Classification of sub-station

Sub-Station There are several ways of classifying sub-station.However the two most important way of classifying them are. I) According to service requirement : - According to service requirement sub-station may be classified into. 1)Transformer sub-station :- Those sub-station which change the voltage level of electrical supply are called TIF s/s. 2)Switching sub-station :- These sub-station simply perform the switching operation of power line. 3)Power factor correction S/S :- These sub-station which improve the p.f. of the system are called p.f. correction s/s. these are generally located at receiving end s/s. 4)Frequency changer S/S :- Those sub-stations, which change the supply frequency, are known as frequency changer s/s.Such s/s may be required for industrial utilization. 5)Converting sub-station :- Those sub-station which change a.c. power into d.c. power are called converting s/s ignition is used to convert AC to dc power for traction, electroplating, electrical welding etc. 6)Industrial sub-station :-Those sub-stations, which supply power to individual industrial concerns, are known as industrial sub-station. II) According to constructional features : - According to constructional features, the sub-station are classified as : 1)Outdoor Sub-Station :- For voltage beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed outdoor. It is because for such Voltage the clearances between conductor and the space required for switches, C.B. and other equipment becomes so great that it is not economical to installed the equipment indoor. 2)Indoor Sub-station :- For voltage upto 11KV, the equipment of the s/s is installed indoor because of economic consideration. However, when the atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these substations can be erected for voltage upto 66KV. ++ 3)Under ground sub-station :- In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and building is limited and the cost of the land is high.Under such situations, the sub- station is created underground. Fig. Shows a typical underground sub-station in which transformer, switch gear & other equipments are installed. The design of underground s/s requires more careful consideration.

1)The size of the s/s should be as minimum as possible. 2)There should be resonable access for both equipment & personal. 3)There should be provision for emergency lighting and protection against fire. 4)There should be good ventilation. 4) Pole-mounted sub-station :- This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed overhead on H.pole or 4-pole structure.It is the cheapest from of s/s for voltage not exceeding 11KV(or 33KV in some cases).Electric power is almost distributed in localities through such sub-station.For complete is given bellow. Fig. Shows the typical 4-pole sub-station, it is a distribution sub- station placed overhead on a pole.Fig No.2 shows the schematic connections, the transformer & other equipment are mounted on H-type pole. The 11KV line is connected to the T/F (11KV/440V) through gang isolator and fuses.The lighting arresters are installed on the H.T.Side to protect the sub-station from lighting strokes.The T/F step down voltage to 400 V, 3 phase, 4 wire supply.The voltage between any two lines is 400 V & between line & neutral is 230V.The oil ckt breaker installed on the L.T. side automatically isolates the mounted sub-station.T/F are generally in the event of fault generally 200KVA T/F is used.

Types of Substation

Electrical power is a vital part of the industrialized world, and a large infrastructure has been built to supply power wherever it is needed. Power lines make up the backbone of this infrastructure, moving electricity from large power plants and delivering it to the consumer. High voltages straight from power plants cannot be used directly in a house or business, however. The devices built to make electricity usable for end users are called substations.

Step Up Substation The first type of substation is called a "step up" station. Because electricity travels over long distances more efficiently at higher voltages, step up substations use large transformers to boost the voltage of power plants. In addition to transforming the voltage level, step up substations also use "transmission buses" to distribute electricity. These buses allow a single electrical source from a power plant to be split into many different outputs.

Step up substations feature large circuit breakers that allow technicians to interrupt the flow of electricity without shutting down the entire power plant. This capability is used when maintenance is required, or if an emergency requires the power to be stopped.

Step Down Substation The second type of station is the "step down" substation. As the name suggests a step down substation uses a transformer to convert high voltage to lower levels. These substations are placed throughout the countrywide electrical grid, and serve as an interim step between power plants and the end users.

Although the voltages in step down substations are lower than at a power plant, the levels at this stage are still much to high to be used directly by consumers. Some industrial factory installations are able to use these high voltages, and can tap directly into power from a step down substation without needing additional substations.

Distribution Substation Once electricity has reached its destination at the consumer, a "distribution substation" is used to bring the voltage level down to more manageable amounts. Each community or subdivision has a distribution

substation located nearby. The distribution substation not only lowers the voltage, but also splits it in order to be shared by all users.

Electrical lines coming from distribution substations are commonly "three phase," meaning that three wires are used for live voltage while a separate line provides a ground. Using three phase allows the electricity to be distributed as efficiently as possible. Once the electricity reaches the home or business, it is transformed one final time into common appliance formats such as 110 and 220 volt two-phase.

Underground Substation The fourth type of electrical station is the "underground substation." This type is nearly identical to the distribution substation, but is placed out of sight underground. This hidden placement allows the substation to be located as close to an end user as possible, while remaining out of sight.

To accommodate this underground placement, additional parts must be used. Manholes are used to access the hollow space dug into the ground. Conduits must be placed in the ground as well, allowing electrical cables to be run safety. To compensate of moisture that might accumulate underground, special risers and ducts are used to keep water away from the high voltage substation electronics.

Substations may be classified according to metering arrangements (MV or LV) and type of supply (overhead line or underground cable). The substations may be installed: Either indoors in room specially built for the purpose, within a building, or An outdoor installation which could be :

Classifications and Types of Substation

Hw. No. 1

Abad, John Ray B. EE-4 EE167/

July 15, 2011 Engr. Ulysses Paguio

References:

http://www.electrical-installation.org/wiki/Different_types_of_substation http://www.ehow.com/list_5929605_substation-types.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/7360200/Substation