Matrix

1. What is a matrix? A rectangular array of numbers arranged into rows and columns is called a matrix. 2. Define row matrix. A matrix which has only one row but several columns is called row matrix. 3. Define column matrix. A matrix which has only one column but several rows is called column matrix. 4. Define a rectangular matrix. A matrix in which number of rows and columns are not same is called a rectangular matrix. 5. Define a square matrix. A matrix in which number of rows and columns are same is called a square matrix. 6. When two matrices will be equal / equal matrices? When two matrices have same order and their corresponding elements will be equal. 7. Define unit / identity matrix. A square matrix in which the elements of principal diagonal are unit and all others are zero is known as unit matrix. e.g. 1 0 0 1 8. Define zero / null matrix. A matrix in which every element is zero is called zero matrix. e.g. 0 0 0 0 9. Define diagonal matrix. A square matrix in which all the elements except the principal diagonal elements are zero is called diagonal matrix. e.g. 2 0 0 5

10. Define transpose of a matrix. If rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged the resulting matrix is called transpose of a matrix. 11. Define a symmetric matrix. A square matrix B is said to be symmetric if

B=B B = -B

12. Define a skew symmetric matrix. A square matrix B is said to be skew symmetric if

13. When two matrices can be added? Two matrices can be added when they have same order. 14. What is a singular matrix? If determinant of any matrix is equal to zero is called singular matrix. 15. Define non singular matrix. If determinant of any matrix is not equal to zero is called non singular matrix. 16. Define a scalar matrix. A square matrix in which each element of the principal diagonal is a scalar quantity and all other elements are zero is called scalar matrix. 17. Define order of a matrix. The number of rows and number of columns in a matrix represent order of a matrix. 18. What is an upper triangular matrix? An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix whose elements below the main diagonal are all zero. e.g. 2 3 0 5 19. What is a lower triangular matrix? A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are all zero. e.g. 2 0 3 5 20. Define adjoint of a matrix. Adjoint matrix of a square matrix is transpose of cofactors matrix of given matrix.

Binary Number System

1. Define binary number system. A number system comprising two digits 0, 1 is called a binary system. 2. Define decimal number system. A number system comprising of ten digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 is called decimal number system. 3. What is octal number system? A number system comprising eight digits is called octal number system. 4. What is hexadecimal number system? A number system comprising 16 digits is called hexadecimal number system. 5. How a binary number is converted into decimal number? A binary number can be converted into a decimal number by adding the place value of individual digits of a binary system. 6. How decimal number is converted into binary number? A decimal number can be converted into binary number; we divide the given decimal number repeatedly by 2 until we get the remainder less than 2. e.g. 2 7 2 3-1 1-1

(7)10 = (111)2

Linear, Quadratic and Simultaneous Equations

1. Define equation. An open sentence formed by equality = sign is called an equation. 2. Define linear equation. An equation where maximum power of the variable is one is called linear equation. e.g. ax + b = 0 3. What is the golden rule of algebra? The golden rule of algebra i.e. what we do to one side of the equation is also do on the other side of the equation. 4. What is transposition? It is a process of shifting a quantity from one side of an equation to the other side by changing its sign of operation. 5. Define quadratic equation. An equation in which one or more variables with maximum power of variable is two is called quadratic equation. 6. How many methods to solve the quadratic equation? There are three methods. 1. Method of factorization 2. Method of completing square 3. Quadratic formula b 7. What is discrimination? 4ac is called discrimination.

8. Define root of the equation. The value of the variable in one equation for which both sides of the equation are satisfied is called root of the equation. 9. What are simultaneous equations? A set of equations (at least two) developed in same problem involving same quantities are called simultaneous equations. 10. What is the degree of an equation? The highest power of unknown in any term of an equation is called degree of equation.

Mathematics of Finance
1. Define interest. An amount which is paid for using the money of others is called interest. 2. Define principal. The amount of money that is lent or borrowed is called the principal. 3. What is simple interest? Interest that is paid only on the amount of the principal is called simple interest. 4. What is the compound interest? When the interest for each period is added to the principal before calculating the interest for the next period is called compound interest. 5. What is rate of interest? The rate of interest is the percent per annum of the principal that is charged is called rate of interest. 6. What is time? Time is the number of years, months or days for which a principal is borrowed. 7. Define an annuity. An annuity is a fixed amount of money that is paid or received at regular interval of time. 8. Define the term. The time from the beginning of the first interval to the end of the last interval is called its term. 9. Define ordinary annuity. If the payments or receipts are made at the end of the time interval is called ordinary annuity. 10. Define annuity due. If payments or receipts are made at the beginning of the time interval is called annuity due. 11. Define perpetual annuity. If payments or receipts starts from certain period but will continue for indefinite period is called perpetual annuity.

Functions & Their Graphs

1. Define a function. An algebric expression showing the relationship between two or more than two variables is called a function. 2. Define constant. A quantity which does not change is called a constant. e.g. Number of days in a week 3. Define variable. A quantity which changes is called variable. e.g. age of a boy 4. Define domain. Domain is set of all definite input values. 5. Define range. Range is the set of all definite output values. 6. What is independent variable in a function? A variable that represents input values or domain of a function is called independent variable. 7. What is dependent variable in a function? A variable that represents output values or range of a function is called dependent variable. 8. Write the name of different type of functions. 1. Constant function 2. Polynomial function 3. Rational function 4. Even function 5. Odd function 9. What is odd function? A function which satisfies the following condition is called odd function. f(-x) = -f(x) 10. What is even function? A function which satisfies the following condition is called even function. f(-x) = f(x) 11. What is the origin of the graph? The point of intersection between x-axis and y-axis is called origin.

Ratio, Proportion & Percentage

1. Define ratio. A comparison between two similar quantities or numbers either by division or putting colon (:) between them. 2. Define proportion. A statement which shows the equality of two ratios is called proportion. 3. Write the name of different type of proportion. 1. Direct proportion 2. Indirect proportion 3. Compound proportion 4. Continued proportion 4. What is meant by percentage? A fraction with 100 its denominator is called percentage. 5. What is mark-up/profit? The difference between the cost of the goods and the selling price is called mark-up. 6. What is trade discount? A discount is given by the seller to the buyer on list/schedule price at the time of trade is called trade discount. There is no accounting treatment of trade discount. 7. What is cash discount? A discount is given at the time of cash received on credit sales is called cash discount. 8. What is invoice price? An amount which remained after deducting the amount of trade discount is called invoice price. 9. Define commission. Remuneration for services performed by one person to another is called commission.