Introduction: Consideration of Epidemiologic Factors The most alarming trend in the past half-century has been the sharp

increase in sudden deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD), particularly in middle-aged men, and the increasing number of younger men who suddenly develop myocardial infarctions, cardiac arrhythmias, or arrests. That men in the prime of life are thus afflicted is the dramatic and tragic tip of the iceberg. Underlying these catastrophes is the widespread increase in incidence of atherosclerosis in young age groups, and in myocardial hyperexcitability and cardiomyopathy without notable coronary atherosclerosis. It is proposed that magnesium deficiency or loss may be a common etiologic factor in the increased incidence of sudden infant deaths, infantile myocardial infarction and arteriosclerosis, and the disease that becomes manifest later in life. It is also suggested that magnesium deficiency might also cause or predispose to some skeletal and renal diseases, all of which can coexist. The cardiac problem in men has been deemed of sufficient magnitude as to be termed an epidemic that has been increasing, particularly since the middle 1930s. It has led to widespread institution of therapeutic and prophylactic regimens on the basis of suggestive findings. For example, young women have a significantly lower incidence of ischemic heart disease than do young men (Fig. 1-1). Because their /-lipoprotein ratios differ from those of the more susceptible young men and especially from those of patients with peripheral or coronary atherosclerosis, there was a period during which estrogens were widely used in the treatment of patients with myocardial infarctions and given prophylactically to high-risk (hyperlipidemic) men and postmenopausal women. This approach has been largely discontinued, predominantly because of the resultant increase in risk of thrombosis Another approach that was given a trial period was administration of excesses of unsaturated fatty acids; the incidence of atherosclerosis and IHD is lower in countries where more vegetable oils than saturated animal fats are consumed. A modification of the fatty-acid-supplement regimens that has been receiving extensive clinical trial is to replace saturated with unsaturated fats. This approach has lowered blood lipids, but not the incidence of IHD. Because altering fat intakes of patients with established hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis has not reduced the mortality from IHD, it has been recommended that the time to institute such a dietary modification might be in early infancy, a suggestion that has been disputed. Defination Something of value given by both parties to a contract that induces them to enter into the agreement to exchange mutual performances. Consideration is an essential element for the formation of a contract. It may consist of a promise to perform a desired act or a promise to refrain from doing an act that one is legally entitled to do. In a bilateral contractan agreement by which both parties exchange mutual promises each promise is regarded as sufficient consideration for the other. In a unilateral contract, an agreement by which one party makes a promise in exchange for the other's performance, the

performance is consideration for the promise, while the promise is consideration for the performance. Consideration must have a value that can be objectively determined. A promise, for example, to make a gift or a promise of love or affection is not enforceable because of the subjective nature of the promise. Traditionally, courts have distinguished between unilateral and bilateral contracts by determining whether one or both parties provided consideration and at what point they provided the consideration. Bilateral contracts were said to bind both parties the minute the parties exchanged promises, as each promise was deemed sufficient consideration in itself. Unilateral contracts were said to bind only the promisor and did not bind the promisee unless the promisee accepted by performing the obligations specified in the promisor's offer. Until the promisee performed, he or she had provided no consideration under the law. For example, if someone offered to drive you to work on Mondays and Tuesdays in exchange for your promise to return the favor on Wednesdays and Thursdays, a Bilateral Contract would be formed binding both of you once you provided consideration by accepting those terms. But if that same person offered to pay you $10 each day you drove him to work, a unilateral contract would be formed, binding only upon the promisor until you provided consideration by driving him to work on a particular day. Modern courts have de-emphasized the distinction between unilateral and bilateral contracts. These courts have found that an offer may be accepted either by a promise to perform or by actual performance. An increasing number of courts have concluded that the traditional distinction between unilateral and bilateral contracts fails to significantly advance legal analysis in a growing number of cases where performance is provided over an extended period of time. Suppose you promise to pay someone $500.00 to paint your house. The promise sounds like an offer to enter a unilateral contract that binds only you until the promisee accepts by painting your house. But what constitutes lawful performance under these circumstances? The act of beginning to paint your house or completely finishing the job to your satisfaction?

consideration .
Performance of the conditions of proposal, for the acceptance of any consideration for a reciprocal promise which may be offered with a proposal, is an acceptance of the proposal. Comments A contract can be implied and it is very clear from section 9 of the Contract Act, but it is a fundamental principle of law that the court should not make a contract for the parties. A contract implied in fact requires meeting of minds. The court should refuse to read an implied term into a contract which is silent on the point or did not clearly indicate the nature of the term. However, when the stipulations are clear and in contemplation of the parties or which necessarily arise out

of the contract between the parties, they will be implied; State of Maharashtra v. Saifuddin Mujjaffarali Saifi, AIR 1994 Bom 48.

The defendant company advertised that they would pay pound 1,000 to any person who used their carbolic smoke ball for a certain time any yet contracted influenza. The plaintiff purchased the medicine, used it for the stated time but contracted the disease. It was held that the contract was accepted by being acted upon, that the defendant had not stipulated for any communication of acceptance and therefore the plaintiff was entitled to recover the amount; Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., (1893) 1 QBD 256.