CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES CARRERA: ASIGNATURA: Sesin/Fecha 1st Session 1/10/2011 English Tcnicas de Traduccion a

Objetivos de Aprendizaje Recognize the different translation techniques.

HORARIO: 6:00pm to 7:30 pm Actividades de Recursos y/o Contenidos o Temas Aprendizaje Equipamiento Translation techniques Students will receive a Materials: compound of Note book information of the White board different translation Pen techniques. Classroom Copies Coherence in translation Compare coherence and cohesion Organization of ideas Strategies to become coherent while translating Materials: Note book White board Pen Classroom Construction paper markers

Evaluacin Diagnostic

Formative Formative

2nd Session 1/ 17/2011

To use and determine the unit and coherence while translating

Transcription as theory Mapping spoken language onto written symbols is not as straightforward a process as may seem at first glance. Written language is an idealisation, made up of a limited set of clearly distinct and discrete symbols. Spoken language, on the other hand, is a continuous (as opposed to discrete) phenomenon, made up of a potentially unlimited number of components. There is no predetermined system for distinguishing and classifying these components and, consequently, no preset way of mapping these components onto written symbols. What is transcribed and how it is transcribed is therefore a matter of theoretical consideration, or - as Ochs (1979: 44) states in her influential paper "Transcription as theory" - "Transcription is a selective process reflecting theoretical goals and definitions". For example, a researcher interested in how participants in a conversation negotiate their turn taking (a typical research question in conversation analysis) may have to take into account different details concerning the timing of speakers' utterances, such as pauses, lengthening of syllables or the exact extension of simultaneous speech in a speaker overlap. He or she will consequently use a transcription system which has well-motivated rules for representing these phenomena. A dialectologist interested in a certain syntactic pattern of a regional language variant, by contrast, will have little need for this type of timing information. His or her transcription system may therefore choose not to represent such phenomena at all, or at least to treat them in less detail.

One-to-one Translation In computer networking, network address translation (NAT) is the process of modifying IP address information in IP packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device. The simplest type of NAT provides a one to one translation of IP addresses. RFC 2663 refers to this type of NAT as basic NAT. It is often also referred to as one-to-one NAT. In this type of NAT only the IP addresses, IP header checksum and any higher level checksums that include the IP address need to be changed. The rest of the packet can be left untouched (at least for basic TCP/UDP functionality, some higher level protocols may need further translation). Basic NATs can be used when there is a requirement to interconnect two IP networks with incompatible addressing. However it is common to hide an entire IP address space, usually consisting of private IP addresses, behind a single IP address (or in some cases a small group of IP addresses) in another (usually public) address space. To avoid ambiguity in the handling of returned packets a one-to-many NAT must alter higher level information such as TCP/UDP ports in outgoing communications and must maintain a translation table so that return packets can be correctly translated back. RFC 2663 uses the term NAPT (network address and port translation). Other names for this type of NAT include PAT (port address translation), IP masquerading, NAT Overload and manyto-one NAT. Since this is the most common type of NAT it is often referred to simply as NAT.

List: One widely-accepted list of translation techniques is outlined briefly below. If you are interested, there is a more complete description in Fawcett (1997:34-41): 1. Borrowing This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk"). Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts. 2. Calque This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualit, Qualittssicherung...). 3. Literal Translation Just what it says - "El equipo est trabajando para acabar el informe" - "The team is working to finish the report". Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German in the same way - you would have to use technique no. 4... 4. Transposition This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta nadar" (not "nadando") - or in German, "Sie schwimmt gern", because gerunds and infinitives work in different ways in English and Spanish, and German is German (bringing in an adverb to complicate matters). Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English wants the verb up near the front; Spanish can have it closer to the end. 5. Modulation Now we're getting clever. Slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "Te lo dejo" - "You can have it". 6. Reformulation (sometimes known as quivalence) Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have given the name Sonrisas y lgrimas to the film The Sound of Music in Spanish? 7. Adaptation Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least. Should a restaurant menu in a Spanish tourist resort translate "pincho" as "kebab" in English? Should a French text talking about Belgian jokes be translated into English as talking about Irish jokes (always assuming it should be translated at all)? We will return to these problems of referentiality below. 8. Compensation Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages which use forms such as tu and usted (tu/vous, du/Sie, etc.) into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways. 9. Explanation one last technique used in the expansion of information is explanation. Most of the times when a further information and clarification of ideas is needed, at the botton of the page after the translated text asterisks (*) should be place to elucidate the meaning of complicated words.

10. Addition this technique is widely used and is one of the most common ways to show the overgeneralization in the usage of article in Spanish language. Remember each technique has been created in order to find complete and meaningful information from the source to the target language so do not hesitate when adding words you believe are necessary. 11. Omission here as the word says you will omit or delete information or words avoiding redundancy. The techniques serve stylistic as well as strategic purposes. The techniques need to be used in order to compensate for the linguistic (structural, stylistic and rhetorical) differences that exist between any two languages.