in.)is pressed onto asolid cast-steel wheel.
Thickness is 2 in.; both members ha ve properties of E= 30 x 10" psi, v = 0.3,
G = 11.5 x 10" psi , p 0.281b/in. (a) What diametral interference fil will result
in the rim's coming loose from the whcel justas a speed of 9000 rpm is reached?
(b) Using this t, what value of s. must the wheel have if it is to ha ve a safety factor
of S wittl respect to lnitial yielding at 9000 rpm, according 10 (1) maJtimum-shcar-
stress thel o(2) maximum-normal-stress theory, and (3) maximum-dstortion-energy
theory'! r-
7.18 A soft-stocl chine rotor can be treatcd as a simple disk of ID = 4 in., OD = 8 in.,
\J thickness in. To pcrmit operation ot higher specds, it is proposcd that a high-
,, '\ streogth stecl rim of JO-in. OD beshrunk onto the rotor. lt is required lhat thc shear
. :j r 1 stresses in thc soft inner member be Jimited to 30 ksi over the full opcraling range
) of O to N rpm. Both memhers have E = 30 x 10 psi , '' - 0.3, p - 0.28 lb/in.
4
'J> (a) What diametral interference Bt will permit the greatest opcrating-spocll rangc'!
}' (b) What value of N does this fit permit?

Problems 533
CHAPTER 8
8.1 The bracket showo is Joaded with a concentrated force F at the free eod in the Y
direetion, Derive an eJtprcssion for the dellcction of thc free end in the Y dircction.
F1T' Fb'a 11 1' ' bl h
Ans. JEI +
3
El + GJ plus genera y neg g e transverse s ear terms
Solid rouf'ld

o
z P8.1 to 8.3
8.2 The brackct shown suppor1s a weight W at its free end. Determine an expression
for the deflection of the free end in the X direclion. Ans. Wba'f2El
8.3 The free end of the bracket shown is subjccted 10 a torque T about tbe Z axis.
Derive an eq>rcssion for the dent:Ction of the free end in lhe Y direction.
Ans. Ta
2
{2El
8.4 The free end of the bracket shown is loaded by a 1000-lb force in the Y
30"
5'' do sol;d U&ol rod
Jo x o pi ;
G= 12 x to pii
/
y
,t
I'N 4