Management and Organization Behavior

Contents Job Design Goal Setting Theory Leadership By Kalyan Jyothi., B.Tech., M.B.A.,

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Job Design
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Job Designing Approaches

Techniques of job deign for higher performance Traditional Job Rotation Job Enlargement Job enrichment Modern Telecommuting Job Sharing Condensed work week Working from home

Engineering Approach Human Relation Approach Job Charecteristics Socio-Technical Approach

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Goal Setting theory

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Goal achievement is a factor that influence the success levels of individual employees, department and business units, and the overall organisation. Definition: A goal is a performance target that an individual or group seeks to accomplish all work. This goals influence the behaviour of employees and also their motivation. Edwin Locke studied the processes by which employees set goals for themselves and then put in efforts to achieve them. There are four elements of goal-setting model. They are

Acceptance

Specificity

Goal Setting Monitorin Challenge g and feedback by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Elements of effective Goal-Setting

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Goal Acceptance: The employees should understand the implications of goals for them. If difficult goals
are assigned to individuals, they may not feel attached to the goals. That is why it is desired that managers should follow a participative approach in setting the goals for the subordinate.

Goal Specification: A specific goal identifies the target in qualitative or measurable terms. Specific
goals reduce ambiguity and each employee gets a very clear idea as to what is expected of him. This result in improved performance.

Goal Challenge: Difficult but fesiable goals provide more challenge than easy goals. But even the
challenging goals must be achievable, given the capacity and experience of the individual and the resources available

Performance feedback: The employee, who have set challenging goals for themselves, need feedback
about how well they are doing and how successful they are and more over self feed back is an especially more powerful motivational tool.

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Leadership
5

Leadership is a factor that helps individuals and groups to achieve the goal. it the process of influencing and supporting employees or others to work enthusiastically towards achieving the objective. Definition: According to George.R.Terry Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for mutual objectives According to Koontz and ODonnell leadership is the ability of a manager to include subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Characteristics' of Leadership: Process of influence. Related to situation Function of stimulation Gives an experience of helping attain the common objectivies by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Functions of leadership
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The functions of leadership are Determination of goals: Organization of Activities Achieving Coordination Representation of Workers Providing Guidance Inspiring the Employees Building Employees morale

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Leader Vs Manager
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Manager A manager administrate A manager maintains A manager focuses of system and structure A manager relies on control A manager looks at the bottom level A manager does things right

Leader A leader innovates A leader develops A leader focuses on people A leader inspires trust A leader looks uniformly at all levels A leader does the right thing which is admired by majority of the people.

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Leadership theories

Traditional theories Trait Theory Group and exchange theory

Behavioural Theories Ohio state studies Uniersity of michigan studies Scandinavian studies continues Theory Likerts four systems Managerial Grid LeaderParticipation model

Contingency / situational theories Tannenbaum and Schmidts Fiedlers Contingency theory Path-goal theory Hersey and Blanchards life cycle / situational approach

Modern theories Charismatic Leadership Theory Transformational Leadership Theory

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

Traditional Approach
Trait Approach
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The traits can be classified into innate qualities and acquirable qualities

Innate Qualities
1. 2.

Acquirable Qualities
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Physical Features Intelligence

Emotional Stability Human Relations Empathy Objectivity Motivating skills Technical skills Communicative skills Social skills

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,

The Managerial Grid

1------------- Concern for People --------------9
1.9 (country Club) Thoughtful attention to needs of people leads to a friendly and comfortable organisation atmosphere and work tempo. 9.9 (Team) Work accomplished from committed people with interdependence through a common stake in organisation purpose and with trust and respect

Adequate performance through balance of work 5.5 (middle Road) Requirements and maintaining satisfactory morale

Exertion of minimum effort is required to get work done and sustain organisation morale. 1.1 (Impoverished)

Efficiency results from arranging work in such a way that human elements have little effect 9.1 (Task)

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1----------------- Concern for Production / Service --------------------9

by Kalyan Jyothi, B.Tech., M.B.A.,