MA 2930, March 2, 2011 Worksheet 6

1.
For each of the following equations check if it is exact. If it is, solve it. If it is not, can you think of the minimal repair thatd make it exact and then solve that? ydy xdx (i) (x2 +y2 )3/2 + (x2 +y2 )3/2 = 0 (ii) (ex sin y + 3y)dx (3x + ex cos y)dy = 0 (i) Lets check the exactness of the equation: My = Nx = x 3xy [ 2 ]= 2 2 )3/2 y (x + y (x + y 2 )5/2

y 3xy [ 2 ]= 2 x (x + y 2 )3/2 (x + y 2 )5/2 Since My = Nx , the equation is exact. Therefore, there is a function (x, y) such that our equation is simply d = 0. In the case, x = M and y = N . So, (x, y) = M dx = (x2 x 1 dx = 2 + (y) 2 )3/2 +y (x + y 2 )1/2

where (y) is an unknown function of y, determined as follows: y y + (y) = 2 y = N 2 2 )3/2 (x + y (x + y 2 )3/2 Therefore, (y) = 0, and so, (y) = c, a constant which we can take to be zero. Thus, the solution to the equation is (x, y) = (x2 1 =a + y 2 )1/2

or, more simply (x2 + y 2 )1/2 = a, or even, x2 + y 2 = a, where a is an arbitrary constant. (ii) Lets check the exactness of the equation: My = x [e sin y + 3y] = ex cos y + 3 y 1

 [(3x + ex cos y)] = 3 ex cos y x Since My = Nx , the equation is not exact. However, if we made the minus sign a plus, itd become exact. The resulting exact equation is Nx = (ex sin y + 3y)dx + (3x + ex cos y)dy = 0 For the solution let (x, y) = Then, y = N ex cos y + 3x + (y) = 3x + ex cos y (y) = 0 So, we can take (y) = 0, and get the solution as (x, y) = ex sin y + 3xy = a where a is an arbitrary constant. M dx = (ex sin y + 3y)dx = ex sin y + 3xy + (y)

2.
Show that if (Nx My )/M = Q is a function of y alone, then multiplying the equation M + N y = 0 by (y) = exp Q(y)dy renders it exact. ( is called an integrating factor.) Use this idea to solve ydx + (2xy e2y )dy = 0. What if Q were a function of x alone - would the same trick work? After multiplying by (y) the equation becomes M dx + N dy = 0. Lets check it for exactness: (M ) = y M + My = QM + My = (Nx My ) + My = Nx y (N ) = x N + Nx = 0 + Nx = Nx x So, the new equation is indeed exact. 2

For the given equation, My = 1 and Nx = 2y. So the equation is not exact. However, (Nx My )/M = (2y 1)/y = Q is a function of y alone, so an integrating factor is = exp (2y 1)/ydy = exp(2y ln y) = e2y /y. After multiplication by it the equation should become exact. So, its solution is (x, y) = a where (x, y) = M dx = e2y dx = xe2y + (y)

for some (y). To nd it use y = N 2xe2y + (y) = e2y /y(2xy e2y ) = 2xe2y 1/y So, (y) = 1/y, and so, (y) = ln y, and the solution is (x, y) = xe2y ln y = a for arbitrary constant a. If Q were a function x alone, multiplying by (x) = exp Q(x)dx would not make the equation exact, as you can easily check. Instead, we need to have (My Nx )/N = Q(x). Then, the aforementioned integrating factor would indeed work.

3.
Solve the following initial value problems: (i) y 5y + 6y = 4 sinh t, y(0) = 1, y (0) = 0. (ii) y + y = e2t + cos 2t, y(0) = 0, y (0) = 0. (i) The associated homogeneous equation is y 5y + 6y = 0. Its characteristic equation is r2 5r + 6 = 0. Its solutions are 3 and 2. Therefore, its solution is yh = c1 e3t + c2 e2t . 4 sinh t = 2et 2et . Therefore, we assume that the particular solution has the form yp = Aet + Bet . Plugging it into the equation we get Aet + Bet 5(Aet Bet ) + 6(Aet + Bet ) = 2et 2et . So, 2A = 2, 12B = 2. Therefore, yp = et 1/6et . Thus, the general solution is y = yh + yp = c1 e3t + c2 e2t + et 1/6et . Now we apply the initial conditions: y(0) = c1 + c2 + 1 1/6 = 1, so c1 + c2 = 1/6. And, y (0) = 3c1 + 2c2 + 1 + 1/6 = 0. So, c1 = 3/2 and c2 = 5/3. 3

Thus, the solution is y = 3/2e3t + 5/3e2t + et 1/6et . (ii) The associated homogeneous equation is y + y = 0. Its characteristic equation is r2 + 1 = 0. Its solutions are i. Therefore, its solution is yh = c1 cos t + c2 sin t. The form of the particular solution is yp = Ae2t + B cos 2t + C sin 2t. Plugging it into the dierential equation gives 4Ae2t 4B cos 2t4C sin 2t+ Ae2t + B cos 2t + C sin 2t = e2t + cos 2t. So, A = 1/5, B = 1/3, C = 0. So, yp = 1/5e2t 1/3 cos 2t. Thus, the general solution is y = yh + yp = c1 cos t + c2 sin t + 1/5e2t 1/3 cos 2t. Now we apply the initial conditions: y(0) = c1 + 1/5 1/3 = 0, so c1 = 2/15. And, y (0) = c2 2/5 = 0. So, c2 = 2/5. Thus, the solution is y = 2/15 cos t + 2/5 sin t + 1/5e2t 1/3 cos 2t.

4.
Try to solve the non-homogeneous equation y y = et using the method of undetermined coecients that you applied in problem 3. Does it work? Can you pinpoint the problem - what seems to go wrong? Try the same with y + y = 2 cos t. Does this work? Can you spot something that is common to both these problems? (i) The homogeneous equation is y y = 0. The characteristic equation is r2 1 = 0. The roots are 1. The homogeneous solution is yh = c1 et + c2 et . The form of the particular solution would seem to be yp = Aet . If plug it in, we get Aet Aet = et , i.e., 0 = et , which is absurd. The problem is that non-homogeneous term et is a solution of the homogeneous equation, so it produces 0 when plugged into the left hand side, not the non-homogeneous term. (ii) The homogeneous equation is y + y = 0. The characteristic equation is r2 + 1 = 0. The roots are i. The homogeneous solution is yh = c1 cos t + c2 sin t. The form of the particular solution would seem to be yp = A cos t+B sin t. If plug it in, we get (A cos t B sin t) + (A cos t + B sin t) = 2 cos t, i.e., 0 = cos t, which is absurd.

Once again the problem is that non-homogeneous term 2 cos t is a solution of the homogeneous equation, so it produces 0 when plugged into the left hand side, not the non-homogeneous term. Its clear from the examination of these two examples that the method of undetermined coecient needs to be modied if the non-homogeneous term is a solution of the homogeneous equation.