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What do we need to find out?

Rock type?
Sandstone? Shale? Limestone?

Engineering
Well trajectory (coord) Shape of hole Casing Joints Quality of cement etc

Rock Properties
Porosity Permeability Bedding Orientation Fractures? Temperature Type (water, oil, gas) Saturation Salinity Pressure

Well Logs
Geol472-2009

Fluids

What for? (Log applications)


Stratigraphic correlation Formation Tops Quantitative Oil, Gas , Water saturations Porosity Correlation with seismic data Sedimentological studies Reservoir modeling Structural studies

What can we measure?


Electrical Properties Natural radioactivity Induced radioactivity Acoustic Properties (velocity) Shape of hole Noise Temperature Depth Orientation of hole

etc

Log Types
Lithologic Logs
Spontaneous Potential (SP) Gamma Ray (GR)

Other
Dipmeter Caliper Temperature Acoustic FMI Many more

Porosity Logs
Neutron Density Sonic

Resistivity Logs (Fluid Type)


Resistivity Induction

Spontaneous Potential (SP)


One of the Oldest Logging Measurements
Used Commercially in 1931

Discovered as Noise in Resistivity Found to be Related to Presence of Sandstone

Surface

Downhole

The earth well works like a battery


E = -K log (aw/amf) E is in millivolts

Typical SP log

aw= water salinity aw= mud salinity Ion flow is easier in permeable sandstones

SP has Poor Limestone Response

Spontaneous Potential (SP) Drift

Gamma Ray Log


Lithology log Measures natural radioactivity Uses a scintilometer (Gaiger counter) Potassium (K), Uranim, Thorium, Phosphorous K abundant in clay shales Unaffected by fluids

SP and Gamma Ray


Gamma Ray in API Units Shales swing right

Spectral Gamma Ray


Differentiates the different sources of gamma rays

Resistivity Log Applications


True Rt Formation Resistivity Fluid Saturation Sw from Archies Equation Determination of Hydrocarbon-Bearing vs. WaterBearing Zones Geopressure Detection Diameter of Invasion Porosity Correlation

Resistivity Tool Background


Three Classes
Electrode Logs Laterologs
Focused Electrodes

Induction

Measure Resistivity in Ohms

Resistivity
Resistivity of Water - Rw

Normal Resistivity Tool


Spacing of electrodes determines penetration

Increasing Resistivity

Resistivity of Water and Formation

Resistivity of Water, Hydrocarbons, and Formation

Resistivity of Formation

Induction (Conductivity) Tool


Receiver coil measures the induced electrical field created in the rocks by the transmitter coil

Guard or Laterolog Tool


The guard electrodes focus the current in a narrow disk

Log Presentation and Scales


ID, IM, LL8 measure resistivity at different distances form the borehole. ID= deep induction IM= medium induction LL8= shallow induction

Resistivity logs : sphericallyfocussed (SFL), medium induction (ILM), and deep induction (ILD) from KGS Jones #1

The Borehole Environment Calculating Fluid Saturation


Sw=

(Rxo/Rt)5/8
(Rmf/Rw)

Rxo= Resistivity of flushed zone Rw= Resistivity of formation water Rmf= Resistivity of mud filtrate Rt= Resistivity of uninvaded zone

Header

Sonic (Acoustic) Logs


Measures of acoustic travel time in formation t = 1/V

t is related to Porosity, Fluid Content and

Wellbore Environment Depth, Diameter, Temperature, Mud Parameters

Lithology

Used to generate Synthetic Seismic traces to link wells logs to seismic data

Creating synthetic seismic data:


Convolution

Wavelet

Acoustic impedance from Sonic log

Seismic Reflectivity

Synthetic Seismic

GEOL553Lecture3;SubsurfaceAnalysis

Density Log

Neutron Log (CNL)


Tool has a neutron source H absorbs neutrons and emits gamma rays Tool detects the emitted gamma rays H is mostly in formation fluids (water and hydrocarbons) Can be run through casing Reads low in gas zones Cannot distinguish oil from water

Measures of Density - Tied to Porosity, Fluid Content and Lithology Tool emits gamma rays Detects returning scattered gamma rays Gamma ray absorption is proportional to rock density

Porosity calibration
High resistivity

Neutron-density cross over indicates gas!

If lithology is known, neutron and density logs can be calibrated for porosity

Relating log character to sedimentary facies

Applications of logs
Stratigraphic studies
Sedimentary facies

Well correlation Reservoir models Structural interpretation


Fault recognition

Building a reservoir model model


1. Define facies in core 2. Relate facies to log

3. Predict facies in wells without core, but with good logs

Log Datum Terminology


KB - Kelly Bushing elevation. MD - Measured Depth along the wellbore from the Kelly bushing (usually) SS - Depth Relative to Sealevel TVD True Vertical Depth, (important for non-vertical wells) non SSTVD - Sub-Sea True Vertical Depth Sub-

1600 wells

4. Fill the gaps between wells

28 cores

108 Million Cells

Correlation Example
Major Sands on SP

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