Borgnakke and Sonntag

5.167

Consider the piston/cylinder arrangement shown in Fig. P5.167. A frictionless piston is free to move between two sets of stops. When the piston rests on the lower stops, the enclosed volume is 400 L. When the piston reaches the upper stops, the volume is 600 L. The cylinder initially contains water at 100 kPa, 20% quality. It is heated until the water eventually exists as saturated vapor. The mass of the piston requires 300 kPa pressure to move it against the outside ambient pressure. Determine the final pressure in the cylinder, the heat transfer and the work for the overall process. Solution: C.V. Water. Check to see if piston reaches upper stops. Energy Eq.5.11: Process: m(u4 - u1) = 1Q4 1W4 If P < 300 kPa then V = 400 L, line 2-1 and below If P > 300 kPa then V = 600 L, line 3-4 and above If P = 300 kPa then 400 L < V < 600 L line 2-3

These three lines are shown in the P-V diagram below and is dictated by the motion of the piston (force balance). 0.4 State 1: v1 = 0.001043 + 0.21.693 = 0.33964; m = V1/v1 = 0.33964 = 1.178 kg u1 = 417.36 + 0.2 2088.7 = 835.1 kJ/kg 0.6 State 3: v3 = 1.178 = 0.5095 < vG = 0.6058 at P3 = 300 kPa
Piston does reach upper stops to reach sat. vapor.

State 4:

v4 = v3 = 0.5095 m3/kg = vG at P4 => P4 = 361 kPa,

From Table B.1.2

u4 = 2550.0 kJ/kg

1W4 = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W4 = 0 + 2W3 + 0 1W4 = P2(V3 - V2) = 300 (0.6 - 0.4) = 60 kJ 1Q4 = m(u4 - u1) + 1W4 = 1.178(2550.0 - 835.1) + 60 = 2080 kJ

T
4 2 3 1

P4 P2= P3= 300 P1

Water

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

5.171

A piston/cylinder arrangement B is connected to a 1-m3 tank A by a line and valve, shown in Fig. P5.171. Initially both contain water, with A at 100 kPa, saturated vapor and B at 400C, 300 kPa, 1 m3. The valve is now opened and, the water in both A and B comes to a uniform state. a. Find the initial mass in A and B. b. If the process results in T2 = 200C, find the heat transfer and work. Solution: C.V.: A + B. This is a control mass. Continuity equation: m2 - (mA1 + mB1) = 0 ; Energy: m2u2 - mA1uA1 - mB1uB1 = 1Q2 - 1W2 System: if VB 0 piston floats PB = PB1 = const. if VB = 0 then P2 < PB1 and v = VA/mtot see P-V diagram
1W2 = PBdVB = PB1(V2 - V1)B = PB1(V2 - V1)tot

State A1: Table B.1.1, x = 1 vA1 = 1.694 m3/kg, uA1 = 2506.1 kJ/kg mA1 = VA/vA1 = 0.5903 kg State B1: Table B.1.2 sup. vapor vB1 = 1.0315 m3/kg, uB1 = 2965.5 kJ/kg mB1 = VB1/vB1 = 0.9695 kg m2 = mTOT = 1.56 kg
*

P a PB1 V2 2

At (T2 , PB1)

v2 = 0.7163 > va = VA/mtot = 0.641 so VB2 > 0

so now state 2: P2 = PB1 = 300 kPa, T2 = 200 C => u2 = 2650.7 kJ/kg and V2 = m2 v2 = 1.56 0.7163 = 1.117 m3 (we could also have checked Ta at: 300 kPa, 0.641 m3/kg => T = 155 C)
1W2 = PB1(V2 - V1) = -264.82 kJ 1Q2 = m2u2 - mA1uA1 - mB1uB1 + 1W2 = -484.7 kJ

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.78
Two steady flows of air enters a control volume, shown in Fig. P6.78. One is 0.025 kg/s flow at 350 kPa, 150C, state 1, and the other enters at 450 kPa, 15C, state 2. A single flow of air exits at 100 kPa, 40C, state 3. The control volume rejects 1 kW heat to the surroundings and produces 4 kW of power. Neglect kinetic energies and determine the mass flow rate at state 2. Solution: . 1 W C.V. Steady device with two inlet and one Engine 3 exit flows, we neglect kinetic energies. Notice here the Q is rejected so it goes out. 2 . Q loss

Continuity Eq.6.9: Energy Eq.6.10:

. . . . m1 + m2 = m3 = 0.025 + m2 . . . . . m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3 + WCV + Qloss

Substitute the work and heat transfer into the energy equation and use constant heat capacity . 0.025 1.004 423.2 + m2 1.004 288.2 . = (0.025 + m2) 1.004 233.2 + 4.0 + 1.0 . Now solve for m2. 4.0 + 1.0 + 0.025 1.004 (233.2 423.2) . m2 = = 0.0042 kg/s 1.004 (288.2 - 233.2)

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.79

A steam turbine receives water at 15 MPa, 600C at a rate of 100 kg/s, shown in Fig. P6.79. In the middle section 20 kg/s is withdrawn at 2 MPa, 350C, and the rest exits the turbine at 75 kPa, and 95% quality. Assuming no heat transfer and no changes in kinetic energy, find the total turbine power output. Solution: C.V. Turbine Steady state, 1 inlet and 2 exit flows. . . . Continuity Eq.6.9: m1 = m2 + m3 ; Energy Eq.6.10: Table B.1.3 => . . . m3 = m1 - m2 = 80 kg/s

. . . . m1h1 = WT + m2h2 + m3h3 1 2 WT

h1 = 3582.3 kJ/kg, h2 = 3137 kJ/kg

Table B.1.2 : h3 = hf + x3hfg = 384.3 + 0.952278.6 = 2549.1 kJ/kg 3

From the energy equation, Eq.6.10 => . . . . WT = m1h1 m2h2 m3h3 = 91.565 MW

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.