Number Theor y

Pr i mes
Name________________________ Period _____
A Prime Number is a whole number whose only fact ors are 1 and it self. To find all of t he
prime numbers bet ween 1 and 100, complet e t he following exercise:
1. Cross out 1 by Shading in t he box complet ely.
1 is neit her prime nor composit e. I t has only 1 fact or - it self.
2. Use a forward Slash \ t o cross out all mult iples of 2, st art ing wit h 4.
2 is t he first prime number.
3. Use a backward Slash / t o cross out all mult iples of 3 st art ing wit h 6.
4. Mult iples of 4 have been crossed out already when we did # 2.
5. Draw a Square on all mult iples of 5 st art ing wit h 10. 5 is prime.
6. Mult iples of 6 should be Xd already from # 2 and # 3.
7. Circle all mult iples of 7 st art ing wit h 14. 7 is prime.
8. Mult iples of 8 were crossed out already when we did # 2.
9. Mult iples of 9 were crossed out already when we did # 3.
10. Mult iples of 10 were crossed out when we did # 2 and # 5.
All of the remaining numbers are prime.
How many prime numbers are left bet ween 1 and 100? _____
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Answer: Use your chart for help.
I s 51 prime? I f not , what are it s fact ors? ____________
I s 59 prime? I f not , what are it s fact ors? ____________
I s 87 prime? I f not , what are it s fact ors? ____________
I s 91 prime? I f not , what are it s fact ors? ____________
Number Theor y
Di vi si bi l i t y Rul es
Name________________________ Period _____
There are some easy t ricks you can use t o det ermine if a number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
8, 9 and 10.
A number is divisible by:
2 - if it is even.
3 - if t he sum of it s digit s is divisible by 3.
4 - if t he number formed by t he last 2 digit s is divisible by 4. (ask me why t his works)
5 - if t he ones digit is 5 or 0.
6 - if it is divisible by 2 AND 3. (All even mult iples of 3.)
7 - t here is no good t rick for 7.
8 - if t he number formed by t he last 3 digit s is divisible by 8. (ask me why t his works)
9 - if t he sum of t he digit s is divisible by 9.
10 - if t he last digit is a 0.
11: We will learn t his t rick next . I t is more complicat ed.
Practice: Writ e yes or no in each blank.
Det ermine whet her 21,408 is divisible by:
2 - ____ 6 - ____
3 - ____ 8 - ____
4 - ____ 9 - ____
5 - ____ 10 - ____
Det ermine whet her 1,345,866 is divisible by:
2 - ____ 6 - ____
3 - ____ 8 - ____
4 - ____ 9 - ____
5 - ____ 10 - ____
Det ermine whet her 222,222,225 is divisible by:
2 - ____ 6 - ____
3 - ____ 8 - ____
4 - ____ 9 - ____
5 - ____ 10 - ____
Number Theor y
Tr i c ki er Di vi si bi l i t y Pr obl ems
Examples:
1. What is t he smallest 4-digit number t hat is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9,
and 10?
Reasoning: The number must end in zero. Let s assume t hat t o be t he small-
est it should st art wit h a 1. Since t he digit s must add up t o 9, t he last
t hree digit s must add up t o 8. 1,080 is t he smallest four-digit int eger
divisible by 8 and 9.
A second met hod will be explained in t he first pract ice problem below.
2. Using only 1s and 2s, what is t he smallest int eger you can creat e which is
divisible by bot h 3 and 8?
Reasoning: The last digit has t o be a 2. Since 12 and 22 dont work, we
need a 3-digit number t hat is divisible by 8. 112/ 8 = 14, but it is not
divisible by 3. Unfort unat ely, 122, 212, and 222 are not divisible by 8 so
we must go t o a 4-digit number t hat ends in 112 and whose digit s are a
mult iple of 3. The only 4-digit number t hat works is 2,112 (we want t he
sum of t he digit s t o be 6) so it is t he smallest .
Practice:
1. What is t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9,
and 10? (There is a good way t o do t his wit hout guess-and-check).
2. The digit s of a number are all 8s, and it is divisible by 9. What is t he small-
est posit ive int eger t hat fit s t his descript ion?
3. What is t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat is divisible by 2 and 3 t hat consist s
ent irely of 2s and 3s, and has at least one of each?
4. What is t he smallest 5-digit int eger divisible by bot h 8 and 9?
1. 360 2. 888,888,888 3. 2,232 4. 10,008
Number Theor y
Di vi si bi l i t y Rul e: El even
The divisibilit y rule for 11 is seldom t aught in regular classes.
Practice:
First , t ake a moment t o mult iply several numbers by 11:
504 1723 abcd
x11 x11 x11
You should see some pat t erns wit h t he digit s.
I n t he final example, t he digit s become: a a+ b b+ c c+ d d
I f you add t he alt ernat ing digit s you get a a+ b b+ c c+ d d
t he same result .
To find out if a number is divisible by eleven:
Sum t he alt ernat ing digit s. Subt ract t hese t wo numbers. I f t he result is zero
or is divisible by 11, t he number is divisible by 11.
Examples: Det ermine if each number is divisible by 11 wit hout a calculat or:
1. 495 2. 9,835 3. 14,806 4. 918,291
Practice: Det ermine if each number is divisible by 11 wit hout a calculat or:
1. 3,951 2. 987,654 3. 14,256 4. 65,768
Harder Practice: Solve each wit hout a calculat or.
1. What digit could fill-in t he blank if 89_43 is divisible by 11?
2. What five-digit mult iple of 11 consist s ent irely of 2s and 3s?
3. What is t he largest five-digit mult iple of 11?
4. What is t he remainder when you divide 1,234,567 by 11?
Number Theor y
Di vi si bi l i t y Pr ac t i c e
Practice:
Solve each using what you have learned about divisibilit y.
1. What digit could be used t o fill in t he blank and make t he following
number divisible by bot h 3 and 8?
45,2_8
_____
2. What is t he smallest t hree-digit prime?
_____
3. How many mult iples of 3 less t han 1,000 use only t he digit s 2 and/ or 4.
_____
4. 360 is divisible by bot h 8 and 9. How many int egers less t han 360
are also divisible by bot h 8 and 9? (hint : First find t he smallest
int eger t hat is divisible by bot h 8 and 9.)
_____
5. A t hree-digit int eger is divisible by 9. I f I subt ract t he t ens digit from
t he hundreds digit , I get t he ones digit .
What is t he largest number t hat meet s t hese condit ions?
_____
6. There are t wo ways t hat t he digit s 1, 2, 3, and 4 be arranged t o
creat e a four-digit mult iple of 8. Find t hem bot h.
_____ _____
7. Consecut ive int egers are placed in order t o form a t hree-digit
int eger. The int eger will ALWAYS be divisible by what prime number?
_____
8. For t he number ABC, each dist inct let t er represent s a different digit .
I f ABC, CAB, and BCA are all divisible by 6 and 9, find t he value
of ABC + CAB + BCA.
_____
9. What is t he largest seven-digit number t hat cont ains each of t he
digit s 1 t hrough 7 and has t he propert y t hat t he sum of any t wo
consecut ive digit s is a prime number?
(source: MATHCOUNTS 2000 Nat ional Team Round)
_____
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Qui z: Di vi si bi l i t y
Solve:
1. How many of t he following int egers are fact ors of 12,345?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
1. _______
2. What number could fill-in t he blank t o make 56,74_ divisible
by bot h 3 and 4?
2. _______
3. How many prime numbers are great er t han 20 but less t han 40?
3. _______
4. Using only t he digit s 1, 2, and 3 wit h at least one of each, what is t he
smallest int eger t hat can be creat ed which is divisible by 8 and 9?
4. _______
5. Using only t he digit 2, how many 2s must be used t o creat e an int eger t hat
is divisible by bot h 9 and 11?
(Example: Using four 2s: 2,222 is divisible by 11 but not 9.)
5. _______
6. What is t he remainder when 456,654,465,645 is divided by 6?
6. _______
7. The digit s 0,3,6, and 9 are used t o creat e t he smallest int eger t hat is divisible
by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11. What is t his int eger?
7. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Qui z: Di vi si bi l i t y
Solve:
8. The digit s 5, 6, and 7 are arranged t o creat e a t hree-digit number.
Which of t he following cannot be a fact or of t he number formed?
(There may be more t han one answer, list all t hat apply.)
2 3 4 5 6 8 9
8. _______
9. Using t wo 5s and t wo 6s, it is possible t o creat e four 4-digit numbers
which are divisible by 11. What is t he sum of t hese four numbers?
9. _______
10. Each of t he digit s 0-9 is used exact ly once t o creat e a t en-digit int eger. Find
one of t he many t en-digit numbers which uses each digit once and is divisible
by 8, 9, 10, and 11.
10. ___________________
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Di vi si bi l i t y Combo
Rules:
Each player get s 6 cards, each wit h a single digit .
Each hand, players goal is t o find a number using at least 3 of t heir 6 digit s
which meet s t he divisibilit y requirement s.
Example:
You hold 1,4,4,5,7 and 8.
Goal: Divisibilit y by 3 and 5.
Possible answer: 8,415 4,875 et c.
Example:
You hold 1,2,3,3,8 and 9.
Goal: Divisibilit y by 3 and 8.
Can you find a solution?
Somet imes it will be impossible using t he cards you have. Aft er a player get s
t hree combos, (s)he wins t he round and everyone get s a new hand.
Create a 3+ Digit Number that is Divisible by:
6 2 and 3
3 and 4 5 and 6
2 and 11 3 and 11
8 and 9 4 and 6
11 5 and 8
3 and 8 4 and 9
9 4 and 5
2 and 11 5 and 9
3 and 10 2 and 3 and 5
Number Theor y
Mor e Wor k Wi t h Ones
Use a calculator to determine each of the following perfect squares:
(you should know t he first t wo)
1
2
=
11
2
=
111
2
=
1,111
2
=
11,111
2
=
... aft er t his your calculat or will probably st art giving you weird answers.
Think!
1. Explain why t his pat t ern does what it does.
(hint : t ry writ ing t he mult iplicat ion out ).
2. Predict t he value of 111,111,111
2
3. Why does t he pat t ern st art t o break up at 1,111,111,111?
A similar problem:
Pick any t hree-digit number.
a. Mult iply your number by 7.
b. Mult iply your answer by 11.
c. Mult iply t hat answer by 13.
Not ice anyt hing?
Think!
1. Can you explain why t his happens every t ime?
2. What number would you mult iply a four-digit number by t o creat e t he same
eff ect ?
3. Pick any four-digit number and mult iply it by 73, t hen mult iply t hat answer
by 137. Wit hout checking on your calculat or, do you know what 73 t imes
137 is?
4. The following t rick works on t he same principle:
Take t he first t hree digit s of your phone number. Mult iply by 80. Add 1.
Mult iply by 250. Add t he last four digit s of your phone number. Add t he last
four digit s again. Subt ract 250. Divide by 2. What do you get ?
The reasoning behind t his one requires some Algebra.
Number Theor y
Test i ng f or Pr i mes
Testing to see if a number is prime:
I f we want t o know if 401 is prime, do we need t o t est t o see if t he following
numbers are fact ors: 6? 7? 10? 13? 20? 23?
I s 401 prime? How can you tell?
To determine whether a number n is prime:
Check for divisibility by primes < n starting from least to greatest.
Think:
You do not need t o check composit es like 6 and 14 because if 6 were a fact or, 2
and 3 would be fact ors. I f 14 were a fact or, 7 would also be a fact or.
You do not need t o check primes great er t han t he square root because t hey
would be mult iplied by a number less t han t he square root (which we would
have already checked).
Example:
I s 181 prime?
Check in your head: 2, 3, 5, and 11. Check 7 and 13 on paper if you need t o.
Make sure you underst and why you do not need t o check numbers like 4 and
17 as fact ors.
Practice: Answer each ( you wil need a calculator) .
I f a number is composit e, writ e t wo numbers whose product is t he number.
1. I s 391 prime? 2. I s 287 prime? 3. I s 503 prime?
4. The number 13 is prime, and when it s digit s are reversed, 31 is also prime.
I n addit ion t o 13 and 31, five ot her 2-digit primes sat isfy t his condit ion.
What are t hey?
Challenge: What is t he smallest 4-digit prime?
1. 17x23 2. 7x41 3. Prime 4. 11-11, 17-71, 37-73.
C. 1001=7x11x13 1003=17x59 1007=19x53 1009 is :prime Notice that you do not need to check 7, 11,
13, 17, or 19 (for 1009) since they are factors of 1001, 1003, and 1007.
Number Theor y
A Br i ef I nt r o t o Exponent s
One of the things that will come up frequently in this class which you
all must be familiar with is the use of exponents.
Base:
The repeat ed fact or in a power.
I n t he expression n , n is t he base.
Exponent:
Represent s t he number of t imes a fact or is being mult iplied.
I n t he expression n , t he is t he exponent .
The expression
3
5
means t hat you mult iply
5 5 5
The expression
5
x means t hat you mult iply x x x x x
The expression
4
) (ab
means t hat you mult iply ) )( )( )( ( ab ab ab ab
Practice: Writ e-out wit hout using exponent s: 2 2 2 2 2 2
5
=
1.
5
3
2.
6
n 3.
5
) 3 ( n
4.
4 3
2 a
Practice: Writ e using exponent s. Ex.
5
2 2 2 2 2 2 =
1.
a a a a
2.
7 5 5 3 3 3
3.
( )
5
n n n
Practice: Evaluat e. (solve) Ex.
32 2
5
=
1.
2
7 2.
4
3
3.
2 3
3 2 4.
4 2
2 5
Number Theor y
Fundament al Theor em of Ar i t hmet i c
Today we will learn somet hing so crucial t o number t heory and mat hemat ics
t hat it is act ually called t he FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARI THMETI C!
The t heorem st at es t hat
Every Positive I nteger has a Unique Prime Factorization.
Example:
5,544 = 2
3
x 3
2
x 7 x 11 and t here is no ot her way t o fact or 5,544
int o a product of primes.
To find t he prime fact orizat ion of a number, it is oft en easiest t o creat e a fact or
t ree. I f you remember your divisibilit y rules t his should be easy:
Examples: Fact or each (t ry wit hout a calculat or).
120 448 1,518
Practice: Writ e t he prime fact orizat ion of each number below using exponent s
and placing t he prime fact ors in order from least t o great est .
440 432 209
Practice: Writ e t he prime fact orizat ion of each number below. These t hree
numbers all have somet hing in common. Can you t ell what it is?
441 256 576
The numbers above are all perfect squares.
I f a number is a perfect square, each prime fact or will have an even exponent .
Example:
2025 45 ) 5 3 ( 5 3
2 2 2 2 4
= = =
What perfect squares are represented below?
1.
4
5 2.
2 4
3 2 3.
2 6 2
5 3 2
Number Theor y
Fundament al Count i ng Pr i nc i pl e
Anot her import ant Fundament al in mat hemat ics is
The Fundamental Counting Principle:
S
e
e

P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

U
n
i
t

f
o
r

w
o
r
k
s
h
e
e
t
Number Theor y
Count i ng Fac t or s
One way t o count t he number of factors ( divisors) t hat a number has is t o
list t hem.
Examples:
40: 96: 196:
When you list fact ors, list t hem in pairs and go from least t o great est .
There is a nice relat ionship bet ween t he prime fact orizat ion of a number and
t he number of fact ors (divisors) t hat it has.
Example: Look at the prime factorization of 40:
2 3
5 2 200 =
Every factor of 40 is a combination of 2s and 5s.
0 0
5 2 1 =

0 1
5 2 2 =
0 2
5 2 4 =

0 3
5 2 8 =
1 0
5 2 5 =

1 1
5 2 10 =
1 2
5 2 20 =

1 3
5 2 40 =
2 0
5 2 25 =

2 1
5 2 50 =
2 2
5 2 100 =

2 3
5 2 200 =
I f you are only asked HOW MANY factors a number has, there is an
easy shortcut that involves the prime factorization ( maybe you can
recognize what this shortcut is by looking at the example above) :
Example:
How many fact ors does 56 have? First find t he prime fact orizat ion.
1 3
7 2 56 =
Each factor can have either 0, 1, 2, or 3 twos and 0 or 1 seven.
This means t hat 56 has 4 choices for t he number of t wos and t wo choices for
t he number of sevens in each of it s fact ors, for a t ot al of 4x2= 8 fact ors.
They are 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, and 56
This is a great t rick and we will pract ice more wit h it .
Number Theor y
Count i ng Fac t or s
Practice: How many fact ors (divisors) does each number have?
(do not list t hem)
1.
2 3
3 2 72 = 2.
1 2 2
5 3 2 180 =
3.
1 1 1 1
7 5 3 2 210 = 4.
1 4
7 2 112 =
5. How many fact ors does 600 have?
Apply what you know:
6. What is t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat has exact ly 6 fact ors?
Think: What does t he prime fact orizat ion of a number wit h
6 fact ors look like?
7. What is t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat has exact ly 10 fact ors?
8. What is a charact erist ic of all numbers wit h exact ly t wo posit ive fact ors?
9. What is a charact erist ic of all posit ive int egers t hat have an odd number
of fact ors?
10. What is t he prime fact orizat ion of t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat has
exact ly 31 fact ors?
Challenge. Five 2-digit posit ive int egers have exact ly 12 fact ors.
List t hem.
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Count i ng Fac t or s
Trickier factor counting:
Examples:
1. How many odd fact ors does 240 have?
Reasoning: First look at t he prime fact orizat ion of 240:
1 1 4
5 3 2 240 =
Any number t imes 2 is even, so t he odd fact ors are t he ones t hat have no t wos.
I can only use t he 3s and 5s for a t ot al of 2x2= 4 fact ors: 1, 3, 5, and 15.
2. How many perfect squares are fact ors of 360?
Reasoning: Look again at t he numbers prime fact orizat ion:
1 2 3
5 3 2 360 =
We need t o find fact ors t hat have t wo t wos, t wo t hrees, or bot h. 5
1
cannot be
a fact or of a perfect square.
Our perfect squares are 2
0
= 1, 2
2
= 2x2= 4, 3
2
= 3x3= 9, and 2
2
x3
2
= 2x2x3x3= 36.
Finding the prime factorization of a number quickly is the key to
MANY number theory problems.
Practice:
1. How many perfect squares are fact ors of 400?
2. How many even fact ors does 210 have?
3. I f a number n has 7 fact ors, how many fact ors does n
2
have?
4. The number n is a mult iple of 7 and has five fact ors.
How many fact ors does 3n have?
Challenge: The number p is a mult iple of 6 and has 9 fact ors. How many
fact ors does 10p have?
1. 6: 1, 4, 16, 25, 100, 400 2. 8: 2, 6, 10, 14, 30, 42, 70, 210 3. 13 (consider n
6
and n
12
)
4. The original number must be 7
4
so the new number 3x7
4
has 10 factors C. 24 (p=2x2x3x3)
Number Theor y
Count i ng Fac t or s
Basics: How many fact ors (divisors) does each number have?
(do not list t hem)
1. 480 2. 400
Basics: How many ODD fact ors (divisors) does each number have?
(do not list t hem)
3. 900 4.
600 , 6
Basics: How many EVEN fact ors (divisors) does each number have?
(do not list t hem)
5. 450 6.
200 , 3
Basics: How many Perfect Square fact ors (divisors) does each number
have? List them.
7. 210 8.
296 , 1
Apply what you know:
9. How many t wo-digit numbers have EXACTLY t hree fact ors?
10. What is t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat has 18 fact ors?
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Revi ew:
Divisibility
100. Find t he smallest posit ive int eger great er t han 90,000 t hat is divisible by 11.
200. What posit ive int eger could fill-in t he blank t o make t he following
divisible by six? 8,76_
300. What posit ive int eger could fill-in bot h blanks t o make t he following
divisible by bot h 4 and 9? 8_,8_8
400. What is t he smallest 5-digit int eger t hat is divisible by 2, 3, and 5?
500. What is t he least posit ive int eger t hat is divisible by 9 using only t he digit s 3
and 4, and having at least one of each?
600. What is t he least posit ive int eger t hat is divisible by 8, 9, 10, and 11?
Primes and Prime Factorization ( calculators o.k.)
100. What is t he prime fact orizat ion of 432?
200. What is t he prime fact orizat ion of 352?
300. List all of t he primes less t han 1000 t hat use only one digit . (St art wit h 11.)
400. What is t he prime fact orizat ion of 323?
500. 911 is prime. What is t he next prime int eger aft er 911?
600. What is t he prime fact orizat ion of 1,681?
How many Factors does each have?
100.
1 5
5 2 160 =
200. 126
300.
665 , 5
400.
2
80
500. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 600.
750 , 24
Number Theor y
Pr ac t i c e Qui z: Fac t or s & Di vi s.
Solve:
1. How many of t he following int egers are fact ors of 888?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
1. _______
2. What number could fill-in t he blank t o make 8_,045 divisible
by 11?
2. _______
3. What is t he smallest prime number t hat is great er t han 150?
3. _______
4. What is t he Prime Fact orizat ion of 264 (writ t en wit h exponent s)?
4. _____________________
5. How many fact ors does 600 have?
5. _______
6. The digit s of a 5-digit posit ive int eger are 1s, 2s, and 3s wit h
at least one of each. What is t he smallest such int eger t hat
is divisible by bot h 8 and 9?
6. _______
7. What is t he smallest posit ive int eger t hat has exact ly 10 fact ors?
7. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Pr ac t i c e Qui z: Fac t or s & Di vi s.
Solve:
8. Dist inct posit ive int egers a and b have 5 and 6 fact ors respect ively.
What is t he smallest possible product ab if a and b do not have
any fact ors in common great er t han 1?
8. _______
9. How many even fact ors does 990 have?
9. _______
10. How many 3-digit int egers have exact ly 3 fact ors?
10. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Qui z: Fac t or s & Di vi si bi l i t y
Solve:
1. How many of t he following int egers are fact ors of 9,216?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
1. _______
2. What number could fill-in t he blank t o make 13,_45 divisible
by 11?
2. _______
3. What is largest 2-digit prime number?
3. _______
4. What is t he Prime Fact orizat ion of 378 (writ t en wit h exponent s)?
4. _____________________
5. How many fact ors does 350 have?
5. _______
6. A posit ive 6-digit int eger has t wo different digit s.
What is t he smallest such int eger t hat is divisible by bot h 5 and 6?
6. _______
7. What is t he smallest count ing number (posit ive int eger) t hat
has exact ly 8 fact ors?
7. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Qui z: Fac t or s & Di vi si bi l i t y
Solve:
8. How many of t he fact ors of 900 have exact ly 18 fact ors?
8. _______
9. What is t he smallest odd count ing number t hat has exact ly 12 fact ors?
9. _______
10. How many primes are t here bet ween 100 and 144?
10. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Pr ac t i c e: Chal l enge Quest i ons
Solve:
1. What is t he smallest odd int eger t hat has 8 fact ors?
1. _______
2. How many perfect squares are fact ors of 12,321?
2. _______
3. Two four-digit primes use only t he digit s 3 and 5. Find t hem bot h.
3. _______
4. What is t he smallest prime fact or of 1,517?
4. _______
5. What is t he maximum number of fact ors t hat any t hree-digit number has?
5. _______
6. Which t wo t hree-digit mult iples of 11 have exact ly 10 fact ors?
6. ______ ______
7. How many different rect angles of int eger lengt h and widt h have an
area of 1,200cm
2
?
7. _______
8. The year 1,849 was t he last year wit h 3 fact ors. What is t he next calendar
year wit h 3 fact ors?
8. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Pr oduc t of t he Fac t or s (Di vi sor s)
Now t hat you can count t he number of fact ors of any nat ural number (posit ive
int eger) quickly, let s find a quick way t o find t he product of t hose fact ors.
Begin again by making a list of all fact ors of 120 and 144:
120: 144:
Using t he met hod we used before, it is easy t o see t hat t he fact ors come in
pairs (except for perfect squares, we will discuss t his in a moment ).
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below:
120 has _______ fact ors, which can be divided int o _______ pairs, and t he
product of each pair is _______. Therefore, t he product of all of t he pairs is
_______ t o t he ______ power.
144 has ____ fact ors. Since each pair of fact ors has a product of ______, we
can replace every fact or wit h t he number _____ wit hout changing t he product .
Therefore, t he product of t he fact ors of 144 is ______ t o t he ______ power.
I f you know a little about fractional exponents, the products of the
factors can be written as:
8
2
16
120 120 = and
15
15
15
2
1
2
15
12 144 144 144 = =
|
.
|

\
|
=
Using t he logical st at ement s above may be more helpful t o most of you.
Examples: Find t he product of t he fact ors of each.
1. 40 2. 225
Practice: Find t he product of t he fact ors of each.
1. 45 2. 81
Number Theor y
Pr oduc t of t he Fac t or s Pr ac t i c e
Solve:
1. The product of t he fact ors of 250 is
x
250
. What is x?
1. _______
2. Place in order from least t o great est :
a. The product of t he fact ors of 15.
b. The product of t he fact ors of 25.
c. The product of t he fact ors of 12.
2. _______
3. 199 is a prime number. What is t he product of t he fact ors of 199?
3. _______
4. A number x has 2n fact ors. What is t he product of t he fact ors of x
in t erms of x and n?
4. _______
5. Writ e t he prime fact orizat ion for t he product of t he fact ors of 35.
5. ____________
6. The product of t he fact ors of 30 is equal t o
x x x
5 3 2
. What is x?
6. _______
7. The fact ors of t he number one can be expressed as
1
1
.
The product of what numbers fact ors can be expressed as
3
3
?
7. _______
Challenge: The product of t he fact ors of 36 is divided by t he product of t he
fact ors of 54. Writ e t he result as a fract ion in simplest form.
C. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Sum of t he Fac t or s
Example:
Consider t he following problem:
Find the sum of the factors of 72.
This appears t o be a very t edious t ask. We could list all of t he fact ors (you
should know now t hat t here are 12 of t hem) and t hen add t hem up.
Like most of what we have learned in Number Theory, t here is a short cut . The
short cut requires t hat you know some Algebra, specifically how t o dist ribut e.
We will learn to distribute with integers.
This will be review if you have studied Algebra.
Begin by finding t he area of each rect angle below.
7 + 3
5



+



4
6
9 + 4
There are two ways to find the area:
1. Find t he lengt h of bot h sides, and mult iply t o get t he ent ire area.
2. Find t he area of t he pieces and add t hem t oget her.
Distribution is the same as finding the pieces and adding them.
78 24 54 ) 4 ( 6 ) 9 ( 6 ) 4 9 ( 6 = + = + = +
90 12 28 15 35 ) 3 ( 4 ) 7 ( 4 ) 3 ( 5 ) 7 ( 5 ) 3 7 )( 4 5 ( = + + + = + + + = + +
More Practice: Do these the long way!
Check your work using t he short way.
= + + ) 3 7 )( 2 5 ( = + + + ) 2 4 5 )( 3 8 (
Number Theor y
Sum of t he Fac t or s
Now, apply this to finding the sum of the factors of a positive integer:
Example:
What is t he sum of t he fact ors of 20? (t his one is easy t o check)
1 2
5 2 20 =
We can get all of t he fact ors using t he t rick we j ust learned wit h dist ribut ion.
Mult iply t he sum of t he powers of 2 by t he sum of t he powers of 5:
= + + + ) 5 5 )( 2 2 2 (
1 0 2 1 0
First, lets make it easier to read.
= + + + ) 5 1 )( 4 2 1 (
Distribute. This gives us every factor!
42 20 4 10 2 5 1 = + + + + + 42 is the sum of all the factors.
Of course, we dont need to use the long way!
42 ) 6 )( 7 ( ) 5 1 )( 4 2 1 ( = = + + +
This is more important with bigger numbers!
Examples: Find t he sum of t he fact ors of each.
3 2
3 2 108 = 7 3 2 378
3
= 17 3 2 408
3
=
Practice: What is t he sum of t he fact ors of each?
1.
2 1
3 2 18 =
Check this one by writing all the factors out.
2.
2 1 1
5 3 2 150 =
3.
441
1. 39 2. 372 3. 741
Number Theor y
Sum of t he Fac t or s
Solve:
1. What is t he sum of t he fact ors of:
a. 50 b. 405 c. 210
2. Which single-digit int eger has a great er fact or sum: 6, 8, or 9?
3. Find t he sum of t he fact ors of each number below and look for a pat t ern t o det ermine t he
sum of t he fact ors of 2
30
.
a. 64 b. 128 c. 256
4. The prime fact orizat ion of a number is n
3
. The sum it s fact ors is 400. What is n?
5. What is t he average of all t he fact ors of 144?
6. 6
n
has a fact or sum t hat is great er t han 1,000. What is t he smallest int eger value of n?
7. The sum of t he fact ors of 2 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 11 is divided by t he number
of fact ors in 2
11
x 3
7
x 5
5
x 7
3
x 11
2
. What is t he result ?
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Per f ec t / Abundant / Def i c i ent
Solve:
1. What is t he sum of t he fact ors of:
a. 54 b. 300 c. 1568
2. The numbers 6 and 28 are t he t wo smallest perfect numbers. Find t he propert y t hat
makes t hese numbers perfect . I s 496 perfect ?
A perfect number is a number in which t he sum of it s proper divisors (all of it s fact ors, not including it self ) is equal t o
t he number it self (t his is t he same as saying t he sum of t he fact ors is t wice t he number)
3. There are very few perfect numbers. Most numbers are eit her abundant or deficient . I f
30 is an abundant number, and 35 is considered deficient , do you t hink t hat 100 is abundant
or deficient ? Explain.
4. Are all prime numbers abundant or deficient ?
Explain why.
5. Are all mult iples of 6 (great er t han 6) abundant or deficient ?
Explain why.
6. Are all powers of 2 abundant or deficient ? Try t o explain why.
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
GCF (al so c al l ed GCD) and LCM
GCF stands for Greatest Common Factor
The Great est Common Fact or (also called Great est Common Divisor) for a pair
or set of int egers is t he largest number t hat is a fact or of each.
LCM stands for Least Common Multiple
The Least Common Mult iple for a pair or set of int egers is t he smallest int eger
for which each number is a fact or.
GCF and LCM should be t aught ext ensively in your regular mat h class, so we
will only have a short lesson on GCF and LCM (we will learn a t echnique or t wo
t hat is different t han what is t aught in most classrooms).
Sometimes The GCF and LCM are obvious:
Practice: What is t he GCF for t he following pairs of numbers?
1. 15 and 35 2. 40 and 50 3. 36 and 54 ( careful!)
Practice: What is t he LCM for t he following pairs of numbers?
1. 4 and 6 2. 10 and 12 3. 24 and 40 ( careful!)
I t is not always so easy. What if you were asked t o find t he GCF and LCM of 84
and 140... you may not see t he answer in your head.
Venn Diagrams are a great way t o solve GCF and LCM problems.
Example: Use a Venn diagram t o find t he GCF and LCM bet ween 84 and 140.
7 3 2 2 84 =
7 5 2 2 140 =
Practice: Use a Venn diagram t o find t he GCF and LCM for each.
1. 45 and 60 2. 80 and 112 3. 28, 42, and 105
Example: Use a Venn diagram t o find t he GCF and LCM for 75 and 105:
84 140
Number Theor y
GCF and LCM
Review: Find t he GCF and LCM for 45 and 105.
Now, mult iply t he GCF by t he LCM.
Finally, mult iply t he original numbers.
Can you explain why t his works? ( Try looking at t he Venn diagram.)
The product of a pair of numbers is equal t o t he product of t heir GCF and LCM.
Before we move on, lets try using our technique with three numbers:
Example: Find t he GCF and LCM of 30, 45, and 50 using a Venn Diagram.
Practice: Find t he GCF and LCM of 56, 126, and 210 using a Venn Diagram.
Note: There are slight ly quicker met hods t hat you may know already, or will learn which can
be used for finding t he GCF and LCM. I like t his one because it illust rat es very clearly t he
concept s of shared/ common fact ors and helps bright st udent s underst and t he ot her met hods.
Trickier LCM problems:
1. You are buying cups, plat es, and napkins for a picnic. Cups come in packs
of 24, plat es come in packs of 30, and napkins come in packs of 100. How
many packs of napkins will you need t o buy if you want t o buy t he same num-
ber of cups, plat es, and napkins?
2. Janice and Kiera begin j ogging around a t rack, st art ing at t he finish line and
going t he same direct ion. Janice complet es a lap every 78 seconds, while Kiera
t akes 90 seconds. At t he end of t heir workout , t hey cross t he finish line t o-
get her in a whole number of minut es.
a. What is t he minimum number of minut es t hat t hey could have run for?
b. How many more laps did Janice run t han Kiera?
3. Ken get s his hair cut every 20 days. Larry get s his cut every 26 days. Ken
and Larry get t heir hair cut on t he same Tuesday. What day of t he week is it
t he next t ime t hey get t heir hair cut on t he same day?
Number Theor y
4! = 24
Factorials
You may have seen an exclamat ion point in a mat h problem at some point and
wondered, What is so excit ing about t hat number?
No, 4! does not mean FOUR!!!
That exclamat ion point is act ually not t here t o represent excit ement or volume,
it is factorial notation.
n! is equal to the product of all integers less than or equal to n.
Examples make this simple:
120 1 2 3 4 5 ! 5 = =
3,628,800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ! 10 = =
368,000 1,307,674, 1 2 3 ... 14 15 ! 15 = =
You can see t hat fact orials can get big fast ! You will not be asked t o simply
comput e large fact orials, but t here are many int erest ing problems involving
fact orials t hat we will review.
First , some simple arit hmet ic and Algebra:
Examples:
1.
=
! 4
! 5
2.
=
10
! 5
3.
=

! 5
! 4 5
Harder Practice Problems:
1.
=
! 19
! 21
2.
=
60
! 6
3.
=
+
! 3
! 4 ! 5
Number Theor y
Fac t or i al s
We will solve many factorial problems using the same techniques we
have learned in this unit involving prime factorization.
Examples:
1. Writ e t he prime fact orizat ion of 5! using exponent s.
2. How many fact ors does 5! have?
3. Find t he sum of t he fact ors of 5! .
4. Find t he product of t he fact ors of 5! .
More Examples:
1. What is t he GCF of 5! and 11! ?
2. Find t he largest prime fact or of 15! .
3. What is t he LCM of 5! and (3! )
2
?
4. What is t he GCF of 6! and 12
3
?
More Problems I nvolving Factorials:
1. Find t he largest power of 3 t hat divides (is a fact or of ) 9! .
2. Find t he smallest possible value of n if n! is divisible by 2
15
.
3. When 100! is writ t en as an int eger, how many zeroes does it end wit h?
4. I n t he prime fact orizat ion of 1000! , what is t he power of 11?
Number Theor y
Fac t or i al s Pr ac t i c e
Practice:
1. Writ e t he prime fact orizat ion of 7! using exponent s.
2. How many fact ors does 6! have?
3. What is t he LCM of 6! and 600?
4. Find t he largest prime fact or of 100! .
5. Find t he sum of t he fact ors of 7! (hint : use # 1)
6. Find t he largest power of 6 t hat divides 18! .
7. Find t he smallest possible value of n if n! is divisible by 3
15
.
8. When 125! is writ t en as an int eger, how many zeroes does it end wit h?
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Qui z Revi ew
Skills to know:
Using 924 and 792:
100. Find each prime fact orizat ion.
200. Find t he GCF of 924 and 792.
300. Find t he LCM of 924 and 792.
400. Find t he number of fact ors of 924.
500. Find t he product of t he fact ors of 924 (writ t en as 924 raised t o a power).
600. Find t he sum of t he fact ors of 924.
Factorials:
100. Find t he prime fact orizat ion of 8! .
200. Solve: 8! divided by 640.
300. I n t he prime fact orizat ion of 56! , what is t he power of 7?
400. Find t he product of t he fact ors of 6! .
500. Find t he largest prime fact or of 50!
600. When (25! )
5
is writ t en as an int eger, how many zeroes does it end wit h?
Number Theor y
Pr ac t i c e Qui z: Fac t or Tr i c ks
Solve:
1. What is t he product of all fact ors of 100?
1. _______
2. What is t he sum of all fact ors of 84?
2. _______
3. I s 42 perfect , abundant , or deficient ?
3. _______
4. What is t he GCF of 126 and 162?
4. _______
5. What is t he LCM of 126 and 162?
5. _______
6. Writ e-out t he prime fact orizat ion of 8! wit h exponent s.
6. ___________________________
7. How many fact ors does 8! have?
7. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Pr ac t i c e Qui z: Fac t or Tr i c ks
Solve:
8. Find t he sum of t he fact ors of 6! .
8. _______
9. I f n! ends in exact ly 10 zeroes, what is t he smallest possible value of n?
9. _______
10. What is t he LCM of 6! , 216, and 300?
10. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
2
Number Theor y
Qui z: Fac t or Tr i c ks
Solve:
1. What is t he product of all fact ors of 60?
1. _______
2. What is t he sum of all fact ors of 56?
2. _______
3. I s 32 perfect , abundant , or deficient ?
3. _______
4. What is t he GCF of 96 and 168?
4. _______
5. What is t he LCM of 96 and 168?
5. _______
6. Writ e-out t he prime fact orizat ion of 7! wit h exponent s.
6. ___________________________
7. How many fact ors does 7! have?
7. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Qui z: Fac t or Tr i c ks
Name________________________ Period _____
Solve:
8. Simplify:
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
+ + + + +
8. _______
9. I n t he prime fact orizat ion of 343! , what is t he power of 7?
9. _______
10. I f n! is NOT divisible by 1024, what is t he largest possible value of n?
10. _______
Number Theor y
Di f f er ent Number Bases
We have ten fingers and ten toes, which is probably why we have a
number system which uses ten digits.
With a ten-digit numbering system:
The first digit is t he ones place (10
0
).
The second digit is t he t ens place (10
1
).
The t hird digit is t he hundreds place (10
2
).
et c.
I n our base t en syst em, 352 = 3( 10
2
) + 5( 10
1
) + 2( 10
0
) or 300 + 50 + 2
Suppose we were born with 6 fingers and toes, and we based our
numbering system on six digits. What would our numbers look like
then?
1. How many digit s would we use? What would t he largest digit be?
2. What would t he first t hree digit s in a 3-digit number represent ?
3. Try t o writ e t he number 12 in base 6. Try 37.
4. What normal (base 10) number is represent ed by 352 (base 6)?
The easiest way t o t hink about t he conversion is t o convert ones, t ens, hun-
dreds, t housands... int o ones, sixes, t hirty-sixes, et c. (for base 6).
Examples:
I n base 8, what place values do t he first four digit s represent ?
I n base 2, what is t he place value of t he 1 in 10,000?
A not e about not at ion.
To represent a number in a different base, a subscript is used.
Ex. 123
4
means 123 in base 4, or 1(4
2
)+ 2(4
1
)+ 3(4
0
) = 16+ 8+ 3 = 27
10
I f t here is no subscript , it is assumed t hat you are using base 10 not at ion.
Practice: Find t he base 10 value of each:
1. 215
6
2. 101
2
3. 777
8
4. 20202
3
Number Theor y
Number Bases Pr ac t i c e
Solve: Convert each number t o base 10.
1. 12,321
4
1. ____________
2. 5,515
6
2. ____________
3. 11,011
2
3. ____________
Solve each.
4. What is t he largest base 10 number t hat can be represent ed
as a 3 digit number in base 6?
4. ____________
5. How many digit s would it t ake t o represent 242
10
in base 3?
5. ____________
6. Base 2 is called binary and is used by comput ers. How many
binary digit s are needed t o represent 999 (t he largest 3-digit
base 10 numeral)?
6. ____________
7. How would you represent 5x8
6
+ 2x8
2
as a base 8 numeral?
7. ____________
8. Convert 222
8
t o base 4.
8. ____________
Challenge. How would you represent 9
6
as a base 3 numeral?
C. ____________
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Thi ngs t hat Wor k t he Same
Part of the reason why it is good to study other number bases is that
it helps us to understand some of the simple things we have taken for
granted in our own number system. Lets look for some patterns that
translate across all number bases:
1. Find an easy way to multiply a base 5 numeral by 5.
a. Convert 14 and 70 t o base 5.
b. Convert 21 and 105 t o base 5.
c. Find an easy way t o mult iply by 5 in base 5.
d. Solve in base 5: 10
5
x 43
5
e. Will t he same met hod work in any base?
Try mult iplying any base 8 number by 8. (10
8
x 43
8
= )
2. Find an easy way to add numerals in different bases.
a. Convert 112
6
and 23
6
t o base 10.
b. Find t he sum of t he convert ed numerals in base 10.
c. Convert t he sum back t o base 6.
d. Add 112
10
+ 23
10
e. Add 112
6
+ 23
6
f. Now, t ry t o add 245
6
+ 453
6
. What makes t his harder?
g. Add 376
8
+ 274
8
3. Find an easy way to subtract numerals in different bases.
a. Convert 154
6
and 23
6
t o base 10.
b. Subt ract t he convert ed numerals in base 10.
c. Convert t he difference back t o base 6.
d. Subt ract 154
10
- 23
10
d. Subt ract 154
6
- 23
6
f. Now, t ry t o subt ract 212
6
- 34
6
. What makes t his harder?
g. Subt ract 371
8
- 274
8
Number Theor y
Base Number Ar i t hmet i c
Solve: Complet e each operat ion in t he given number base. Try t o complet e each problem
wit hout convert ing back and fort h int o base 10.
Multiplication:
1. 25
8
x 10
8
1. ____________
8
2. 436
8
x 1000
8
2. ____________
8
Addit ion:
3. 333
8
+ 333
8
3. ____________
8
4. 333
6
+ 333
6
4. ____________
6
5. 333
4
+ 333
4
5. ____________
4
Subtraction:
6. 567
8
- 456
8
6. ____________
8
7. 213
6
- 144
6
7. ____________
6
8. 10000
2
- 1011
2
8. ____________
2
Challenge: 444
9
- 11111
3
C. ____________
9
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
The Uni t s Di gi t
There is an easy way to answer each of the multiple choice questions
below without ever touching a calculator. See if you can figure it out
( hint: Look at the title of todays lesson.)
Solve: What is 6437 x 7654?
A. 49,268,796 B. 49,268,797 C. 49,268,798
Solve: What is 65,656
2
?
A. 4,310,710,334 B. 4,310,710,336 C. 4,310,710,338
Solve: Which of t he following int egers is a perfect square?
A. 7,921 B. 7,922 C. 7,923 D. 7,927
There are several properties of the units digit which we will explore:
Addition:
Obviously, t he unit s digit of t he sum of t wo numbers is easy t o figure out .
Ex. What is t he unit s digit of t he sum when 1,023 is added t o:
1. 62 2. 744 3. 986 4. 1,098,569
Multiplication:
The unit s digit of a product is also easy.
Ex. What is t he unit s digit of t he product when 1,023 is mult iplied by:
1. 62 2. 744 3. 986 4. 1,098,569
Squares:
The unit s digit of a perfect square is simple as well.
Ex. What is t he unit s digit each perfect square below?
1. 62
2
2. 744
2
3. 986
2
4. 1,098,569
2
Here is a t rickier example:
Ex. How you can t ell t hat 595,378,263,068,723,132 is NOT a perfect square.
Now answer the following:
Which of t he t en digit s can be t he unit s digit of a perfect square?
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Number Theor y
Power s and The Uni t s Di gi t
At first, it seems impossible to know the units digits of a number like
1079
87
, but look for a pattern and the problem becomes trivial:
1,079
1
ends in a 9.
1,079
2
ends in a 1.
1,079
3
ends in a ___.
1,079
4
ends in a ___.
1,079
87
ends in a ___.
Since all we care about is the units digit, we can quickly see that all
odd powers of 9 end in a 9.
There are similar patterns for every units digit.
Find the units digit of each:
1
st
set: These are t he easiest ones:
1. 1,355
94
2. 81,001
31
3. 465,376
308
2
nd
set: These are a lit t le harder (but st ill easy):
1. 987,654
35
2. 81,069
51
3
rd
set: These act ually require a lit t le t hought :
1. 652
39
2. 45,983
61
3. 61,777
102
4. 888,888
777
Here is a t rickier example:
Ex. How you can t ell t hat 595,378,263,068,723,132 is NOT a perfect square.
Now answer the following:
Which of t he t en digit s can be t he unit s digit of a perfect square?
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Number Theor y
Uni t s Di gi t Pr ac t i c e
Solve:
1. What is t he unit s digit of t he sum of 89
2
+ 98
2
?
1. ____________
2. What is t he unit s digit of (893+ 928)
120
?
2. ____________
3. What is t he unit s digit of t he product of 329
21
x 956
25
?
3. ____________
4. What is t he unit s digit of 557(892+ 675)
57
?
4. ____________
5. What is t he unit s digit of 10,452
134
?
5. ____________
6. How many of t he t en digit s can be t he unit s digit of a perfect cube (n
3
)?
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
6. ____________
7. How many of t he t en digit s can be t he unit s digit of a number raised t o
t he 4t h power (n
4
)?
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
7. ____________
Challenge. Carolyn randomly select s t hree-digit whole numbers a and b.
List all t he possible unit s digit s of t he sum of a
4
and b
4
.
C. ____________
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Dec i mal s
There is an easy way t o det ermine whet her a fract ion represent s a repeating
or a terminating decimal. First , let s use our calculat ors t o det ermine t he
decimal expansion of some common fract ions:
(Use bar not at ion for decimals t hat repeat ).
=
2
1
=
3
1
=
4
1
=
5
1
=
6
1
=
8
1
=
11
1
=
13
1
=
40
1
=
9
5
=
99
24
=
999
817
Converting by hand:
The most common met hod used t o convert a fract ion int o a decimal by hand is
t o divide t he denominat or int o t he numerat or:
5 .
0 . 1 2
2
1
=
6 .
0 . 2 3
3
2
=
307692 .
000000 . 4 13
13
4
=
Terminating/ Repeating Decimals:
The decimal expansion of a fract ion in simplest form will t erminat e if t he de-
nominat or cont ains no prime fact ors ot her t han 2 or 5. Ot herwise, t he decimal
will repeat .
Practice: Which of t he following can be represent ed by t erminat ing decimals?
9
4
8
7
125
3
24
5
10
2
7
48
3
Ninths, Ninety- Ninths, etc.
The repeat ing block of a fract ion cont aining 9, 99, 999, et c. in t he denominat or
is j ust t he numerat or (use leading zeroes if necessary)
5 . 0
9
5
= 24 . 0
99
24
= 817 . 0
999
817
=
0001 . 0
999 , 9
1
=
Practice: Express as a decimal (wit hout using a calculat or):
=
9
7
=
99
41
=
99
2
=
999
71
=
33
2
=
111
5
Number Theor y
Repeat i ng Dec i mal s
Converting a repeating decimal into a fraction is more difficult and re-
quires some Algebra.
Here is an easy conversion of a decimal t hat you should already recognize:
5 . 0 = x

5 . 5 10 = x
5 . 0 5 . 5 10 = x x
5 9 = x
9
5
= x
Examples: Convert t he following t o fract ions using a similar met hod:
25 . 0 = x 25 1 . 0 = x 3 01 . 0 = x
There is a nice short cut for problems like t he t hird example.
I f 3 01 . 0 = x , t hen 3 . 1 100 = x , which means t hat
3
1
1 100 = x .
Since
3
4
100 = x , dividing by 100 gives us
75
1
300
4
100
1
3
4
= = = x .
You can use t his met hod quickly for j ust about any repeat ing decimal.
Practice: Convert each t o a fract ion in simplest t erms.
1.
08 . 0
2.
8 1 . 0
3.
1 10 . 0
Number Theor y
I nt r o t o Modul ar Ar i t hmet i c
Try this:
I n t he decimal expansion of t wo-sevent hs, what is t he hundredt h digit t o t he
right of t he decimal point ?
We have learned t o solve similar problems involving t he unit s digit . The t rick is
t o recognize t hat t he decimal repeat s in blocks of six. The 6t h, 12t h, 18t h,
24t h, 30t h, ... 90t h, and 96t h digit s are all t he same (4).
Since t wo-sevent hs is j ust 285714 . 0 , we can see t hat if t he 96t h digit is a 4,
t he hundredt h digit must be a 7 (four decimal places lat er).
Modular Arithmetic
What we have been doing in problems like t hese is called modular arith-
metic, and revolves around remainders. 100 divided by 6 leaves a remainder
of 4, so asking for t he 100t h digit is equivalent t o asking for t he 4t h digit .
Try this example:
I t is now 5 oclock. What t ime will it be 1,000 hours from now?
The pat t ern repeat s every 12 hours. You know t hat in 12 hours it will be 5
again. I n 24, 36, 48, 60, ... 984, and 996 hours it will be 5 oclock again.
Therefore, in 1,000 hours it will be 4 hours lat er or 9 oclock. All we needed
was t he remainder of 1,000 divided by 12. Asking for t he t ime 1,000 hours
from now is equivalent t o asking for t he t ime 4 hours from now.
The modulus is t he lengt h of t he repeat ing block. Two numbers are consid-
ered equal if t hey leave t he same remainder when divided by t he modulus.
For example: 13 is congruent t o 1 in modulus 12, or 131(mod 12)
I n modulo 12, only t he numbers 0 t hrough 11 are used.
Practice: Find t he value of each in mod 12.
1. 30 2. 100 3. 361 4. 4,800,005
Number Theor y
Solve each:
1. What is t he 1,896,253
rd
digit in t he decimal expansion of 02439 .
41
1
= ?
1. ____________
2. During her hist ory class, Priyanka writ es her name over and over again on a
sheet of paper. She complet es 955 let t ers before t he paper is t aken away
by her t eacher and she is reminded t o pay at t ent ion in class. What is t he
last let t er she writ es?
2. ____________
3. The 350 sixt h graders at Ligon Middle School st and in a big circle. They
count off t o form groups, st art ing wit h Kat y and working t o t he left . They
count off from 1 t o 8 and t hen repeat unt il everyone has a number, and
st udent s who share t he same number form a group. I f Meera want s t o be
in t he same group as Kat y, what is t he fewest number of places t o Kat ys
right t hat she should st and?
3. ____________
4. A soccer t eam has 11 players, each wearing a j ersey numbered from 1
t hrough 11. They st and in a circle, so t hat t heir numbers are in order,
wit h numbers increasing t o t he players left . Mart y begins wit h t he ball,
wearing # 3. He passes it t o t he player four spaces t o his left (# 7), who in
t urn passes t he ball t o t he fourt h player t o his left (# 11) and t hey cont inue
in t his manner for 100 passes. What number is on t he j ersey of t he player
who receives t he 100t h pass?
4. ____________
5. Your digit al clock is broken. To set t he minut es, when you push t he >
but t on t he minut e value j umps ahead by 7 minut es, and when you push
< , t he minut es value goes back by 7 minut es. The t ime says 6: 56, and
when you push > , t he t ime says 6: 03. From 6: 03, what is t he fewest
number of t imes you can push eit her but t on t o get t he clock t o read 6: 04?
5. ____________
Modul ar Ar i t hmet i c
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Pr ac t i c e Qui z: Bases, Dec i mal s, Modul ar Ar i t h.
Solve:
1. What is t he base-10 value of 222
3
?
1. _______
2. Convert 8 . 0 t o a fract ion in simplest form.
2. _______
3. Use bar not at ion t o represent t he decimal expansion of
11
2
.
3. _______
4. What is t he base-10 value of t he smallest five-digit number in base-4?
4. _______
5. Five-hundred people st and in a circle. St art ing wit h Roy and working t o his left ,
each person count s off a number from 1 t hrough 6 and t hen st art ing over
again (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, ...) unt il everyone has count ed a number.
What number is count ed off by t he person st anding t o Roys right ?
5. _______
6. The number 222 is raised t o t he 222
nd
power and t hen mult iplied by 9.
What is t he unit s digit of t he result ?
6. _______
7. Convert 4 1 . 0 t o a fract ion in simplest form.
7. _______
Name________________________ Period _____
Number Theor y
Name________________________ Period _____
Solve:
8. Add 2 00 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 . 0 + + . Express t he result as a fract ion in simplest form.
8. _______
9. The minut e hand of a clock point s direct ly at t he 11. What number will t he
minut e hand point at aft er 5,555 minut es?
9. _______
10. For how many values of n where
100 s n
is
n
1
represent ed by a t erminat ing decimal?
10. _______
Pr ac t i c e Qui z: Bases, Dec i mal s, Modul ar Ar i t h.