White Paper January 2007

Mobile WiMax
Scalability
From OFDM-256 to S-OFDMA

OFDMA

QoS

Handoff

Software solutions in radiocommunications

Abstract

Fixed WiMAX, based on 802.16d-2004, is a stationary technology with customer premises equipment (CPE) and antennas installed in a fixed location, even though some vendors have included portability and limited mobility into their equipment. Only with 802.16e-2005 and Mobile WiMAX comes the capability of mobile units to hand off between base stations. True mobility is therefore enabled in addition to what 802.16d-2004 already features. The management of different duplexing modes, AAS, and service flow provisioning (among others...) are already included in the d-2004 standard, and new items such as OFDMA sub-channelization techniques, hand off sessions and management of the multicast/broadcast service have to be supported to be compliant with the e-2005 version. WiMax evolves from OFDM-256 FFT to S-OFDMA, so must radio network design methodologies. This white paper highlights the different functionalities of ICS telecom dedicated to network design in OFDMA environment.

References
WiMAX Forum: Mobile WiMAX -- Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation ATDI: A quickguide to 802.16 radio-planning with ICS telecom ATDI: Signal propagation modeling in urban environment Intel Corporation / Hassan Yaghoobi: Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Intel Corporation / Sassan Ahmadi: Introduction to mobile WiMAX radio access technology : PHY and MAC architecture Motorola: WiMAX: E vs. D The advantages of 802.16e over 802.16d

brief overview

Table of Content
1 2 Acronyms ___________________________________________________________________ 5 Mobile WiMax basics__________________________________________________________ 7 2.1 What is mobile WiMax ? __________________________________________________ 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 2.2 Main features of mobile WiMax ____________________________________________ 2.2.1 OFDMA ____________________________________________________________ 2.2.2 High data rates _______________________________________________________ 2.2.3 Quality of Service _____________________________________________________ 2.2.4 Scalability ___________________________________________________________ 2.2.5 Security _____________________________________________________________ 2.2.6 Mobility_____________________________________________________________ 2.3 3

Mobile WiMAX certification profiles ________________________________________ 8

Review of mobile WiMax PHY Layer _____________________________________________ 9 3.1 Duplex mode ____________________________________________________________ 9 3.1.1 Concept _____________________________________________________________ 9 3.1.2 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom __________________ 10 3.2 OFDMA basics _________________________________________________________ 3.2.1 Concept ____________________________________________________________ 3.2.1.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)________________________________ 3.2.1.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)_____________________ 3.2.1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) ________________ 3.2.1.4 Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (S-OFDMA) _______ 3.2.2 OFDMA symbol structure _____________________________________________ 3.2.3 Subchannelization schemes ____________________________________________ 3.2.3.1 Manual input ______________________________________________________ 3.2.3.2 Predifined tables ___________________________________________________ 3.3 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom ___________________ 3.3.1 Calculation of the system gain and the sensitivity ___________________________ 3.3.1.1 Downlink_________________________________________________________ 3.3.1.2 Uplink ___________________________________________________________ 3.3.2 Calculation of the throughput ___________________________________________ 3.4 12 12 12 13 14 15 16 18 18 19 20 21 21 23 24

SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO schemes_______________________________________ 26

3.5 Frequency reuse schemes _________________________________________________ 30 3.5.1 Concept ____________________________________________________________ 30 3.5.2 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom __________________ 32 4 Review of mobile WiMAX MAC layer____________________________________________ 34 4.1 QoS Data service Types _________________________________________________ 34 4.1.1 Concept ____________________________________________________________ 34

4.1.2

Impact on mobile WiMax radio-planning with ICS telecom ___________________ 35 37 37 37 38 39 40 41

4.2 Handoff _______________________________________________________________ 4.2.1 FBSS / MDHO ______________________________________________________ 4.2.1.1 List of neighbors ___________________________________________________ 4.2.1.2 Active set allocation ________________________________________________ 4.2.1.3 FSBB/MDHO handover map within the same active set ____________________ 4.2.2 Hard handover_______________________________________________________ 4.2.3 Hand-over along a mobile path__________________________________________

4.3 Multicast and broadcast service ___________________________________________ 42 4.3.1 Concept ____________________________________________________________ 42 4.3.2 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom __________________ 42

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NETWORK DESIGN WITH ICS TELECOM MOBILE WIMAX

Note : all provided values are FOR IN FORMATION ONLY

1 Acronyms
AAS AMC MIMO BE BS CCI CINR CP DL EIRP ErtPS FBSS FDD FFT FRS FFRS FTP FUSC HHO HiperMAN HO IEEE ISI LOS MAC MAN MBS MDHO MU nLOS NLOS nrtPS OFDM Adaptive Antenna System also Advanced Antenna System Adaptive Modulation and Coding Adaptive Multiple Input Multiple Output Best Effort Base Station Co-Channel Interference Carrier to Interference + Noise Ratio Cyclic Prefix Downlink Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Extended Non-Real-Time Packet Service Fast Base Station Switch Frequency Division Duplex Fast Fourier Transform Frequency reuse scheme Fractionnal frequency reuse scheme File Transfer Protocol Fully Used Sub-Channel Hard Hand-Off High Performance Metropolitan Area Network Hand-Off Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inter-Symbol Interference Line of Sight Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Multicast and Broadcast Service Macro Diversity Hand Over Mobile Unit Near Line-of-Sight Non Line-of-Sight Non-Real-Time Packet Service Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

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OFDMA PUSC QAM QPSK RTG rtPS SF SFN SISO SNIR SNR S-OFDMA STC TDD TTG UGS UL VoIP WiMAX Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Partially Used Sub-Channel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Receive/transmit Transition Gap Real-Time Packet Service Service Flow Single Frequency Network Single Input Single Output (Antenna) Signal to Noise + Interference Ratio Signal to Noise Ratio Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Space Time Coding Time Division Duplex Transmit/receive Transition Gap Unsolicited Grant Service Uplink Voice over Internet Protocol Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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2 Mobile WiMax basics

2.1 What is mobile WiMax ?
Mobile WiMAX is a rapidly growing broadband wireless access technology based on IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 air-interface standards. The WiMax forum is developing mobile WiMAX system profiles that define the mandatory and optional features of the IEEE standard that are necessary to build a mobile WiMAX compliant air interface which can be certified by the WiMAX Forum. Mobile WiMAX is not the same as IEEE 802.16e-2005, rather a subset of the IEEE STD 802.16 standard features and functionalities. The WiMAX Forum Network Working Group (NWG) is developing the higher-level networking specifications for Mobile WiMAX systems beyond what is defined in the IEEE 802.16 standard that simply addresses the air interface specifications. The combined effort of IEEE 802.16 and the WiMAX Forum help define the end-to-end system solution for a Mobile WiMAX network.

2.2 Main features of mobile WiMax

2.2.1 OFDMA
The mobile WiMAX air interface uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) as the radio access method for improved multipath performance in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. See 3.2 for further details.

2.2.2 High data rates

The use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna techniques (see 3.4) along with flexible subchannelization schemes, adaptive modulation and coding enable the mobile WiMAX technology to support both peak downlink and uplink high data rates. Concerning the adaptive modulation, kindly refer to the previous white paper "WiMax radio-planning quickguide with ICS telecom", that can be downloaded from the ATDI web sites.

2.2.3 Quality of Service

The fundamental premise of the IEEE 802.16 medium access control (MAC) architecture is QoS. It defines service flows which can be mapped to fine granular IP sessions or coarse differentiated-services code points to enable end-to-end IP based QoS. See 4.1 for further details.

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2.2.4 Scalability
The mobile WiMAX technology utilizes scalable OFDMA (S-OFDMA) and has the capability to operate in scalable bandwidths from 1.25 to 20 MHz to comply with various spectrum allocations worldwide. See 3.2.1.4 for further details

2.2.5 Security
The mobile WiMAX incorporates the most advanced security features that are currently used in wireless access systems. These include Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) based authentication, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) based authenticated encryption, and Cipher-based Message Authentication Code (CMAC) and Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) based control message protection schemes. This particular topic will not be addressed in this white paper, as it is not relevant in scope of radio-planning.

2.2.6 Mobility
The mobile WiMAX supports optimized handover schemes with latencies less than 50 ms to ensure real-time applications such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).

2.3 Mobile WiMAX certification profiles

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3 Review of mobile WiMax PHY Layer

3.1 Duplex mode
3.1.1 Concept
The IEEE 802.16e-2005 air-interface supports both Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) modes. However, the initial release of mobile WiMAX profiles only includes the TDD mode of operation. The TDD mode is preferred for the following reasons: It enables a dynamic allocation of DL and UL resources to support efficiently asymmetric DL/UL traffic (adaptation of DL:UL ratio to DL/UL traffic). It ensures channel reciprocity for better support of link adaptation, advanced antenna techniques such as transmit beam-forming or MIMO. Unlike FDD, which requires a pair of channels, TDD only requires a single channel for both downlink and uplink providing greater flexibility for adaptation to varied global spectrum allocations. Transceiver designs for TDD implementations are less complex and therefore less expensive.

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3.1.2 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom

The choice of the duplex mode used by the WiMax base stations can be done in their technical parameters:

Definition of the WiMAX profile at the Base Station level

Note that the percentage specified in the UL/DL duration boxes in ICS telecom represents the percentage of the UL duration wrt to the DL duration within the same frame. Using the new OFDMA calculator of ICS telecom, the user can define: The number of symbols in the OFDMA frame (48 by default) The number of overhead symbols in the Downlink The number of overhead symbols in the Uplink The UL/DL duration ratio (1:1, 12:25, 9:28) The number of symbols included in the Time Transition Gap (TTG)

Based upon these inputs, the software calculates the number of data symbols used in DL and UL. If crossed with the modulation and the number of OFDMA data sub-carriers used per frame, ICS telecom can automatically calculate the corresponding throughput in DL and UL (see 3.3.2).

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1:1 DL/UL duration (1.00 in ICS telecom)

2:1 DL/UL duration (0.5 in ICS telecom)

3:1 DL/UL duration (0.33 in ICS telecom)

OFDMA calculator in ICS telecom : calculation of the available data symbols per OFDMA frame according to the UL/DL duration ratio

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3.2 OFDMA basics

3.2.1 Concept
Different physical layer (PHY) have been used in order to define the WiMAX air interface. Each of them having an impact on the network design.

3.2.1.1

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

WiMAX air interface is based on OFDM/OFDMA PHY. To understand how OFDM and OFDMA work, it is useful to start with the source namely FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing).

Frequency Division Multiplexing Spacing is put between two adjacent sub-carriers

In FDM system, signals from multiple transmitters are transmitted simultaneously (at the same time slot) over multiple frequencies. Each frequency range (sub-carrier) is modulated separately by different data stream and a spacing (guard band) is placed between sub-carriers to avoid signal overlap.

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3.2.1.2

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Like FDM, OFDM also uses multiple sub-carriers but the sub-carriers are closely spaced to each other without causing interference, removing guard bands between adjacent sub-carriers. This is possible because the frequencies (sub-carriers) are orthogonal, meaning the peak of one sub-carrier coincides with the null of an adjacent sub-carrier.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

In an OFDM system, a very high rate data stream is divided into multiple parallel low rate data streams. Each smaller data stream is then mapped to individual data sub-carrier and modulated using some Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM). OFDM needs less bandwidth than FDM to carry the same amount of information which translates to higher spectral efficiency. Besides a high spectral efficiency, an OFDM system such as WiMAX is more resilient in NLOS environment. It can efficiently overcome interference and frequency-selective fading caused by multipath because equalizing is done on a subset of sub-carriers instead of a single broader carrier. The effect of ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) is suppressed by virtue of a longer symbol period of the parallel OFDM subcarriers than a single carrier system and the use of a cyclic prefix (CP).

ICS telecoms OFDM parameters box for simulating multipath reflection can highlight the cases where the signal is damaged due to the reflected signal being greater (by a user-defined margin in dB) than the direct path threshold and with a ToA outside of the OFDM receiver Guard interval:

Constructive and Destructive OFDM signals in ICS telecom

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3.2.1.3

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

Like OFDM, OFDMA employs multiple closely spaced sub-carriers, but the sub-carriers are divided into groups of sub-carriers. Each group is named a sub-channel. The sub-carriers that form a sub-channel do not need to be adjacent.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (Sub-carriers with the same color represent a sub-channel)

Sub-channelization defines sub-channels that can be allocated to the mobile units depending on their channel conditions and data requirements. Using sub-channelization, a Mobile WiMAX BS can allocate within the same time slot more transmit power for lower SNR cases and less power for higher SNR cases.

In OFDM, only one MU transmits in one time slot. In OFDMA, several MUs can transmit at the same time slot over several sub-channels.

Sub-channelization in the uplink can save a user device transmit power because it can concentrate power only on certain sub-channel(s) allocated to it. This power-saving feature is particularly useful for battery-powered user devices, the likely case in Mobile WiMAX.

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3.2.1.4 OFDMA)

Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (S-

Additionally benefit over OFDMA is brought by scalable OFDMA (S-OFDMA). The FFT scales its size to the channel bandwidth in order to keep constant carrier spacing. This brings higher spectral efficiency in wide channels and a cost reduction in narrow channels.

OFDMA scalability parameters in the OFDMA calculator of ICS telecom

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3.2.2 OFDMA symbol structure

There are three types of OFDMA sub-carriers: Data sub-carriers for data transmission. Pilot sub-carriers for various estimation and synchronization purposes. Null sub-carriers for no transmission at all, used for guard bands (left and right) and DC carriers (used at the transmission frequency). Active sub-carriers are divided into subsets of sub-carriers called sub-channels.

OFDMA sub-carrier structure

The sub-carriers forming one sub-channel may be, but not need to be, contiguous. Different ways of grouping sub-carriers into channels in 802.16 are called permutations Three main permutations: FUSC Full Usage of Sub-channels (DL only): Achieves best frequency diversity by spreading the subcarriers over the entire band PUSC Partial Usage of Sub-channels (UL and DL) o o Groups the sub-carriers into tiles to enable fractional frequency reuse scheme (FFRS). Still has distribution of sub-carriers across band for each sub-channel a.k.a. Adjacent Sub-carrier Permutation Uses adjacent sub-carriers for each sub-channel for use with beam forming

AMC (or Band AMC)Adaptive Modulation and Coding (UL and DL) o o

Note that alternative permutations, such as TUSC (supporting both beam forming and OFDMA permutation) might be used as an option in the DL sub-frame.

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There are two main types of sub-carrier permutations: distributed (diversity) and localized (contiguous). In general, distributed sub-carrier permutations perform very well in mobile applications while adjacent subcarrier permutations can be properly used for fixed, portable, or low mobility environments. These options enable the system designers to trade mobility for throughput. Diversity (mobility users) FUSC DL PUSC TUSC UL PUSC AMC AMC Contiguous (fixed and nomadic users)

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3.2.3 Subchannelization schemes

In ICS telecom, the user can select a given OFDMA permutation and the number of data sub-carriers used either manually or by pointing to predefined tables.

3.2.3.1

Manual input

The user can to define its own configuration of the OFDMA permutation by: Selecting if he wants to work in DL or in UL

Defining the total number of sub-channels in the OFDMA frame

OFDMA permutation 1.25 MHz BW DL FUSC DL PUSC DL O-FUSC DL O-AMC UL PUSC UL O-PUSC UL O-AMC 2 3 2 2 4 6 2

Number of sub-channels 5 MHz BW 8 15 8 8 17 24 8 10 MHz BW 16 30 16 16 35 48 16 20 MHz BW 32 60 32 32 92 96 32

Defning the number of pilot, data and null sub-carrier per sub-channel (default respectively to 8, 16 and 1)

The number of occupied sub-carriers and occupied data sub-carriers impacts the cell edge radius, as well as the throughput.

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3.2.3.2

Predifined tables

The user can also select the OFDMA permutation to check by selecting it once he has defined the channel BW and whether he wants to work in UL or in DL.

In that case, ICS telecom will automatically fill the number of sub-carriers used (cell edge calculation) and the number of data sub-carriers used (throughput calculation). OFDMA permutation DL FUSC Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier Nb of sub-carrier Nb of data sub-carrier 109 108 96 433 432 384 865 864 768 1729 1728 1536 1.25 MHz BW 105 96 85 72 108 96 108 96 97 5 MHz BW 426 384 421 360 432 384 432 384 408 272 10 MHz BW 851 768 841 720 864 768 864 768 840 840 20 MHz BW 1702 1536 1681 1440 1728 1536 1728 1536 1681

DL PUSC

DL O-FUSC

DL O-AMC

UL PUSC

UL O-PUSC

UL O-AMC

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3.3 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom

With mobile WiMax, users operate on sub-channels, which only occupy a small fraction of the channel bandwidth (FFRS), in order to avoid cell edge-interference. However, the fractional use of the channel bandwidth is trade-off between: The link budget : the more sub-channel are used, the smaller the cell range The data rate : the more sub-channel are used, the bigger the throughput The interference : the more users, the more sub-division of the channel bandwidth will occur in order to avoid co-channel interference.

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3.3.1 Calculation of the system gain and the sensitivity

3.3.1.1
Base Station o o The output power per antenna elements The number of transmitting antenna elements o o The nominal antenna gain The number of antenna arrays (if AAS is enabled) o The pilot power boosting loss The nominal receiving antenna gain The diversity receiving antenna gain The noise figure Mobile Unit o o o

Downlink

The user specifies the following input parameters:

Advanced parameters o o o SNR required Thermal noise The number OFDMA sub-carriers used per OFDMA frame

ICS telecom will then calculate the system gain in downlink, as well as the receiving sensitivity of the mobile unit for this given OFDMA permutation.

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Scalability for mobile WiMax : impact of the variation of the FTT size on the coverage (Downlink FUSC OFDMA permutation Mobile handheld receiver 16QAM1/2)

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3.3.1.2
Mobile unit o o o

Uplink

The user specifies the following input parameters: The type of equipment The output power per antenna elements The number of transmitting antenna elements o o The nominal antenna gain The number of antenna arrays (if AAS is enabled) o The pilot power boosting loss The nominal receiving antenna gain The diversity receiving antenna gain The noise figure The base Station o o o

Advanced parameters o o o SNR required Thermal noise The number OFDMA sub-carriers used per OFDMA frame

ICS telecom will then calculate the system gain in uplink, as well as the receiving sensitivity of the base station for this given OFDMA permutation.

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Mobile WiMax coverage according to the type of receiver 1024 FFT size - PUSC Uplink permutation 16QAM1/2

3.3.2 Calculation of the throughput

In addition to the calculation of the receiving sensitivity in both uplink and downlink, ICS telecom calculates the throughput according to: The specified modulation (if not in AMC permutation) The UL/DL duration ratio The number of data sub-carriers used per OFDMA frame

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In case the O-AMC is selected, ICS telecom can calculate the maximum achievable bit rate for every single modulation.

Mobile WiMax coverage according in the O-AMC permutation 1024 FFT size O-AMC permutation

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3.4 SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO schemes

Various technologies are used for smart antenna systems: Switched Beams, Adaptive Array Systems(AAS), SIMO, MIMO, STC... The strategies used rely on optimising the gain or the directionality of the radiation patterns, spatial multiplexing, combining multipath signals. These adaptive systems take advantage of their ability to effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interferences and maximize intended signal reception.

SISO case

SIMO case

MISO case

MIMO case

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27/43 The key parameters for field strength predictions are the antenna gain in the transmitting and receiving ways and the sensitivity of the receiver. the radio planner can use ICS telecom to define manually its own parameters to set the antenna gain and receiving threshold; For adaptive antenna arrays, the user defines the composite pattern corresponding to all radiating elements and the number of available elements. The "burst" gain" is calculated and the nominal gain updated, based on the assumption that an antenna array containing M elements can provide a power gain of M over white noise level. For switched beams, ICS telecom nG automatically detects the best predefined beam to offer/receive the best signal in a given direction and then applies interference rejection from pattern discrimination and location of the interferers.

Adaptive antenna systems in ICS telecom : the user specifies the number of arrays available in DL and UL

DL

UL

Calculation of the EIRP according to the number of antenna elements and antenna arrays in the OFDMA calculator of ICS telecom

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28/43 In addition to the features available to model adaptive antenna arrays, ICS telecom also includes not only specific functions related to dynamic beam forming according to angle or arrival (off-axis angle) of the signals, but also the capability to modify the coverage according to the directivity of a receiver and the location of its most-probable server.

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Best server plot from BS1 and BS2

Coverage of BS 1 (left) and BS 2 (right) with an omni-directionnal Rx antenna

Coverage of BS 1 (left) and BS 2 (right) with 4 arrays Rx antenna pointing to its most-probable server and therefore reducing the interfrering power of the other base stations

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3.5 Frequency reuse schemes

3.5.1 Concept
OFDM works well in the channels with relatively high SINR. In multi-cell deployments, in order to avoid intercell interference, basic OFDM requires directional antennas or relatively high frequency-reuse schemes and careful radio-frequency (RF) planning. OFDMA with its various subcarrier allocation schemes (FUSC and PUSC) improves performance in multi-cell deployments by averaging the interference across multiple cells. The interference becomes a function of cell loading and can be significantly reduced by efficient scheduling. OFDMA systems, on the other hand, are very flexible in terms of RF planning and support a variety of frequency reuse schemes (FRS). These FRS may be described by denotation NcxNsxNf, where Nc is number of independent frequency channels in the WiMAX network Ns is the number of sectors per cell Nf is the number of segments in exploited frequency channel.

Two of these FRS are for instance 1x3x1 and 1x3x3. Both schemes use three-sector base-stations and require only one RF channel for all sectors and BS, hence opening the door for operators who have limited amount of spectrum. FRS 1x3x1 eliminates the need for any frequency planning. That is a significant advantage especially for heavy urban areas where RF planning is very difficult. FRS 1x3x3 uses different (orthogonal) sets of tones (called segments) for each sector of a base-station thereby reducing inter-cell interference and minimizing outage area. This scheme also simplifies RF planningone need only assign segments to sectors while using the same RF channel among all base-stations.

FRS 1x3x1

FRS 1x3x3

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31/43 Since the OFDMA PHY layer has many choices of sub-carrier allocation methods, multiple zones can use different sub-carrier allocation methods to divide each subframe. One benefit of using zone switching is that different frequency schemes can be dynamically deployed in a cell, forming a fractional frequency reuse scheme (FFRS). The image here below shows an example of deploying different FFRS in one frame. For the first half of each frame, the entire frequency band is divided by three and allocated in each sector. For the second half of each frame, the whole same frequency band is used in each sector. The benefits of deploying FFRS in one frame are: edge users, who are receiving co-channel interference from other sectors in other cells, also have suppressed co-channel interference (CCI) users around the cell center have the full frequency band because they are relatively less subject to co-channel interference.

FFRS with 802.16 OFDMA wimax

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3.5.2 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom

ICS telecom features the functionality of calculating SINR maps, in order to highlight the positive impact of using segmented frequency channels with regards to the interference.

Mobile WiMax SINR map : FRS 1x3x1

Mobile WiMax SINR map : FRS 1x3x3

FFT 1024 DL PUSC permutation SIMO configuration with 4 antenna arrays at the Mobile Unit

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Map of the subchannel distribution in case of a non-fractionnal frequency reuse scheme (FRS 1x3x3)

Mobile WiMax sub-channel distribution with a FFRS 1x3x3 FFT 1024 SIMO configuration with 4 antenna arrays at the Mobile Unit PUSC 1/3

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4 Review of mobile WiMAX MAC layer

4.1 QoS Data service Types
4.1.1 Concept
In the Mobile WiMAX MAC layer, Quality of Service (QoS) is provided via service flow (SF). Before providing a certain type of data service, the base station and user-terminal first establish a unidirectional logical link between the peer MACs called a connection. The outbound MAC then associates packets traversing the MAC interface into a service flow to be delivered over the connection. The QoS parameters associated with the service flow define the transmission ordering and scheduling on the air interface.

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4.1.2 Impact on mobile WiMax radio-planning with ICS telecom

Depending on the customer profile, the user can specify per mobile unit its Service Flow repartition, and the priorities to respect (the contention free SF have piority over the SF working in contention mode).

Traffic request and Service Flows provisioning at the Mobile Unit level in ICS telecom

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36/43 The overall QoS of each sector can be calculated according to: A service flow provisioning defined on a per mobile unit basis The throughput available at each sector, calculated according to the OFDMA permutation and the number of data sub-carriers used, the UL/DL duration ratio, the modulation A variation of the contention ratio according to the hour of the day

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4.2 Handoff
There are three handoff methods supported within the 802.16e standard Hard Handoff (HHO), Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO). Of these, the HHO is mandatory while FBSS and MDHO are two optional modes.

4.2.1

FBSS / MDHO

When the FSBB or MDHO are supported, the MS and BS maintain a list of BSs that are involved in FBSS/MFDHO with the MU. This set is called an Active Set. The MDHO hand off allow a mobile unit to transmit and receive from multiple BS at the same time. In FBSS, the MS continuously monitors the base stations in the Active Set,. Among the BSs in the Active Set, an Anchor BS is defined. When operating in FBSS, the MU only communicates with the Anchor BS for uplink and downlink messages including management and traffic connections. Transition from one Anchor BS to another (i.e. BS switching) is performed without invocation of explicit HO signaling messages. 4.2.1.1 a neighbor.

List of neighbors

If it is not already known by the mobile operator, the use can locate BS per BS with what other BS it could be

Highlighting the neighbours of the Base Station in order to define the Active Sets

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4.2.1.2

Active set allocation

The radio-planner can specify for each BS the active set(s) it is belonging to :

Definition of the active sets each BS belongs to in ICS telecom

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4.2.1.3

FSBB/MDHO handover map within the same active set

The user can specify the active set to be analyzed. By specifying the soft handover mode, ICS telecom will highlight the areas where an FSBB/MDHO handover can occur. These areas are highlighted in yellow in the pictures below, otherwise ICS telecom can give the color of the active set (or the color of the best server, if needed).

FSBB handover map for a mobile unit anchored to active set 1

FSBB handover map for a mobile unit anchored to active set 2

FSBB handover map for a mobile unit anchored to active set 3

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4.2.2

Hard handover

When the Mobile WiMAX unit switches from one active set area to another, it performs what is called a hard handover (HHO). ICS telecom can display where the mobile anchored to a specific active set will have to hard hand off to another one.

HHO map of a mobile anchored to Active set 1 with any other active set

HHO map of a mobile anchored to Active set 2 with any other active set

HHO map of a mobile anchored to Active set 3 with any other active set

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4.2.3 Hand-over along a mobile path

If the radio planner is more particularly interested into a mobile path, a dedicated hand over analysis can be performed, in UL or in DL.

Display of the FSBB hand-over of a mobile unit anchored to active set 3

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4.3 Multicast and broadcast service

4.3.1 Concept
The Multicast and Boroadcast service (MBS) can be supported in two ways : Embedded MBS: a separate MBS zone is defined in the DL frame along with the unicast service Whole MBS: the whole frame can be dedicated to MBS (DL only) for standalone broadcast service.

The MBS zone supports multiple Base Stations working in MBS mode using Single Frequency Network (SFN) operation It may be noted that multiple MBS zones are also feasible.

4.3.2 Impact on mobile WiMAX radio-planning with ICS telecom

When working in MBS mode, all the BS participating the same MBS transmit the same data, use the same permutation, subchanellization The equivalent channel reception is the sum of the individual channels from all the BS in the MBS. The delay in the signal that comes from a distant BS translates to a delayed impulse response, which increase the delay spread of the equivalent/consolidated channel, generating therefore ISI in the SFN area.

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WiMax coverage in Unicast situation (left) or in Multicast situation right)

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ATDI SA 8, rue de lArcade 75008 Paris - France Tel. +33 (0)1 53 30 89 40 Fax +33 (0)1 53 30 89 49 e-mail : atdi@atdi.com http://www.atdi.com

ATDI Inc. 1420 Beverly Road, Suite 140 McLean, VA 22101 - USA Tel. +1 703 848 4750 Fax +1 703 848 4752 e-mail : americas@atdi.com http://www.atdi-us.com

ATDI Ibrica c/Manuel Gonzlez Longoria,8 28010 Madrid - Spain Tel. +34 91 44 67 252 Fax +34 91 44 50 383 e-mail : southern-europe@atdi.com http://www.atdi.es

ATDI Ltd. Kingsland Court - Three Bridges Road Crawley - West Sussex - RH10 1HL - UK Tel. +44 (0)1293 522052 Fax +44 (0)1293 522521 e-mail : northern-europe@atdi.com http://www.atdi.co.uk

ATDI EST Bd. Aviatorilor, 59 Bucharest - Romania Tel +40 21 222 42 10 Fax +40 21 222 42 13 e-mail : eastern-europe@atdi.com http://www.atdi.ro

ATDI OOO Sadovnicheskaya st. 72 bld 1 115035 Moscow - Russian Federation Tel. +7 495 252 96 10 Fax +7 501 408 50 74 e-mail : moscow@atdi.com http://www.atdi.ru

ATDI South Pacific PTY Ltd 79 Macarthur Street - Ultimo NSW 2007 - Australia Tel. +61 (0)2 9213 2200 Fax +61 (0)2 9213 2299 e-mail : south-pacific@atdi.com http://www.atdi.com

ATDI UA partnership with LIS erbitskogo str. 1 02068 Kiev Ukraine Tel +380 44 564 33 68 e-mail : v vigovsky@atdi.com http:// www.lissoft.com.ua

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