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Republic of Moldova Post Disaster Needs Assessment Floods 2010

A report prepared by the Government of the Republic of Moldova with Support from The European Union, the United Nations, and the World Bank

Foreword
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Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents
Foreword Acknowledgments Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Acronyms and Abbreviations Executive Summary Section I. The Disaster 1.1 The 2010 Flood 1.2 The Immediate Response 1.3 Request for Assistance and International Response 1.4 Social and Economic Background of the Affected Areas Section II. Estimate of Damage, Losses, Needs and Human Development Impact 2.1 Methodology 2.2. Summary of Damage, Losses, and Needs 2.3 Sector Impacts: Infrastructure Sectors 2.4 Sector Impacts: Productive Sectors 2.5 Sector Impacts: Social Sectors 2.6 Cross-cutting Issues Section III. Economic and Social Impact 3.1 Macroeconomic Impact 3.2 Impact on Livelihoods and Incomes Section IV. Recovery and Reconstruction Requirements 4.1 Recovery and Reconstruction Framework 4.2 Recovery and Reconstruction Program 4.3 The Way Forward Section V. Reducing Risks 5.1 Situation during the Disaster 5.2 Institutional Framework for Disaster Risk Management 5.3 Needs for Disaster Risk Management Annexes

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List of Tables
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List of Figures
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List of Abbreviations
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Executive Summary
A. The Disaster A breach of a dam on the night of 5-6 July 2010 caused extensive flooding into the Prut river valley forcing the evacuation of more than 2,300 people and damaging over 1,110 homes. In the second half of June 2010, heavy rainfall in northern Moldova, as well as in the Carpathian Mountains (in Romania and Ukraine) where the Prut and Nistru rivers have their sources, resulted in peak flood levels for the Prut river, putting extreme water pressure on the dam (which was poorly maintained) that protects Moldovan valley downstream. The damaged dam near the Prut River in the northern part of the flooded area (near Nemteni) is now under water, and also located in an area of difficult access, within the flooded area. Any necessary structural engineering to repair and seal the dams water leakage, has been very slow to date, since the access road is still being built. Another protective dam is located close to the border crossing between Romania and the Republic of Moldova (LeuseniAlbita Bridge). The dam at the southern edge has an accumulation canal to control high flood waters from the nearby Prut River. On July 15, this dam had to be artificially breached to allow a discharge of water from the inundation zone, back into the Prut River. The situation is serious since the northern dam has not been repaired and the Prut River is leaking water into the inundation zone. The southern side of the Prut River is allowing flood water out. The overall situation has improved very slowly, because the outflow is too limited (some 75 m3/s). According to the water national authority (Apele Moldovei), increased water levels were observed also in the Nistru River, leading to dam fortification in Stefan-Voda and Anenii Noi. Downstream in the southern region of the flooded zone, preliminary assessments of the safety of the dams have been donebetween Leova and the discharge point of the Prut river into the Danubethe situation was assessed as not critical. However, on July 19-20, an additional 70 houses and 2,500 hectares of agricultural land in Stoianovca and Ghioltosu (Cantemir District) were at risk to be flooded, after a new dam broke and started to leak near the village of Goteti. A Special Committee to deal with the emergency situation, chaired by the Minister of State, Victor Bodiu, was established. In order to more effectively coordinate the response, the Committee was based in the flooded areas, weeks after the floods started. In the aftermath of the floods, the Government staged a commendable relief effort, involving about 2,500 staff from the Ministry of Interior, Civil Protection and Emergency Situation Service, civilians, volunteers, National Army, the Border Guards Service, local Public Administration, as well as foreign experts. According to the first report of the Commission for mitigating the consequences of the floods, as of July 20, the total damage and losses is: 4100 hectares of crops; 9 hectares of orchids; 4108 hectares of pasture; 85 communities from 16 districts were flooded; approximate 3,000 people were evacuated, with about 850 houses flooded and an additional 900 at risk of being flooded; 17
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bridges, 200 wells, 182 km of roads, 7 dams, educational and administrative buildings, all destroyed. The Government of Moldova, requested development partners to undertake a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) jointly with the Government. In response, development partners organized a team of local and international experts to initiate the PDNA process for the flooded areas. B. Economic and Social Impacts The floods caused damages and losses, equivalent to about 0.15 percent of GDP. The floods affected primarily rural and agricultural regions of the country, that account approximately 0.15 percent of GDP. The structure of damage among sectors of economic activity in the affected areas is also of special relevance since the infrastructure sustained 67 percent and the productive sectors sustained 26 percent the total damages. The structure of losses is also concentrated heavily in the infrastructure (70 percent) and productive (24 percent) sectors. Apart from the typical effects concentrated on infrastructure, the productive sector has also been seriously hit. While damages and losses in the social and cross-cutting sectors are not large in financial terms the human dimension of this disaster remains as vital as is seen in the case of other natural disasters. This means lost incomes for the affected population, together with property, makes the population especially vulnerable and in need. Estimates show that the value of destruction of assets (damage) is 231.96 million MDL, and that the reduction in flows of the economy (losses), arising from the flooding, amounts to a further 595.86 million MDL1. When breaking down the effects of the floods by individual sectors of economic activity, the damages are concentrated heavily in sectors such as housing (84.0 million, or 36 percent of the total), transport (61.8 million, or 27 percent), and agriculture (56.13 million, or 24 percent). Damage, Losses, and Needs Assessment This Post-Disaster Needs Assessment analysis covers damages, losses, and economic and social impacts. Damage (direct impact) refers to the impact on assets, stock (including final goods, raw materials), and property. Losses (indirect impact) refer to flows that will be affected, such as production declines, reduced incomes, and increased expenditures, over a time period until the economy and assets are recovered. Economic and social impacts include macroeconomic impacts, poverty impacts, employment and livelihoods impacts, and social impacts. The PDNA estimated that damage and losses from the floods amount to a total of 827.81 MDL (US$64.57 million) (Table 1). While the damage to assets occurred at the time of the floods, the associated changes in economic flows will last beyond the present calendar year. In

6 A uniform exchange rate of 12.82 Moldovan Lei per US Dollar has been used throughout the assessment, as the average rate of exchange for 2010 until August 10, 2010.

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some sectors and cases, the effects may be felt in 2011 depending on the speed and efficiency of the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction activities. Table 1: Summary of Disaster Effects and Needs by Sector (in MDL million)
(in m illion of L s ei) S hort-term Needs 12.49 6.56 219.00 18.22 6.74 58.50 8.93 26.32 21.98 11.31 0.20 3.38 393.6 2 30.70 Medium term Needs Total 157.90 156.50 10.22 35.91 12.00 87.10 16.50 12.60 8.66 2.67 15.49 52.48 568.0 3 44.31 17 0.38 6.56 37 5.50 28.44 35.91 18.74 14 5.60 25.43 38.92 30.64 13.98 15.69 55.87 96 1.65 75.01

S ector/S ub-S ector D ag am e L s os es Total Infras tructure Em bankm ents/Flood Control 0.04 0.04 Energy 6.56 6.56 Housing 84.00 304.60 388 .60 Roads 25.65 87.91 113 .56 Railways 36.15 9.90 46 .05 Water and S anitation 2.00 16.70 18 .70 Productive Agriculture 56.13 139.67 195 .80 Livelihoods 3.10 4.05 7.15 S ocial Education 18.94 18 .94 Health 0.95 2.86 3.82 Social Protection C s ros -cutting Environm ent 17.37 11.22 28 .59 Disaster Risk Managem ent TOTAL (in MD ) L 231 .96 595 .86 827 .81 TOTAL (in U D S ) 1 8.09 46.48 64 .57 Note: Currency conversion rate: MDL 12.82 =USD 1 (average for 2010)

The assessment of damage and losses provides a basis for determining recovery and reconstruction needs. The assessment of damage provides a basis for estimating reconstruction requirements, while the estimation of losses provides an indication of the recovery needs to address the reduction or decline in economic activity and in personal and household income. The two estimates are then combined to establish overall needs to achieve full recovery of economic activities at the macroeconomic level and at the individual or household level. A total of 393.62 million lei (US$30.70 million) is required to meet short term recovery needs (until December 31, 2010), and a total of 568.03 million lei (US$44.31 million) is required for the medium term (until June 2012) recovery and reconstruction efforts (Table 2). Larger investments, particularly in disaster risk management, may need to be considered in the longer term. The exact public sector need depends on the choices the government makes on the specific programs to implement, the timing and pacing of those programs, and the effectiveness with which these programs are implemented. Financing can come from a variety of sources, including the national budget, local government budgets, private sector contributions, and grants and concessional loans from development partners.

The needs for financing may be large, but the cost of doing nothing would be larger. The PDNA estimates the total cost of recovery and reconstruction at 961.65 million lei (US$75.01 million). Given the limited capacity of the flood and disaster management system in Moldova, and the increased frequency and intensity of floods, such costs can be expected to recur more frequently, unless urgent efforts are made to mitigate the effects of future disasters. C. Recovery and Reconstruction Strategy Building back better is necessary, but it is not enough. While Cotul Moriis flooding could not have necessarily been prevented given the deterioration of the countrys flood control system, its extensive impact could have been prevented. Preventing such impacts in the future requires attention to the governance of Moldovan development in areas like land use planning, housing, water management, environmental protection, and disaster risk mitigation. In implementing recovery and reconstruction, and looking beyond the recent flooding to the future, five areas stand out as meriting particular attention: D. Guiding Principles for Recovery and Reconstruction A set of guiding principles will govern implementation of the recovery and reconstruction program. The purposed of these principles is to enhance the effectiveness of recovery and reconstruction efforts, increase transparency and accountability, and ensure that resources are translated into results on the ground. A transparent, accountable, and results-based recovery and reconstruction program Comprehensive and straightforward systems for monitoring activities, tracking funds, and evaluating projects and programs will be implemented by all stakeholders (including the provision of regular and transparent reporting against all funding sources). Results and progress will be tracked and reported to the public and development partners through regular meetings, the media, and a dedicated recovery and reconstruction website. All agencies involved in the recovery and reconstruction program will undertake appropriate audits of their activities and funds. Independent complaints handling mechanisms should be integrated into major projects to enable greater accountability.

Community-based, people-centered, and equitable approaches Community-based, participatory approaches that engage local communities in decisionmaking, implementation, and monitoring of activities will be adopted to increase the quality and speed of reconstruction, aligning projects with real needs, and lowering the risk of misuse of funds.
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Projects should maximize the use of local initiative, resources, and capacities. Planning and execution will be based on local knowledge, skills, materials, and methods, taking into account the need for affordable solutions. Although disasters increase the vulnerability of all, groups who are already disadvantages may need special assistance and protection. Particular priority will be given to poor, marginalized female-headed households, children (including orphans), elderly, and people with disabilities. The capacity of local communities will be built at every stage of the recovery and reconstruction effort, with a focus on reducing vulnerability to future disasters.

Reduction of future risks With floods becoming a regular risk in Moldova, integrated disaster risk management plans that take into consideration all likely significant hazards are needed to reduce the impact of future disasters.

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Section I. The Disaster


The 2010 Floods The Republic of Moldova is prone to different kinds of natural hazards, including drought, floods, severe weather, earthquakes, and landslides. On average, northern Moldova experiences a drought once every 10 years, central Moldova once every five to six years, and southern Moldova once every three to four years.2 Average annual losses between 1996 and 2004 were around $19 million per year.3 Abnormally high temperatures and low rainfall over a three-year period resulted in a severe drought in 2007, which crippled Moldovas agricultural sector, resulting in $1.2 billion in losses.4 The effects of poor nutrition were exacerbated by reduced access to potable water, particularly in rural areas where 45% of the population relies on wells as their main source of drinking water. Heavy rains result in frequent floods (an average of 1.2 per year, 1992-2005), to which 40% of the settled areas in the country are exposed. Floods result in average annual damages of around five million dollars.5 In 2008 the country experienced severe torrential rains, which together with releases from upstream in Ukraine, led to flooding in both the northern and southern areas of the country. Moldova incurred $120 million in losses from this event.6 In the second half of June 2010, heavy rain falls in northern Moldova, as well as the Carpathians (in Romania and Ukraine) where the Prut and Nistru rivers have their sources, resulted in peak flood level of the Prut river which put an extreme water pressure in the dam (which was poorly maintained), protecting the Moldovan valley downstream. The breach of the dam on the night of 5-6 July, caused an extensive flood into the valley forcing the evacuation of more than 3,000 persons. The damaged dam near the Prut River in the northern part of the flooded area (near Nemteni) is under water, and also located in an area of difficult access, within the flooded area. Any necessary structural engineering to repair and seal the dams water leakage, has been very slow to date, since the access road is still being built. Another protective dam is located, close to the border crossing between Romania and the Republic of Moldova (Leuseni-Albita Bridge).
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Drought has become more frequent and intense during the last two decades, appearing nine times (1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007), leading to significant crop losses. In 1990, 1992, 2003, and 2007 drought was observed during the entire vegetative season. In the remaining years drought struck during summertime. 3 Societatea de Cruce Rosie a Moldovei and Departamentul Situatsii Exceptionale al Respublicii Moldova, 2005, Opredelenie uviazimosti districtsov i naselennykh punktov Respublki Moldova k chrezvychainym situatsiiam prirodnogo i tekhnogennogo kharaktera. 4 National Hydrometeorological Service and Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry. 5 World Bank, 2007, Rural Productivity in Moldova Managing Natural Vulnerability. 6 Official estimates.

The dam at the southern edge has an accumulation canal to control high flood waters from nearby Prut River. This dam had to be breached artificially to allow a discharge (around July 15) of water from the inundation zone, back into the Prut River. The situation is serious since the northern dam has not been repaired and the Prut River is leaking water in the inundation zone. The southern side of the Prut River is allowing flood water out. The overall situation has improved very slowly, because the outflow is too limited (some 75 m3/s). According to the water national authority (Apele Moldovei), increases of the water level was observed also in the Nistru River, thus the dams were fortified in Stefan-Voda and Anenii Noi. Downstream in the southern region of the flooded zone, preliminary assessments of the safety of the dams have been done, between Leova and the discharge point of the river Prut into the Danube, the situation was assessed as not critical. However, on July 19-20 additional 70 houses and 2,500 hectares of agricultural land in Stoianovca and Ghioltosu, (Cantemir District) are at risk to be flooded, after a new dam broke off and start to leak near the village of Goteti. According to the first report of the recently created Commission for mitigating the consequences of the floods, as of July 20, the total damage and losses is as follows: 4100 hectares of crops; 9 hectares of orchids; 4108 hectares of pasture; 85 communities from 16 districts were flooded; approximate 3,000 people were evacuated, with about 850 houses flooded and an additional 900 at risk of being flooded; 17 bridges, 200 wells, 182 km of roads, 7 dams, educational and administrative buildings, all destroyed. Immediate Response National response had to be prompt and the Government took immediate measures to minimize the consequences of floods from own resources. A Special Committee to deal with the emergency situation, chaired by the Minister of State, Victor Bodiu, was established. In order to more effectively coordinate the response, the Committee was based in the flooded areas, weeks after the floods started. For evacuation of people, prevention and delivery of the urgent assistance, all available forces were involved - about 2,500 staff from the Ministry of Interior, Civil Protection and Emergency Situation Service, Civilians and Volunteers, National Army, Border Guards Service, local Public Administration, as well as foreign experts. Parallel efforts have been undertaken since day 1 in order to mobilize the maximum resources possible. One of the first actions undertaken by the Government, was an address to the international and donor community by Prime Minister Vladimir Filat, in order to secure sufficient resources for the immediate response, as well as for the rehabilitation of the flooded areas, and the elimination of flood consequences. A special account was opened for collecting monetary donations (25 mln MDL/roughy 2 mln USD have been collected so far), private undertakings have been encouraged. The Government has started planning for building 700 houses from the flooded areas, the site for a new village in a risk-free area having already been identified, site preparatory works carried out. In order to ensure the assessment of the losses and to coordinate the mitigations activities, on
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14 July the Government created a special National Commission, chaired by the Prime-Minister. It is composed of most of the Ministers, relevant agencies and representatives of the local and central public administration, and will be responsible for: conducting (together with development partners) an assessment of the damages and establish key measures to mitigate the consequences of the floods (including identification of the required resources), coordinating the implementation of the mitigation activities and monitoring the use of the materials and financial resources allocated for this purpose, and ensuring the transparent distribution of the humanitarian assistance and financial donations for the persons affected by the floods. On July 21, the Government approved the creation of a commission to design the mechanism for water fund management and protection against flooding. The commission will be led by Mr. Valeriu Lazar, Deputy-Prime Minister (hereafter referred to as Lazar Commission), and will conduct a feasibility study of the areas under flooding risk from the Prut and Nistru rivers, as well as near smaller rivers; and will assess the quality of existing dams. As a result of the work of the commission, an action plan, covering measures for the construction, reconstruction and fortification of the dams, hydro-technical systems, irrigation systems; pumping and water evacuation systems, will be designed. A national strategy for water fund management and protection against flooding will be as well initiated. This PDNA could be used as an input for the work of the Lazar Commission. Table: Timeline of Immediate Disaster Management Efforts
A command center lead by the Government Group, established in first 24 hours; Special Working Group, chaired by Minister of State instituted, and deployed on the ground during the peak of the disaster (three weeks) 725 persons immediately dislocated in the field (Army, Carabinieri, Police) Around 1300 families evacuated from flooded and risk areas, 1800 rescue / evacuation missions in first three days (goods and people) Available aid immediately deployed from state resources: food, water, medicines, tents, fuel Appeal by Prime Minister Vladimir Filat to the international community and development partners Special account opened with the Ministry of Finance for collecting provate donations. Permanent information of the population (mobile audio devices, billboards, door-to-door) carried out First aid from development partners arrives to the field. Coordination assistance assigned with Aid Coordination Unit in the State Chancellery. At regional (district) level, assistance distribution coordinated by District Emergency Situations Committees 30 km of new temporary dams built and permanently maintained over 200 households, 2 roads, saved from flood 2 bridges reinforced, alternative access roads built to flooded areas 4 mobile emergency posts, 3 permanent posts over 240 people assisted; evacuated people vaccinated against A Hepatitis. With common (Government and Development Partners) efforts, immediate needs assessed and ensured until September 30). 12 road police posts and one reinforced police department in Obileni instituted. 15 collection and distribution points permanently guarded Site in a risk-free area for building 700 new settlements identified, planning and design works carried out

First preparations for the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment exercise Mixed team of Government, UN, World Bank and European Commission experts start the PostDisaster Needs Assessment.

Request for Assistance and International Response The Government issued a request to a number of external partners, asking for support in mitigating the consequences of the floods. In response to this appeal, initial assistance was provided by a number of donors. Others are providing in kind assistance i.e. boats, sand bags, boots, pumps needed to remove the water from the flooded buildings as well as related man power. Social and Economic Background of the Affected Areas There are 198,173 inhabitants living the in the communities that constitute the flooded area. The affected area is predominantly rural (75%) in nature and around 10% of the population is estimated to be permanently located out of the area for reasons connected with migration, education, etc. There are 76,128 families in the affected area, over 70% of which are located rural areas: 3.8% of such families have 3+ children under the age of 18 and there are three times as many rural families with disabled members than is the case with urban families (MoE, 2008). The businesses sector, regardless of whether located in the flooded zones or not, is small compared to the urban areas. Most such businesses concentrate on processing of agro-products, as well as trade, light industry and services. In 2009 the size of the average micro enterprise in the affected districts (districts) was 2.8 employees and the average turnover per employee was 86,500 lei in micro enterprises. The bulk of the economy in the affected area is agricultural in nature; there are 25,545 agricultural producers with less than 10ha of land, the level at which the farmers are considered to be economically viable. These agricultural producers, effectively operating on a subsistence basis, account for 99% of all farmers in the area affected by the flood.

Section II. Estimate of Damage, Losses, Needs and Human Development Impact
Objectives Following the request for assistance from the Government of Moldova, a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment has been conducted by the Government of Moldova supported by the European Commission, United Nations and the World Bank, with the support of the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The main objectives of the exercise were the following: Determine the socio-economic impact of the disaster including the valuation of damages and losses and human recovery needs; Identify the damages and losses and their costs on physical structures, disruption of essential public services and alteration of community processes, in the public and private sector; Identify recovery and reconstruction needs per sector, including the human recovery needs and establish the costing of response options in the short and medium term, to inform the development of the recovery framework; Provide inputs to the Government in designing a Flood and multi Hazard Risk Management strategy for reduction of present and future flooding and related hazards, including the identification, prioritization and costing of new emerging activities associated with the recovery and reconstruction efforts proposed after the current disaster; Establish a coordinating mechanism among the international technical and financial partners to enable the Government-led assessment and implementation strategy to be adequately supported, and Build initial capacity of the government and local partners to conduct such assessments in the future Adequate attention and specific reference will be made to the needs of women, children, elderly, ethnic minorities, and other vulnerable groups of population. The scope of the PDNA included areas affected by the July 2010 floods. Methodology The present Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) combines the recognized Damage and Losses Assessment methodology (DaLA) for the assessment of damages and losses and needs with a UN assessment methodology to capture human development impact and the recovery needs. Prior to the assessment, a one day training on the assessment methodology was carried out for the Government and all the international agencies involved in the PDNA in order to enable a more efficient kick-off of the exercise. The sectors and sub-sectors included in the assessment are: Infrastructure: o Flood Control and Dam Management
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o Housing and Land Use o Energy o Transport o Water Supply and Sanitation Productive: o Agriculture (Crops, Livestock, land) o Livelihoods and Small Trading Social (services + infrastructure): o Education o Health and Nutrition o Social Protection Cross-cutting o Environment o Disaster Risk Management (discussed separately in Section V)

The 2010 floods caused destruction of physical assets and decline in economic flows in Moldova. Estimates show that the value of destruction of assets (damage) is 231.96 million MDL, and that the reduction in flows of the economy (losses), arising from the flooding, amounts to a further 595.86 million MDL7. The structure of damage among sectors of economic activity in the affected areas is also of special relevance since the infrastructures sectors sustained 67 percent and the productive sectors sustained 26 percent of the total damages. The structure of losses is also concentrated heavily in the infrastructure (70 percent) and productive (24 percent) sectors. While damage and losses in the social and cross-cutting sectors are not large in financial terms, the human dimension of this disaster remains as vital as is seen in the case of other natural disasters. This means lost incomes for the affected population, together with property, makes the population especially vulnerable and in need. When breaking down the effects of the floods by individual sectors of economic activity, the damages are concentrated heavily in sectors such as housing (84.0 million, or 36 percent of the total), agriculture (56.13 million, or 24 percent) and transport (61.8 million, or 27 percent). SECTOR IMPACTS FLOOD CONTROL AND DAM MANAGEMENT A. Pre-disaster Situation The country has a flood protection system inherited from Soviet times, most of which under the management of the Apele Moldovei a specialized agency within the Ministry of Environment in charge of water resources management. These dams/dykes protect 90 settlements
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6 A uniform Exchange rate of 12.82 Moldovan Lei per US Dollar has been used throughout the assessment, as the average rate of Exchange for 2010 (until August 10, 2010).

and approximately 87,000 hectares of agriculture lands, plus forests and pastures. These dams are used for flood control, irrigation, recreation, energy or multipurpose tasks. Therefore, the social and economic function of these dams is very important. B. Impact of the flood on the Sector Extreme rainfall in upstream of the Prut river originated breakups of several embankments in the villages8 Nemteni, H?nceti, district, Stoianovca, Antonesti, Gotesti in Cantemir district with high losses in assets and livelihood. Other dams constitute a major threat as they can break up and flood further. The dyke in Cantemir breached and requires urgent repairs, putting at risk 9448 people, 2276 houses, and extensive agriculture fields (22,000 ha). Emergency measures, includes discharging the water from the flooded valleys through artificial breaches of the dykes allowing flood water flow back to the Prut river. Overall, there is critical lack of an effective monitoring system with a need to update procedures and provisions of equipment (Annex 2). C. Damage and Losses Biggest damages incurred are in the H?nceti and Cantemir villages. Alltogether around 400m of dykes have been breached and will have to be repaired; many dams are at risk and will have to be rehabilitated. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Many affected areas remain under water. An early need relates to pumping out water from flooded irrigation and drainage stations. There is also an urgent need to repair protective dams in Hincesti and Cantemir districts. Furthermore, state flood-control dams need to be cleared of shrubs and trees. Apele Moldovei should also consider developing working drawings for repair of dangerous areas on protective dams. In addition, it is recommended that a technical and economic study of the flooded and potentially flooded areas along Nistru and Prut rivers is carried out, with further actions targeting the vulnerable sites following the thorough investigation. An important step will be aligning the normative base to the lessons learned from the 2008 and 2010 floods. An important area of attention is to carry out an assessment of current policy and legislation related to water resources management and bring them up to international standards, as well as intensify cooperation with the neighboring countries in this area. Work could also be initiated to develop an integrated flood management system aligning with the existing ones according to Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) of the European Union Directive 2007/60/EC. Finally, the Government could consider setting up a state protective dams monitoring service in a relevant organization. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Flood Control and Dam Management
Currency in million MDL in million USD
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Damage

Damage and Losses Losses Total

Short-term

Needs Mediumterm

Total

0.04 0.00

0.04 0.00

12.49 0.97

157.9 12.32

170.38 13.29

Adapted from World Bank (WB) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2006). A Hazardous Existence: Managing Natural Livelihood Threats I Rural Moldova. Chisinau, June 2006.

Source: PDNA Estimates HOUSING AND LAND USE A. Pre-disaster Situation Lands in the affected areas are classified as agricultural and residential, these areas being highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes. In the affected villages, housing and land are privately owned. Most housing units were single story, with inexistent water supply and sewerage infrastructure; 5 to 10 households share a common well to access water. Electricity networks were available, most roads were not paved. B. Impact of the Flood Villages and agricultural lands located in the lower level of the basin alongside the Prut River were affected by the flood, resulting in damage and destruction of agricultural land, housing, infrastructure, household goods, and livestock. Among 11 villages located in the basin, Cotul Morii was most severely damaged, and is being relocated. C. Damage and Losses The impact of flood on housing is reported from Hnceti, Nisporeni, Cantemir, and Ungheni Districts. 1,111 housing units were destroyed, 8 units housings partially damaged. 9 Household goods that are moveable were moved from houses as much as possible in the early stage of flooding, although many household goods were still entirely or partially destroyed. 1,241 households were evacuated from the affected villages. In addition, 144 households from the unaffected risk areas. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs An important issue that must be taken into account is land rights and poor cadastre records. While 60% of Moldovan territories are officially registered, most of the villages affected by the flood do not have up-to-date cadastral information. This poses serious challenges on recovery and reconstruction of the housing and land use sector. The needs in housing and land management sector could be categorized into the following three areas: (1) provision of adequate temporary shelter; (2) registration of land and real property ownership so that exposed people can relocate without threats to their land rights and security of tenure; and (3) housing reconstruction. All activities responding to these needs should be led by the public sector. Recovery and reconstruction of the housing and land use sector in the affected areas should be governed by three principles: (1) people-centered approach; (2) timeliness and feasibility; and (3) national ownership. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in the Housing and Land Use sector
Damage and Losses
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Needs

Destroyed refers to houses that have been identified as uninhabitable due to flood damage, including those that were washed away. Partially damaged units are those which were partially flooded, but were still inhabitable. However, in some partially damaged houses, the foundations were affected, which caused cracks in the wall and would ultimately need to be rebuilt.

Currency in million MDL in million USD

Damage

Losses

Total

Short-term

Mediumterm

Total

84.00 6.55 Source: PDNA Estimates ENERGY

304.60 23.76

388.60 30.31

219.00 17.08

156.50 12.21

375.50 29.29

A. Pre-Disaster Situation The power sector in Moldova represents an important strategic infrastructure for the national economy, being also an important public service with social impact. Electricity is the only universal utility service in Moldova with 98% of households connected to the power grid. In addition to the human development aspect of residential power service, the agricultural sector is an important consumer of electricity in Moldova, and the reliability of service to this sector, which is a major employer in rural locations where most of the nations poor are concentrated, is crucial for ensuring its position as an engine of growth in Moldova. The settlements affected by floods are not connected to the gas network, with the exception of the village of Nemteni. B. Impact of the Flood The floods have affected the worst the electricity consumers in the four flooded villages in H? nceti district, and partially other localities in the districts downstream. This area serviced by FCC Union Fenosa10, which acted promptly to eliminate potential accidents by electrocution, while ensuring in parallel a reliable power supply to consumers in risk-free adjacent areas. C. Damage and loss assessment Total damages to electricity equipment were estimated at about MDL 6.6 million. This represents the amount estimated for investments into restoration of damaged infrastructure, as well as the construction of a new extension grid to supply power to the new residential site planned by the Government to relocate Cotul Morii. Potential short- and mid-term losses by the company because of lost consumers could be estimated at MDL 540 thousand and MDL 1.62 million respectively, totalling about MDL 2.2 million over the next 24 months. Table 4 provides an estimate of potential losses to the company because of lost consumers11. No significant losses have been registered in the existing gas distribution network of Nemteni. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs The Government announced its readiness for providing basic infrastructure services to the new residential site for residents relocated from Cotul Morii, including electricity and natural gas. The investments in new electricity infrastructure shall be made by Union Fenosa and will be accounted as new investments in the future tariff revision by the energy regulator.
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Union Fenosa (www.ufmoldova.com) is the electricity distribution company acting in the Center and South of Moldova. It serves about 75% of countrys electricity demand. 11 Incurring losses could, however, stop as soon as the damaged systems are restored and new residential site inhabited.

Regarding gas, however, in addition to building the internal distribution network, there is the need to build about 36 km of gas transmission pipe with an estimated cost of MDL 16.2 million to connect the new site and neighbouring affected villages to high pressure gas main. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Energy
Currency in million MDL in million USD Damage Damage and Losses Losses Total Short-term Needs Mediumterm Total

6.56 0.51

6.56 0.51

6.56 0.51

6.56 0.51

Source: PDNA Estimates

TRANSPORT A. Pre-Disaster Situation Road Transport Sub-Sector. The districts where the road network was affected by the floods along the Prut river (H?nceti, Cantemir, Ungheni, Cahul, Soldanesti) are served by a road network consisting of 1,898.2 km of public roads of which 640.6 km are national roads (all hard-paved) and 1,257.6 are local roads (1,132.8 are hard-paved roads). Road transport is an important, efficient and relatively secure means of transportation adapted to the internal demand of a small territory and trading with main CIS and neighboring countries. In 2009, road transport accounted for 82% of total freight transport and 98% of passenger traffic in the country. Moldova has a total of 9 railway connections with neighbouring networks. As of 2009, Moldova had a total railway line length is 1 157 km. The density of the existing railway is equivalent to the relevant value for neighbouring countries (Ukraine and Romania). Alghouth declining, rail freight transport still provides an important level of services and is responsible for about 17% of the total freight in Moldova. B. Impact of the Flood on the Sector While the floods had a severe local impact on a number of communities, especially in H?nceti district where the village of Cotul Morii was totally submerged under water, the affected roads as a share of total road network was not significant. Approximately a total 18 km of village streets were flooded, about X km of local roads and Y km of national roads remaining under water. The floods affected two portions of the railroad along the Prut river: the railroad CahulGiurgiulesti and 11 km of railroad in the sector Prut-2-Cahul were flooded. The Prut-2-Cahul sector is still under water thereby disrupting normal passenger and freigh traffic. C. Damage and Loss Assessment It was not possible to properly ascertain the physical damage caused to the roads by the floods as most of them were still under water. Based on certain assumptions, the total damages to the road network are estimated at MDL 23,451,365.

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Losses are associated with higher vehicle operating costs and longer travel times as a result of worsened conditions or longer detours that drivers have to take. The calculation of losses for the local roads is essentially impossible to make at the moment due to lack of traffic data, showing no figures in the respective line. Based on the assumption that it would take about 12 months to restore the R34 section to its pre-flood condition, the losses incurred made of higher vehicle operating cost plus time costs were estimated at MDL 87,910,735. Railways Sub-Sector. The damage estimate was provided by the state-owned Moldovan Railway Company, assuming a need for capital repair of the flooded sections plus the replacement of the telecommunications equipment that was submerged under water. The total is MDL 36,148,677. The losses incurred by the railway were estimated as forgone revenue due disruption of normal traffic. The total amount of losses to the railway sector assuming that it will take 12 months to restore the
normal traffic is estimated at MDL 9,904,012.

D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Roads. In terms of short-term response, the Government reacted fast by creating an alternative graded bypass route that goes in parallel to the R34 road. This road would need to be upgraded to allow the resumption of normal traffic which is currently diverted to the national R56 and M3 roads. This would both reduce the indirect costs and prevent the damage caused R56 and M3 roads which have an inferior design to the R34 road. Given the proposed relocation of all Cotul Morii inhabitants and some of the inhabitants from Sarateni and Nemteni villages, an 8 km access road to the new village site is a short-term priority need. Making village streets passable to basic community infrastructure, such as schools and health posts is the last short-term need. The total short-term needs are estimated at MDL 18,219,276. In the medium-term, 1.5 km of the access road to Sarateni will require rehabilitation within the next 12 months. Given the large accumulation of water on the R34 road, its slow departure and the coming cold season, it is expected that its reconstruction to pre-disaster level will also take up to 12 months. The medium-term needs are estimated at MDL 10,216,592. Railways. The Government has already restored the damage to the Cahul-Giurgiulesti section. It is expected that the restoration of the Prut-to-Cahul section to the pre-flood level will take up to 12 months. Once the water goes off the railway section, it is important to make a more accurate assessment of the rehabilitation needs. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Transport
Currency in million MDL in million USD
Source: PDNA Estimates

Damage and Losses Damage Losses Total 61.80 4.82 97.81 7.63 159.61 12.45

Short-term 18.22 1.42

Needs Mediumterm 46.13 3.60

Total 64.35 5.02

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION A. Pre-disaster Situation


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Water Supply and Sanitation. Moldovas water resources imply that the country is waterstressed. The Nistru river accounts for 84% of all water withdrawn, followed by the Prut river, and by ground water supplies. The Nistru and Prut are classified as moderately contaminated, water quality deteriorating downstream. Groundwater quality is uneven with a preoccupying buildup of nitrates, ammonia, fluorides, and iron in some areas. The quality and reliability of Moldovas water supply and wastewater services are generally deficient, biggest problem being in the rural areas. Solid Waste Management Solid waste management in Moldova is a public utility decentralized to local public authorities. Overall monitoring and sector policies fall under the Ministry of Environment. Rural communities in Moldova have no organized solid waste collection and disposal. Household solid waste in most rural areas is transported by households themselves and damped in a purposely designated barren land field outside village boundaries, with no further processing. This represents a serious environmental problem. B. Impact of the flood on the Sector Damage and losses in the water supply and sanitation sector can be considered as relatively small, considering pre-disaster poorly developed infrastructure for water supply and sanitation in the flooded area. Biggest damage was done to shallow waters, artesian wells also suffered. A small number of piped systems have been affected. As there is no organized system for collection and disposal of households solid waste in rural areas, the potential losses on solid waste are reduced to cleaning up and removal of accumulated solid waste by local authorities and private households. C. Damage and Losses About 500 out of approximately 3500 shallow wells and springs and 13 out of 120 artesian wells in about 17 villages have been reported completely flooded and/or affected due to contamination by infiltration of flooded waters. Most affected the district of Hincesti with 214 wells flooded. In the affected areas, flooding waters washed up solid waste, which contributed to additional pollution of flooded areas. E. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Water and sanitation infrastructure is obsolete and/or poorly developed throughout the country, especially in the rural areas, including in the localities affected by floods. Therefore it is recommended that the recovery and reconstruction strategy focuses on small scale projects at household and community level, such as upgrading and improving existing sanitation facilities and protecting existing water sources, including reducing the risk of groundwater contamination by household sanitation and domestic livestock infiltrations. These could be done with reduced costs and using local labor. The government adopted a decision to relocate Cotul Morii to a new site by building about 700 new houses and providing public utilities infrastructure too, including water and sanitation. The government should consider including too the already existing neighboring dwellings (Leuoaia) in the proposed infrastructure development project. While planning and deciding on new / extending water and sanitation infrastructure, one should consider operational and maintenance costs too, as well as the organizational set up of consumers of water supply and sanitation services.
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Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in the Water and Sanitation sector Damage and Losses Needs Currency Damage Losses Total ShortMediumterm term 2.00 16.70 18.70 6.74 12.00 in million MDL 0.16 1.30 1.46 0.53 0.94 in million USD
Source: PDNA Estimates

Total
18.74 1.46

AGRICULTURE (Crops, Livestock, Irrigation/Drainage and Land)


A. Pre-Disaster Situation

The agricultural sector, including crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries, contributes to about 10% of the GDP and remains the most important source of livelihoods in rural areas. Agricultural production and processing generate about 40% of export revenues, and employ more than 33% of the economically active population. The main agricultural export products are wine, fruits, vegetables and industrial crops. Add 2-3 sentences on pre-disaster situation in the affected areas. Before disaster those regions got a lot of rain above annual average by June 2010, which did not allow the soil to absorb the moisture that quick as if it would be dry. B. Impact of the flood on the Sector Heavy rains in Ukraine, Romania and Northern Moldova during the second and third weeks of July caused significant floods along the Prut and Nistru (Dniester) rivers. Dilapidated embankments, drainage and irrigation systems as well as poorly managed water systems were ingredients of a potent recipe for disaster, which left many communities vulnerable. The floods have affected nearly 8,000 people in mainly 11 districts. Other districts have also been affected but to a lesser extent. C. Damage and Loss Estimates An estimated 6,144 ha of prime agricultural land has been affected, out of which 4,432 ha are completely submerged. Current indications are that the submerged areas may not be ready for cultivation over at least two additional cropping seasons (2011-12). H?nceti and Cantemir districts are the worst affected accounting for most of the submerged areas. A total of 12 drainage and irrigation schemes in 4 districts have been damaged. Total damages and losses in the agricultural sector have been estimated at about 195.8 million MDL. In addition to the floods, which have affected a limited number of districts, hails and heavy rains in late spring and early summer have also caused significant damages to crops. Government estimates indicate that more than 30% of crops may have been lost due to hail and heavy rains in the country. The great majority of lost crops are high-value crops such as vegetables, vineyards and orchards, which are likely to have significant repercussions for food and livelihood security in the country. Unfortunately, the mission did not have sufficient time to conduct a national level crop assessment. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs
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The recovery strategy takes into account the short- and medium-term needs of the affected population and their host families. The needs are also based on the Governments existing and medium-term plans, programs and strategy for the agricultural sector. The proposed activities in the agricultural sector envisage reducing the likelihoods of extreme measures by the households and the need for protracted relief operations, while building future resilience and improving food and livelihoods security among the target communities. Whereas proposals and activities are presented separately, almost all are inter-related. An integrated croplivestock system has already taken shape for a number of years and irrigation and drainage is necessary to produce high-value crops and reduce the risk of crop losses to drought and high water tables. The seemingly disjointed proposals may be considered as components of a rehabilitation program. It is important to note that the brief concepts presented below require further feasibility studies, which was not allowed for within the scope of the PDNA mission. The overall objectives of the proposed interventions are: (i) meet the immediate needs of the flood affected farming households and their hosts with a view to reduce the likelihood of extreme measures by households and the need for a protracted relief operation; (ii) improve livelihood and food security of the affected population. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Agriculture
Currency in million MDL in million USD
Source: PDNA Estimates

Damage 56.13 4.38

Damage and Losses Losses Total 139.67 10.89 195.80 15.27

Short-term 58.50 4.56

Needs Mediumterm 87.10 6.79

Total 145.60 11.36

LIVELIHOODS AND SMALL TRADING


A. Pre-Disaster Situation In order to have a clear picture on the livelihoods sector, all the settlements have been accounted for, without taking into account the degree to which these were affected. There are 198,173 inhabitants living the in the communities that constitute the affected area (Ministry of Economy MoE, 2008). The area is predominantly rural in nature (75%) and around 10% of the population is estimated to be permanently located out of the area for reasons connected with migration, studies, etc. The businesses sector, regardless of whether located in the flooded zones or not, is small compared to the urban areas. Most such businesses concentrate on processing of agro-products, as well as trade, light industry and services. At the national level, the poverty levels in rural areas increased during 2009. This, combined with the loss of agricultural income, implies a significant decrease in incomes in the affected communities.

B. Impact of the flood on the Sector The vast majority of the economy is rural and therefore agricultural in nature. This section examines the impact of the flood on the non-farm economic activities. From this perspective, the
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damages and losses are fairly mild, having affected only 4 shops and 2 industrial units. Furthermore, damage has occurred to some of the community infrastructure: 2 cultural centres, 1 library and 1 church were affected. It should be noted that kindergartens, schools and health clinics are discussed and assessed elsewhere in this report. All the damage and losses occurred in Cotul Morii village, except for a mill in Sarateni, a construction business in Gotesti village and one culture centre in Obileni village. C. Damages and Losses The total damage to the sector is estimated at 3102000 Lei whilst the estimated loss is 4051200 Lei. Therefore, compared with sectors such as housing and agriculture, the non-agricultural (small trading) sector has experienced relatively modest damages and losses. This reflects the very high concentration of activities in the rural sector and the subsistence nature of the economy. The latter implies that, in addition to replacing the lost business activity, it is necessary to give significant policy attention to the need to raise both agricultural and non- agricultural incomes so as to sustain rural livelihoods. At the same time, it is necessary to diversify the local economy. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs This section presents a brief analysis of the situation in the affected areas from a broad livelihoods and non-agricultural perspective. The issues raised below probably only represent a subset of the problems being experienced in the flooded affected area, based on a livelihoods perspective. Impact on basic needs and services: emergency food provision; state financial support; relocation of villages together with information on relocation; compensation for housing, lost crops, livestock are fields where the Government has started the process. Improvement in coordination and information is, however, highly recommended. Post-disaster Livelihoods: the issue of assistance with reconstruction of the future new homes by the flood victims on a cash for work / public works basis is critical. Equally important, is the necessity for due consideration and planning for post-disaster livelihoods. There is a need to assist the districts and communities to plan and implement a post-disaster livelihoods strategy focusing on re-establishing the lost non-agricultural economic activities, diversification of the local economy and generating sustainable livelihoods, especially in the most severely affected areas. The strategy for recovery and reconstruction relies on the application of principles such as awareness raising, regular and proactive information provision, consultation and empowerment of the local communities affected by the flood. This in turn necessitates effective coordination between the Government, the districts and the communities/mayoralties at the lower geographical scale. In addition, a number of elements will be required in order to reduce the vulnerability of the livelihoods, as well as ensure the reduction of disaster risk. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in the Livelihoods and Small Trading sector
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Currency in million MDL in million USD

Damage and Losses Damage Losses Total 3.10 0.24 4.05 0.32 7.15 0.56

Short-term 8.93 0.70

Needs Mediumterm 16.50 1.29

Total 25.43 1.98

Source: PDNA Estimates

EDUCATION A. Pre-Disaster Situation In 2009/2010 school year there were 419 educational institutions in Cantemir, Hincesti, Nisporeni, Stefan Voda and Ungheni districts, including 201 pre-school institutions and 218 schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. Total number of enrolled children was 71,999, including 16,257 children in pre-school institutions and 55,742 students in schools. In the pre-floods period there were 17 schools and 16 pre-school educational institutions in the mostly flood-affected villages of the above mentioned districts. B. Impact of the flood The July 2010 floods affected 1,663 children of 0-18 years old in Cantemir (279), Hincesti (1077), Nisporeni (27), Stefan Voda (62) and Ungheni(218), including 455 children of preschool age. One third of the total number of children are directly affected and have been displaced, the rest are indirectly affected as their families have lost agricultural land/plots, crops and other property. The localised geographical parameters and the quantitative characteristics of the flood-incurred damages and losses in the education sector made no significant impact on the national education system as a whole. However, it deteriorated the situation for the sector in Hincesti, the mostly affected district, where several educational institutions have been affected directly and indirectly mainly in Cotul Morii, Sarateni, Obileni and Nemeni. Directly affected by flood: one kindergarten and one school in Cotul Morii village (H?nceti district) were completely destroyed by the flooded waters, as the whole village. The personnel of Cotul Morii school and kindergarten could lose their jobs in the education sector as the village and educational institutions no longer exist. No other public educational establishments (buildings or assests) in the flooded districts had any direct impact of the natural disaster, though being used as a temporary shelter (Obileni and Nemeni Gymnaziums; students hostel of Hnceti College) for the evacuees, rescuers, army, resettled population, the school premises are disarranged and need to be renovated and put in order before the new school year starts on 1 September. C. Damages and Losses Cotul Morii Gymnazium and kindergarten: The buildings and all assets have been damaged and lost. Sarateni Gymnazium is affected indirectly as 50 from 70 school children are from the families whose houses were flooded and they will be resettled to the other places. Twenty school-age children will remain in the village and there will be a need to arrange transportation to a new destination school in a nearby village.
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Teachers and other personnel employed in the educational sector in Cotul Morii (36) and Sarateni (14) are at risk of losing their job because of the flood impact, and there is a need to consider their redeployment to other educational institutions as well as their resettlement options to the villages where additional classes are planned to be opened. There is nocertainty about the employment of all the affected teachers, kindergarteners, educational institution employees: as a result of the floods, they may fall into unemployed category, and the unemployment benefits will be paid. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs The main set of response measures in regard to the impact of floods on the education sector is focusing on meeting the childs right for education and development and providing the floodstricken children with the access to other educational institutions preventing the separation of the families. For Building Back Better the national and local authorities are using the opportunity to renovate and modernise the rundown educational facilities and improve the facilities and conditions for students, teachers and pre-school children to meet a criteria of child-friendly and hazard-resistant standards for reconstruction of schools and also the addressing childrens learning/teaching needs as the majority of buildings have long lasting problems with sanitation , running water supply, heating, sport and play grounds, furniture, educational equipment, and catering facilities. A safe and secure learning environment that promotes the protection and well-being of students is to be ensured for all girls and boys . Life skills education/activities and life saving information, with a focus on disaster risk reduction, should be age-targeted and included into both formal and non-formal education. Safe school construction assessments are to be initiated by the educational authorities. All educational establishments for children regularly undergo assessments on risk resilience. Girls and boys, including preschool-age children, children with special needs, have access to quality education opportunities and appropriate life-saving skills programmes and information about the emergency. Safe and secure learning and recreation environment that promotes the protection and well-being of children is ensured for all. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Education
Currency in million MDL in million USD
Source: PDNA Estimates

Damage -

Damage and Losses Losses Total 18.94 1.48 18.94 1.48

Short-term 26.32 2.05

Needs Mediumterm 12.60 0.98

Total 38.92 3.04

HEALTH AND NUTRITION A. Pre-Disaster Situation Prior to the flood, the health care in the affected districts of Cantemir, H?nceti, Nisporeni, Ungheni, Cahul and Briceni was provided by public medical-sanitary institutions and individual
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outpatient settings. The human resources constitute 864 doctors and 2,790 nurses. The total population served in all the 6 districts was 570,500 people, including 31,816 under-5-age children. Currently the nutritional policies implemented in Moldova focus on promotion of breastfeeding, reduction of micronutrients deficiencies, and increasing access for pregnant women and under-5-age children to micronutrients by providing them with free iron and folic acid . The nutritional status of children is monitored by the primary health care workers in accordance with the Ministry of Health standards. B. The Impact of the Flood on the Sector In affected areas the number and type of medical institutions has not changed, continuing to work under a normal regime, except in Hincesti where prior to the flood there were 4 primary healthcare institutions serving over 6,000 people. As a result of the disaster the activity of 3 rural healthcare institutions was stopped, reducing the districts access to health care services caused by damages to the physical infrastructure. During the flood, the health care in H?nceti district was organized and provided by opening 3 additional health care units at the Health Centre and the gymnasium in Nemteni, and at the gymnasium in Obileni at in i . Four teams of doctors and nurses, who were providing healthcare 24/7, were working in the medical units, two additional health care units at the Construction College and Polyvalent School in Hincesti, where over 250 affected people were relocated. The provision of an appropriate response by the Ministry of Health and local public administration authorities has contributed to diminishing the damages on health and food safety for the affected people.
C. Damage and Losses

Damages and losses of physical infrastructure and medical equipment/furniture have been registered only in H?nceti district: 3 medical institutions were affected by the flood, in Cotul Morii, Obileni, Sarateni being flooded to different extent. As a result of intensive use in the response to floods, the medical equipment of bacteriological laboratory of Public Health Centre H?nceti is out of order and an ambulance car was completely damaged. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs To avoid short-term negative impact on the population's access to quality health care services and the smooth functioning of the medical institutions, financial sources should be identified to cover the expenditures incurred for medical specialist, secondary technical staff, construction of new medical institutions and provision of medical equipment, and modern means of communication and transport. In the medium- and long-term, the flood may have a negative impact on the nutritional status of population, especially of young children, due to the loss of agricultural products and livestock by households. The strategy for health sector recovery and reconstruction in the affected areas is to restore and modernize the physical infrastructure of the medical institutions, provide for human resources and transport, ensure the economic and physical accessibility of drugs, food safety and nutrition, in particular for young children.

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Short-term needs of the health sector include the construction of a primary health care institution for displaced communities, Cotul Morii and Sarateni villages in Hincesti district, and its provision with equipment; the provision of disinfectants and consumables to ensure the protection of public health and removal of flood consequences; covering the unplanned extra expenditures of the medical institutions incurred as a result of flood consequences removal; procurement of food for young children; carrying out a public information campaign on the negative impact of flood consequences on health (informing about the harm of mold, moisture in the room, the consumption of foodstuff products from flooded territories, the use of water for drinking and cooking, and measures of protection against contagious diseases). Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Health and Nutrition
Currency in million MDL in million USD Damage 0.95 0.07 Damage and Losses Losses Total 2.86 0.22 3.82 0.30 Short-term 21.98 1.71 Needs Mediumterm 8.66 0.68 Total 30.64 2.39

Source: PDNA Estimates SOCIAL PROTECTION A. Pre-Disaster Situation The July 2010 floods along the river Prut resulted in evacuation of 3,114 persons (1,293 families), including 614 children, from 1,084 flooded houses and adjacent area. . This increased the number of vulnerable individuals and families and placed immediate requirements for resettlement , food, water, sanitary and non-food supplies, compensations, psycho-social support . The flood-stricken population is rural and relied predominantly upon revenues from the agricultural produce they grew on their land; almost all of it was lost in the flooding. B. Impact of the flood on the Sector Keeping with the Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Familys strategy, the systems at the district level are ready to implement the most urgently-needed actions , including the provision of food and non-food aid to flood-stricken population, registration of all beneficiaries for different short-term emergency and recovery assistance. Persons who have been receiving Ajutor Social and nominative categorical compensations before the flooding have continued to receive it afterwards. It is expected, however, due to loss of main sustenance (agricultural land) and loss of property that many additional persons and households will apply and qualify for targeted social assistance (Ajutor Social). At the initial stage of the disaster, the social protection sections and districts administrations distributed over 322.13 tons of emergency aid (i.e., foodstuff, personal use items, hygienic products and essential goods) to the affected and displaced population. Shortly after the disaster, as one-time measure, the Government announced that every affected person is entitled to onetime cash compensations of 500MDL. C. Damage and Losses
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Physical damage to a building that housed a social protection unit occurred in Cotul Morii; the 2 staff were temporarily relocated to the offices in Obileni village. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Field observations, meetings and discussions with the affected people, social sector authorities and social assistance providers informed priority areas for mitigating the negative flood impacts on the most vulnerable groups and the recovery of poor rural communities: housing, social assistance, employment scheme, psychosocial support to the flood-affected and displaced population. People who were receiving nominative social assistance or Ajutor Social (targeted social assistance) before the floods had continued receiving it after the floods. The recipients of targeted social assistance, however, will significantly increase in the next couple of months, due to extensive loss of increased vulnerability and poverty (i.e. loss of personal land, livestock and property) Employment programmes, like active inclusion in public works on reconstruction, could decrease the need for additional benefits, while the well promoted Ajutor Social programme l redirects the cash benefits flows towards the most vulnerable groups. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Social Protection
Currency in million MDL in million USD
Source: PDNA Estimates

Damage -

Damage and Losses Losses Total -

Short-term 11.31 0.88

Needs Mediumterm 2.6 0.21

Total 13.98 1.09

ENVIRONMENT A. Pre-Disaster Situation Climatic and soil conditions allow the Prut River floodplain to have a diversity of forest and wetland ecosystems. There are 8,072 ha of forests and about 14,000 ha of natural lakes and wetlands located here, including two internationally important nature reserves: "Prut de Jos"; and Padurea Domneasea. Prutul de Jos reserve has a total area of 1,691 ha and jointly with neighbouring natural Lake Manta represents a unique ecosystem, considered as the last natural wetland floodplain in the lower Danube region. The Padurea Domneasea forest nature reserve with an area of 6,500ha is located in the mid Prut River Valley and represents a unique ecosystem composed of meadow oak forests and wetlands. Both nature reserves support globally vulnerable and endangered of fish, birds, and the mammals species and are important for water wolf birds being located within one of the major international migratory corridors. The Prut river valleyand especially its flood zonewere not subject to significant human impact. Most of the natural habitats, including its forests, were kept intact. Furthermore, with only few exceptions, there were no potential sources of pollution (e.g., warehouses of agrichemicals, gasoline stations and/or any industrial enterprises). Part of the floodplain in the mid and lower part of the river was drained and brought into agricultural production.
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B. Impact of the flood on the Sector The environmental impacts of May-July 2010 floods are low to moderate and largely related to the following: (a) the dispersion of household wastes into the Prut river; (b) inundation and contamination of community water wells, including deep water wells; (c) destruction of fish spawning grounds, breeding and feeding areas; and, (d) impacts on solid wastes land fields. The damage to natural ecosystems and important habitats (forests and wetlands) was not significant. The long term impacts during recovery and reconstruction time will be mostly dealing with: (i) solid waste and debris management; (ii) sourcing of construction materials; (iii) recovery and improving of forest ecosystems as well as reproduction of fish resources; (iv) needs for strengthening of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and environmental management capacities of district environmental authorities and of local councils. Based on analytical data it is possible to conclude that no serious contamination resulted from the flooding. At the same time, the flooding caused serious impacts on Prut river fish resources. Most of the fish spawning grounds, breeding and feeding areas were destroyed. Valuable fish species migrated to the meadows of the river and, after the waters recede, will remain in separate ponds and lakes. Once the level of water in these temporary water reservoirs recedes, in the conditions of high temperatures the fish will die causing considerable losses to river ecosystem. The flooding also caused serious impacts and damage to forest resources, especially to newly planted areas.
C. Damage and losses

The attached table provides an estimate of damage and losses. Direct damage to fish resources and forests resources is expected. Potential environmental losses might include the following: (a). Management of debris and wastes during recovery and reconstruction stages which might require additional resources and cause new environmental impacts; (b) Impact of sourcing reconstruction building materials. Rebuilding and repair of houses, roads, bridges, etc, will require important supplies of natural resources, e.g. stones, clay soil, and sand. If managed poorly, accelerated extraction of these resources to meet increased demand could result in negative environmental impacts; (c). Forest recovery and reconstruction costs. Taking into account the long flooding causes damage to the status of forests, for improving their status it would be necessary additional sanitary cuttings, replanting, cleaning-up and maintenance activities; (d) Recovery measures for fish resources. The creation of a special reproduction Center for improving reproduction of the fish resources is proposed and (e) Additional costs for conducting environmental assessment for the reconstruction programs and projects and for strengthening environmental institutions. Reconstruction requires increased demand for the district authorities and local councils environmental assessment and management. D. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs
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The volume of the debris to be collected and construction wastes to be removed, the extent to what the fish and forest resources have been damaged, and the quantity of agricultural and household pollutants entering into Prut river are the main environmental problems related to the current flooding. These findings and proposed measures to address them should be incorporated into long-term restoration and reconstruction programs to eliminate unacceptable environmental impacts from subsequent flooding. Specifically, recurring losses and negative intrusions into environmental systems could be avoided, or at least minimized, by identifying, measuring, and interpreting the magnitude and significance of environmental impacts associated with flooding. The immediate recovery measures are related to conducting clean up, maintenance and sanitary cuttings and replanting activities in the forest sector as well as measures for increasing reproduction of fish resources. Table: Damage, Losses and Needs in Environment
Currency in million MDL in million USD
Source: PDNA Estimate

Damage 17.37 1.35

Damage and Losses Losses Total 11.22 0.88 28.59 2.23

Short-term 0.20 0.02

Needs Mediumterm 15.49 1.21

Total 15.69 1.22

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Section III. Economic and Social Impact


3.1 Macroeconomic Impact According to preliminary PDNA analysis of damage and losses, July floods caused by heavy rains in some parts of Romania, Moldova and Ukraine had only small impact on the GDP of Moldova for 2010 estimated at 0.15 percent of GDPas directly affected regions were mostly making part of agricultural production accounting for about only 8-9 per cent of the Moldova GDP. However, once projected public and private recovery and reconstruction spending are included, 2011-2012 GDP will be affected positively thanks to the recovery and reconstruction activity expected to take place those years (real GDP growth increasing by about 0.1-0.3 percentage points of GDP in 2011-2012). Based on sector information about losses, two most affected GDP sectors are agriculture and transport (about 60 per cent and 38 per cent of GDP losses respectively.) Given that total surface of agricultural land suffered due to floods does not exceed 0.4 percent of total agricultural land in Moldova, the impact of this natural disaster on agricultural exports will be negligible. No other exports are reported to be affected. The floods have directly affected more than 3 thousand people. Some of their relatives working abroad will most likely respond by higher remittances to affected communities. It is difficult to estimate exactly by how much their remittances will increase the overall level of remittances in the country. However even taking into account relatively conservative number of more than three hundred thousand Moldovans working abroad, the increase in total number of remittances produced by members of affected families will most likely hardly be noticed. At the same time short and medium term recovery needs will definitely generate an additional inflow of imports of different kinds. Based on the summary table of damages, losses and needs additional imports may constitute up to 30 million USD in 2010 and 40 million USD in 2011. (0.8 percent and 0.9 percent of merchandise imports respectively) Therefore, the total negative impact of July floods on the Current Account Deficit of the Balance of Payments is estimated not to exceed 0.4-0.6 percent of GDP in 2010-2011. This amount will be lower if donors come up with additional money in the form of official transfers to compensate the damage and losses. Assuming most of the recovery needs will be covered by the budget, its expenditures should increase respectively by up to 380 million MDL in 2010 and up to 514 million MDL in 2011. Thus, the deficit of the general government budget may increase by about 0.5 per cent in 2010 and 0.6 percent in 2011. At the same time it should be mentioned that the state budget of 2010 as well as 2011 do not have the sources to cover these costs. Therefore it is expected that these expenditures will be covered from the resources accumulated on the special account accumulating financial assistance aimed to remove the consequences of natural calamities (there were 26.4 million MDL accumulated on this account as of August 11, 2010 with 1.3 million MDL being already distributed) as well as from additional external non-reimbursable financial assistance. Impact on Livelihoods and Incomes
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There are 198,173 inhabitants living the in the communities that constitute the flooded area. The affected area is predominantly rural (75%) in nature and around 10% of the population is estimated to be permanently located out of the area for reasons connected with migration, studies, etc. Table 1 sets out the nature of the population structure in the flooded area. Table 1: General Population Characteristics of the Flooded Communities (2008) Affected area Population Men Women Present % Present Urban areas (small towns) 49289 23069 26020 44420 90.1 Rural areas 148884 73608 75476 136100 91.4 Total 198173 96677 101496 180520 91.1
Source: Ministry of Economy (MoE)

There are 76,128 families in the affected area, over 70% of which are located rural areas: 3.8% of such families have 3+ children under the age of 18 and there are three times as many rural families with disabled members than is the case with urban families (MoE, 2008). The businesses sector, regardless of whether located in the flooded zones or not, is small compared to the urban areas. Most such businesses concentrate on processing of agro-products, as well as trade, light industry and services. In 2009 the size of the average micro enterprise in the affected districts was 2.8 employees and the average turnover per employee was 86,500 lei in micro enterprises. The bulk of the economy in the affected area is agricultural in nature; there are 25,545 agricultural producers with less than 10ha of land, the level at which the farmers are considered to be economically viable. These agricultural producers, effectively operating on a subsistence basis, account for 99% of all farmers in the area affected by the flood. Modovas official national unemployment rate in 2009 was relatively modest (6.4%) by comparison with neighbouring countries, although this is known to be an underestimate, partly because of the degree of migration. The official national male unemployment rate 7.8% is significant higher than that of females (4.9%); and the youth unemployment rate stands at 15.4% (15-24 years). However, the data from the flooded communities show that the unemployment rate stands at 5.8% in urban areas but is more than double in rural areas (12.7%); these figures are indicative only but illustrate the degree of the problem. Poverty and Deprivation At the national level, the poverty levels in rural areas increased during 2009: the absolute poverty rate reached 36.3% (+1.7% compared with 2008) for rural areas compared to 12.6% (-3.6%) in urban areas, including small towns (MoE, 2008). Out of the total number of flooded villages, 6 communities are part of the category of the most deprived communities at the national level, out of which 3 are from the Hincesti district (Cotul Morii, Obileni, Nemeni); the other three are from the districts of Ungheni (Medeleni), Nisporeni (Brboieni) and Briceni (Lopatnic). Employment Because the affected area is predominantly agricultural in nature, the employment impact of the flood has been relatively modest. The affected non-agricultural sector (comprising shops, mills and construction units) employed 11 people, none of whom is working any longer. The owners of the respective businesses anticipate re-starting their activities by the beginning of 2011,
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assuming they receive some financial support for example in the form of interest free loans. In the context of the cultural facilities (cultural centres, library ad church), 9 public officials were affected. Income National data show that income from wages is the most important source of family revenues, though this is more important in urban than rural areas (wages contribute 58.1% Vs 30.6% of the overall family income). The second most important source of income, in both urban and rural areas, is social contributions (14.8% Vs 20.6%) such as pensions and child benefits. A key source of income in rural areas is remittances from family and friends working abroad though this is particularly important in rural areas (12.6% Vs 20%). Since most rural activities in Moldova are subsistence in nature, income from agricultural activity remains relatively important in rural areas (18%); unsurprisingly, it is negligible in urban areas (0.9%). Table 2: National Urban and Rural Incomes Data (2009) Urban Rural Disposable income 1477.1 939.2 Income from wages 858.5 287.8 Income from agricultural activity 12.9 169.1 Income from non-agricultural activity 107.0 53.1 Income obtained from property 3.8 0.4 Social payments 218.6 193.1 Pensions 183.6 165.2 child benefits 8.6 5.4 Compensations 7.8 8.8 social aid 0.3 1.3 Other incomes 276.4 235.7 Remittances 185.5 207.0
Data source: National Bureau of Statistics

Urban % 100.0 58.1 0.9 7.2 0.3 14.8 12.4 0.6 0.5 0.0 18.7 12.6

Rural % 100.0 30.6 18.0 5.7 0.0 20.6 17.6 0.6 0.9 0.1 25.1 22.0

Remittances represent an important source of income to overcome poverty in the country it reduced by 11% the risk of the population falling below the poverty line (Poverty and Policy Impact report, MoET, 2008). However, other sources of income data indicate that the level of remittances is being severely impacted by the economic crisis. Remittance levels in rural areas decreased significantly (17%) in early 2009 according to a joint UN/World Bank assessment (Impact of the Economic Crisis on Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Republic of Moldova, 2009). Furthermore, between Q4 2008 and Q1 2009, income from self-employment in agriculture experienced a 25% contraction. The steep decline in remittances, combined with the loss of agricultural and livestock income, implies a significant decrease in incomes in the affected communities. It is possible that the amount of remittances received by the families affected by the flood might increase to cover the losses of household. However, this cannot be taken for granted (informal discussions with flood
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victims suggest that there has not been an increase in remittance flows) due to the global economic crisis. It should be noted that remittances make-up a larger part of revenues in better off households than in the poorer ones in Moldova, nevertheless, there is likely to be a negative impact which will affect the most vulnerable households disproportionately. The loss of income from salaries and wages will almost certainly mean that the poverty levels in the affected areas are very likely to increase dramatically over the next 24 months if compensatory action is not taken. The coincidence of the emergency situation with the wider financial and economic crises is likely to sharpen the poverty effects in the affected areas.

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Section IV. Recovery and Reconstruction Framework


Introduction This part of the report presents the recovery and reconstruction requirements to restore the livelihoods of the affected individuals and households and the economic output of the affected areas back to pre-disaster levels and to build back the destroyed physical infrastructure assets and restore the services to their pre-disaster functioning level. The estimation of the recovery and reconstruction effort takes into account the principle of build-back-better, to ensure that the damaged assets that are rebuilt in a way to reduce the risks associated with similar disasters in the future. The recovery and reconstruction needs could serve as the basis for the preparation, by the GOM, of a detailed action plan as the basis for implementation. Recovery and Reconstruction Framework The PDNA forms the basis for a comprehensive recovery and reconstruction framework that combines short-term, medium-term, and long-term needs. Given the nature of Moldovas floods, the focus of the PDNA has been on the short-term recovery needs, which encompasses the first six-month period (up to December 31, 2010) and the medium-term recovery and reconstruction needs, spanning an estimated two years (up to June 30, 2012). In some specific areas, long-term needs have been identified within the context of disaster risk management to reduce the vulnerability and risk of occurrence of a similar disaster in the future. Post-disaster environments can pose challenges but also present opportunities to address difficult, long-standing development issues. While the floods have been localized in a few areas of the country, there is a lot of awareness of the risks associated with natural disasters and a keen desire to reduce risks and losses associated with them. With climate variability adding to uncertainties, developing countries such as Moldova have to do even more to safeguard gains in poverty reduction and economic growth. The consequences of natural disasters will continue to take a toll on Moldovas people and its economy if adequate measures are not taken to reduce risk. While the occurrence of the type of floods as witnessed currently is described as relatively infrequent, the country is only two years removed from the severe flooding in 2008. Therefore, the country needs to prepare itself for floods of this magnitude to happen more frequently in the future. This has to be looked into holistically with a particular focus on land use planning, maintenance, rehabilitation or reconstruction of the flood management infrastructure, early warning forecasting, and the continued focus on strengthening the capacity of the countrys disaster response and coordination mechanisms, which can be critical in managing the consequences of natural disasters. Building back better is essential, but it is not enough. Assuming that the flooding could not have been prevented, its impact could have been reduced. For example, in the aftermath of a previous flood, the residents of the then affected Cotul Morii village did not accept a relocation plan,
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instead rebuilding in the location that now is inundated and unsuitable for habitation. As a result, a high cost has been borne in terms of human suffering for the villagers and potential adverse impacts on the Governments resources. As is the case with most natural disasters, the poor and vulnerable were disproportionately affected by the floods, and efforts to help restore their housing and their livelihoods are urgently needed. More importantly, however, field visits by the different sectoral teams have revealed that there is a lack of a communication between different levels of Government and the affected population. At a time when dislocated (and sometimes separated) families may wonder about their misfortune, their lot can worsen if they lack a sense of what the future holds for them. Under such circumstances, it is imperative to discuss with affected people a roadmap to recovery and reconstruction, giving them an opportunity to participate in efforts to restore livelihoods and rebuild the fabric of their lives. While tending to the needs of those who have been displaced, the Government could also think through policies that might encourage the development of more disaster-resilient communities as well as risk reducing practices. . Strategic Priorities An effective recovery and reconstruction program is required to address the needs of those most affected by the floods. The preparation of such a program could be guided by a framework that focuses on five priority issues: (i) housing support for dislocated families; (ii) restoration of livelihoods; (iii) flood management; and, (iv) disaster risk management. Housing and Land Use: The flood had significant impact on the lives of the exposed people, damaging and destroying their houses and forcing them to be displaced. The majority of the displaced population (with the exception of those in Cotul Morii) are staying with their relatives. While they have access to basic services such as water, electricity, and sanitation, they are crowded into small spaces because several households have to share a small house. In many instances, those who evacuated to their relatives dwellings are able to stay within their villages; nonetheless, they do not have access to their agricultural land, on which they rely to earn income. However, much of their agricultural land is also partially or entirely submerged. During a town hall meeting organized by the Government, in conjunction with the PDNA exercise, an informal survey was conducted where the majority of people being housed at the Technical College for Building Construction in Hnceti reported that they did not want to return to their previous villages. To ensure feasibility and sustainability of the recovery and reconstruction efforts, lands outside of the flood and landslide zones may need to be acquired so that exposed people can relocate safely. Furthermore, basic infrastructure services (water, electricity, roads, sanitation, gas etc.) will be needed to ensure a reasonable quality of life for the displaced people. It may also be desirable that lands near the original villages are acquired for relocation, considering cultural connections of exposed people to their original lands. Finally, recovery and reconstruction of the housing and land use sector in the affected areas should be governed by three principles: (i) participatory planning; (ii) timeliness and feasibility; and (iii) national ownership. Livelihoods/Agriculture/Social Protection: The issue of assistance with reconstruction of the future new homes by the flood victims on a cash for work / public works basis could be critical. Equally important, is the necessity for due consideration and planning for post-disaster
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livelihoods. There is a need to assist the districts and communities to plan and implement a postdisaster livelihoods strategy focusing on re-establishing the lost non-agricultural economic activities, diversification of the local economy and generating sustainable livelihoods, especially in the most severely affected areas. The strategy for recovery and reconstruction relies on the application of principles such as awareness raising, regular and proactive information provision, consultation and empowerment of the local communities affected by the flood. This in turn necessitates effective coordination between the Government (not least the Ministries of State, Interior, Economy, Agriculture, Construction and Regional Development and Labour, Social Protection and Family), as well as between the district and the communities/mayoralties at the lower geographical scale. Disaster Risk Management/Flood Management: While flood management is an integral part of disaster risk management, it requires special mention as a separate priority given the immediate cause of the current disaster. However, DRM is a broader concept that can help a country become proactive, coherent, and effective when it comes to preparing for natural (or man-made) disasters, reducing associated risks, or for dealing with their consequences when they do occur. In Moldovas context, the Government has already initiated efforts to strengthen the countrys DRM capacity. For example, just as the country was in the middle of dealing with the floods, a World Bank-supported project was approved that will strengthen the State Hydrometeorological Services capacity to deliver better and timely weather forecasts. In addition, the project will support the Department of Exceptional Situations (DES) to better coordinate disaster response by establishing a modern emergency command centre. These activities had been planned before the onset of floods and it is commendable that the Government was already focusing on the important area of DRM. But, the needs in this area are broader and will require more attention in the future. Three additional areas are worth mentioning. These include: (i) developing a risk financing framework, which can guide the countrys choices in mitigating the financial risks of disasters; (ii) clarifying and strengthening institutional mechanisms for coordinating disaster risk reduction, response and recovery; and (iii) developing awareness and capacity at the community level to prepare for and respond to natural disasters. Flood Risk Management. Moldovas flood management system is comprised of protection dykes and dams. There are 126 dams with storage volume of more than one million cubic meters and 3,000 dams with storage volume less than one million cubic meters for water impoundment. Thirty eight dams out of 126 are dams managed by the Apele Moldovei Agency, for operation and maintenance. These dams are used for flood control, irrigation, recreation, energy or other tasks. Therefore, the social and economic function of these dams is very important. Unfortunately, this protective system is very old and has been degraded over time due to a number if reasons including lack of maintenance and rehabilitation. But, from urgent measures to repair breaches in embankments to more strategic rehabilitation and reconstruction of this system, the needs in this area are immense. However, strengthening this system is a vital part of the countrys ability to manage flood risks. A way forward would be to focus on the short-term needs identified by this assessment and in the medium-term focus on serious measures for strengthening flood management starting with the finalization of a strategy on the development and management of water resources and protection against floods.

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Financing Financing needs as a result of this disaster are substantial and doing nothing would be a mistake. The PDNA estimates the cost of recovery and reconstruction at US$ 75.01 million. Given the very limited capacity of the flood management system as well as the overall DRM system in Moldova, and the possibility of increased frequency and intensity of floods, such costs could be expected to recur more frequently unless urgent efforts are made to mitigate the effects of future disasters. Financing could come from a number of sources but the Government may request financial support from international development partners. This is because Moldova has only recently begun to recover from the severe effects of the global economic crisis and the Government has limited resources at its disposal. Funding could also be mobilized through other modalities: borrowing from multilateral and bilateral sources, including on accelerated emergency terms; reallocation of funds under ongoing donor-supported projects and programs; and, through additional financing arrangements. Recovery and Reconstruction Program This PDNA presents a set of post-disaster activitiesthe recovery and reconstruction programto be undertaken to achieve two main goals: Recovery of socio-economic activities at the personal/household levels Reconstruction of destroyed or damaged physical assets Financial needs for the recovery and reconstruction program have been estimated based on the damage and loss assessment caused by the floods. These needs are expressed in a disaggregated manner taking into consideration breakdowns by sector of economic activity and ownership by the public or private sectors. To ensure full recovery from the negative impact of the disaster, program interventions and their corresponding financial needs are presented. Financial needs for reconstruction are defined on the basis of the estimated value of damage while adopting a strategy that seeks to introduce disaster-resilient standards, depending on availability of funding. A building-back-better strategy requires relocation of selected activities to safer areas, reasonably improved design and construction standards, adequate flood-control measures and schemes. The recovery and reconstruction program operationalizes the framework. More than one-third (36.4 percent) of the total recovery and reconstruction program is for the housing sector, reflecting the urgent need to house the displaced families before the onset of winter. This is followed by support for in flood management (primarily a public sector undertaking), agriculture, and transport infrastructure, (public sector), and agriculture (a mix of public and private sector). Funding for close to 43 percent of the overall recovery and reconstruction program would need to be mobilized for the activities to be carried out during the period up to December 2010. The PDNA has also highlighted the need to develop medium- to longer-term solutions to address priority policy issues. Development solutions for two of the major policy issues highlighted in the PDNA flood control, and disaster risk reductionrequire concerted efforts over many years, well beyond the period covered by the PDNA. While the program in the attached table focuses on short- to medium-term actions, long-term needs are discussed in the annexes.

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Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Summary of Short-term and Medium-term Needs Short-term MediumNeeds (until term Needs December 31, (until June (MDL million) 2010) 30, 2010) Flood control and dam management Construction Works 10.09 101.50 Pumping of Water 0.73 Consulting Services 56.40 Goods 1.67 Subtotal(MDL million) 12.49 157.90 Subtotal(USD million) 0.97 12.32 Housing Provision of appropriate temporary shelter to exposed people 2.80 Construction of new houses 216.20 156.50 Subtotal(MDL million) 219.00 156.50 Subtotal(USD million) 17.08 12.21 Energy Providing basic infrastructure for Cotul Morii Subtotal(MDL million) Subtotal(USD million) Transport National roads Local roads Village streets Prut-2-Cahul section (railroad) Subtotal(MDL million) Subtotal(USD million) Water and Sanitation Cleaning and disinfecting water sources Rebuilding and restoring shallow wells Rebuilding and repairing deep wells Construction of water supply system for the new site. Construction of sewerage system and waste water treatment facility for the new site Rebuilding damaged private toilets (improved toilet facilities) for dwellings in affected communities Subtotal(MDL million) Subtotal(USD million) Agriculture Crops Land Rehab Livestock Irrigation/Drainage 6.56 6.56 0.51 8.92 6.90 2.40 18.22 1.42 0.66 0.60 3.48 8.00 4.00 2.00 6.74 0.53 10.62 19.06 21.85 6.97 12.00 0.94 52.63 19.82 14.65
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8.92 1.29 35.91 46.13 3.60

Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Summary of Short-term and Medium-term Needs Subtotal(MDL million) 58.50 Subtotal(USD million) 4.56 Livelihoods Policy review, coordination and strategy development 1.93 Capacity building Humanitarian and financial support and income generating activities 7.00 Subtotal(MDL million) 8.93 Subtotal(USD million) 0.70 Social Education 26.32 Health 21.98 Social Protection 11.31 Subtotal(MDL million) 59.61 Subtotal(USD million) 4.65 Environment Field survey for assessing the status of forest resources, prepare and implement a recovery action plan Assess the impact of flooding on fish resources, prepare and implement a recovery action plan Assessment of the floodplain protected areas and incorporate environmental protection requirements into recovery plans, including capacity building activities Subtotal(MDL million) Subtotal(USD million) Disaster Risk Management
Hydrometeorological forecasting, data sharing and early Coordination of disaster mitigation, preparedness and response Financing disaster losses, reconstruction, recovery & risk transfer

87.10 6.79 11.80 4.70 16.50 1.29 12.60 8.66 2.67 23.93 1.87

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.02 0.38 3.00 0.00 3.38 0.26 393.62 30.70

12.74 2.75

15.49 1.21 1.28 50.00 1.20 52.48 4.09 568.03 961.65 44.30 75.01

Subtotal(MDL million) Subtotal(USD million) TOTAL (in MDL million) TOTAL (in USD million)

Note: Financial needs are addressed in this table; other activities that do not have a financial implication are in the annexes. The Way Forward The recovery and reconstruction program proposed by the PDNA does not constitute a full plan. That would require further analytical work and programme preparation work to refine sectoral
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needs and priorities, elaborate implementation arrangements and complete and refine estimates of costs. Part of such a plan would also include identification of already programmed activities that would contribute to the programme presented here. In this section, the PDNA team would like to share with the Government some broad principles that can guide implementation of any plan that may emerge as a result of this exercise. In addition, the PDNA team will make some recommendations on implementation arrangements, including for monitoring and oversight of future works. The suggestions presented below draw on lessons learned from recovery and reconstruction programs in other countries. Principles and Arrangements for Implementation A set of guiding principles could govern implementation of the recovery and reconstruction program. The purpose of these principles is to enhance the effectiveness of recovery and reconstruction efforts, increase transparency and accountability, and ensure that resources are translated into results on the ground. The principles seek to guide a reconstruction program that will build back stronger and more resilient communities. A transparent recovery and reconstruction program It is important that there be clear communication with flood victims regarding the recovery and reconstruction program. For example, tt is clear to the PDNA team that the flood victims are aware of the fact that the Government will re-house them but the lack of information on how, when, etc. is creating stress and anxiety. Since district-level offices also seem to lack the necessary information, the affected communities are experiencing an information gap. The Government should initiate a proactive, regular information provision service across all the affected area in relation to housing, as well as all other aspects of coping with the disaster such as financial awards, compensation for lost housing and crops, etc. People-centered, and equitable approaches Community-based, participatory approaches that engage local communities in decision-making, implementation, and monitoring of activities could be adopted to increase the quality and speed of reconstruction, align projects with real needs, and lower the risk of misuse of funds. The Government intends to resettle people, such as in Cotul Morii, to higher ground to avoid further risk of flood. Land purchase, preparation, construction, etc. takes some time and it is normally combined with a structured process of consultation and information provision. The Government needs to consider developing a strategy for the relocation process; a top-down approach could prove counterproductive. Although disasters increase the vulnerability of all, groups who are already disadvantaged may need special assistance and protection. Particular priority could be given to the poor, marginalized female-headed households, children, orphans, elderly, and people with disabilities. Reduction of future risks With floods and other disasters being a regular occurrence in Moldova, a disaster risk management strategy that take into consideration all likely significant hazards is needed to reduce the impact of future disasters. Such a strategy could include not only hard investments associated with flood management or early warning forecasting but also legal, policy and institutional measures that can be implemented over time to develop disaster resilient communities in the country. Any such strategy should also review the options for transferring
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the financial risks associated with natural disasters, reconsideration of spatial planning and urban development strategies to reduce the risk of further human loss and physical damage in the future. Coordination and Monitoring In advance of the work to be conducted by the Lazar Commission, the Government will need to take effective measures to implement the short-term recover program and also lay the foundation of the medium-term recovery and reconstruction program. To ensure there is effective delivery of the different activities of the recovery and reconstruction program, it would be useful for the Government to evolve a mechanism for coordinating the work of the various ministries and agencies that will participate in this program. Furthermore, it will be important to closely monitor the implementation of the program. This is important for both accountability as well as timely delivery of essential services to the affected population, especially with winter on the horizon.

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Section V. Reducing Risks


Moldovas is highly vulnerable to natural disasters caused by hydrometeorological phenomena (hail storms, early frost onset, droughts and floods) landslides12 and seismic hazards (earthquakes). This vulnerability is due to a combination of geographical factors and inappropriate land use practice. The impact of natural hazards on Moldova's poor rural populations is particularly severe, because of the currently high levels of poverty, the susceptibility of its agriculture, as well as the inadequacy of disaster response and hazard mitigation measures. Climate change is responsible for repeated severe weather patterns. Consequently, adaptation to short-term climate variability and extreme events is a basis for reducing vulnerability to long term climate change. Recently, the country was affected by intense and destructive floods both in 2008 and 2010, resulting in a economic shock due to damage and losses observed in various sectors particularly agriculture and infrastructure. The 2007 drought caused estimated losses of about US$1.0 billion; the 2008 floods cost the country about US$120 million. The damages from natural hazards in Moldova estimated at US$ 105.9 million per year. 13 An important underlying hazard is the waterlogging (saturation of the soil by groundwater sufficient to prevent or hinder agriculture) of urban or rural floodplain areas occurs at locations where the floodplains lie behind river embankments or dykes and where land drainage installations are deficient.14 Subsurface flooding is estimated to be a risk to 80% of the countrys 1,532 settlements and 125,000 buildings. A multiple freeze-thaw event in 1998/99 is reported to have caused damages totaling about 5.5 million USD, most of which from landslides events. Reliable estimates of annual average damages from subsurface flooding have not been located. The 2010 floods are being currently assessed by the government in partnership with UN agencies under the Post Disaster Assessment (PDNA) methodology. Preliminary qualitative data indicates that damage and losses on the housing and land use and agriculture subsectors caused by water/floods hazards could be substantially reduced if risk reduction structural measures were applied in advance to the flood season, to secure the safety of the existing aging flood control system. Archival analysis indicated that during 1984-06, Moldovas average annual economic losses due to natural disasters were about US$61 million, or 2.13 percent of national GDP.15 Historic records reveal earthquake damage, for example, in 1940, Chisinau experienced a magnitude 7.3 earthquake (out of maximum of M=9) while the 1986 Vrancea earthquake, caused estimated
12

In Moldova, 43.7% of settlements are threatened by landslides, and they are increasing every year. Landslides are mainly linked to subsidence from large construction works and widespread deforestation, rather than heavy rainfall events. They are relatively slow-moving and not a major contributor to morbidity or mortality. Most damages are related to local displacement, which may result from damage to buildings and other assets, and loss of cropland. Average annual losses from them amount to $1.3 million (V.A. Osinok, A.P. Sudarev, and E.N. Sheremet (Gosudarstvenoe Agentsvo po Geologii Respubliki Moldova AGeoM), 2006, Monitoring opasnykh geologicheskikh protsessov na territorii Moldovy)
13

A Hazardous Existence- MNLT in Rural Moldova, The World Bank Report, 5 FEB 2007, Adapted from World Bank (WB) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2006). A Hazardous Existence: Managing Natural Livelihood Threats in Rural Moldova. Chisinau, June 2006.
14

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losses equivalent to US$500 million.16 In 2009, estimated per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was US$1,514, making it the poorest country in Europe. The UNDP Human Development Report 2006 ranks Moldova 114 out of 177 countries with a human development index (HDI) score of 0.694, lower than the regional average for CIS and Eastern Europe. The most vulnerable economic sector is agriculture. The agricultural and agro-processing sectors account for about 34% of the countrys GDP. These sectors generate about 60% of export earnings, and provide employment for roughly 43% of the labour force. Thus, recovery from these disaster shocks is increasingly difficult considering that the economy is in recession and the global financial crisis has undermined every main source of earlier economic growth: remittances, private consumption, exports, and private investment. Clearly, reducing Moldovas vulnerability to extreme weather events and natural hazards, and mitigating subsequent losses due to disasters, are a priority for the country economic development. Institutional Framework for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) The legal and institutional framework for DRM is mostly oriented toward emergency response, rather than preventing risks and hazards. Institutions in natural hazard mitigation in Moldova can be roughly divided into coordinating emergency commissions, early warning and prognosis bodies, line ministries, and disaster management bodies. None receive adequate budgetary allocations. Although an adequate legal and regulatory framework is in place, there is a need to improve coordination and contingency planning. Institutions in natural hazard mitigation in Moldova can be roughly divided into coordinating emergency commissions, early warning and prognosis bodies, line ministries, and disaster management bodies. None receive adequate budgetary allocations. Although an adequate legal and regulatory framework is in place, improve coordination and contingency planning are key issues to be addressed. Capacity building is necessary at every level of the disaster management structure. The national disaster management system in Moldova is regulated by the Law on Civil Protection and the Law on Defence against Fires and includes the Civil Protection and Emergency Situations Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova as the main implementing institution. The Government Commission for Emergency Situations (defined under the Law on Civil Protection, No. 271 of 9 November 1994) functions as a national multisectoral body responsible for policy development and planning for crisis preparedness, mitigation and response. Disaster prevention, response, relief and recovery are key functions within the mandate of the State Department of Exceptional Situations (DES), which has been part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs since 2004. In 2001, Moldova created the Republican Commission for Emergency Situations as the main entity to manage major emergencies. Its Head is the Prime Minister; the Deputy Head is the Director of the State Department of Exceptional Situations (DES). The Commission meets semi-annually and includes representatives of all line ministries and executive branches. District and local emergency commissions have a similar structure and include heads of local governments and relevant public services. During emergencies, members are notified immediately and meet to evaluate the level of threat to the population, the economy, and infrastructure, and to agree on the response. The emergency commissions and DES create
15

Mitigating the Adverse Financial Effects of Natural Hazards on the Economies of South Eastern Europe: A Study of Disaster Risk Financing Options (South Eastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Programme).
16

Using the prevailing exchange rate: US$1=0.8 ruble). Source: Institute of Geology and Seismology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and a joint damage assessment by the International Red Cross and the Department of Exceptional Situations (DES).

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five-year preparedness and response plans, and hold regular meetings to discuss, update, and ratify them. District and local-level emergency plans are updated annually, similarly to sector plans, for example, for flood protection. DES-coordinated emergency response exercises are carried out on average every five years. Moldova signed several agreements with countries in the region, such as Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and is a member of organizations responsible for crossborder emergencies international cooperation, such as the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) and Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Initiative (DPPI) for the South Eastern Europe. The State Hydrometeorological Service (SHS) is active in many sectors including (i) weather forecasting and host of the national meteorological observation network; (ii) meteorological research and development (R&D); (iii) hydrological forecasting and host of the national hydrological observation network; hydrological R&D; (v) air quality measurements and services; (vi) water quality measurements and services; and (vii) commercial services. The Apele Moldovei Agency manages the flood control system, which is comprised of a total length of 960 km, of which 720 km are under the agency. Most of the dams/dykes were deteriorated by floods and outflows throughout the operation period. These key risk management issues, related to dam safety and vulnerability of exposed population and assets, have been discussed in the Infrastructure section. Needs Assessment for Disaster Risk Management The South Eastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Programme (SEEDRMAP), based on the priorities for action of the Hyogo Framework of Action, specifies three focus areas: (i) hydrometeorological forecasting, data sharing and early warning; (ii) coordination of disaster mitigation, preparedness and response; and (iii) financing disaster losses, reconstruction and recovery, and of risk transfer (disaster insurance). This report will follow the above 3 focus areas. The PDNA assessment indicate that all 3 areas have unmet needs, some areas more than others. Consultations were undertaken by the PDNA/DRR team with national and local authorities and selected groups of affected population. Desk review on available documentation was also analyzed. Civil protection in Moldova is viewed in terms of protection and rescue and its provision is governed by legislation and decrees17. Overall, disaster risk management is practiced under a reactive approach; there is a focus on emergency response towards a hazard, and not on reducing the hazard risk and vulnerability of the exposed population. Proactive approaches of risk management, emphasizing preparedness, and the use of risk reduction principles has been perceived as low priority by government authorities, in terms of applicability at national and local level. A draft of a National Strategy for Natural Hazard Mitigation, 20082015, which had an implicit climate risk management focus, was developed under the support of the World Bank, however it was not approved due to budget constraints for finalization an and implementation. Coordination bodies (such as the National Commission of Emergency Situations) are ad hoc in nature, and, although there is a coherent institutional architecture for preparedness and response, linkages among the relevant institutions for risk assessment are not cohesive. Key principles of risk management are not mainstreamed into policies and legislations aimed to integrating prevention and mitigation actions into development planning. There is a lack of capacity at the local level among district emergency commissions, local public administrations, civil society organizations, and communities for preparedness and response, as
17

South Eastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Programme (2008). The structure, role and mandate of civil protection in disaster risk reduction for South Eastern Europe. ISDR, WB and OCHA.

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well as planning for and undertaking prevention and mitigation actions. Space technology and use of real time satellite images is not at all utilized to guide spatial analysis and decision making, or it is underutilized. The images provided to the PDNA teams, were from UNOSAT/UNITAR through the European Commission Services and Applications for Emergency Response. Below are identified needs by areas:
(I) Hydrometeorological forecasting, data sharing and early warning. The State

Hydrometeorological Service (SHS) meteorological and hydrological data network is in need of upgrading and automation. Replacing defective equipment and automating old manual gauges will build a foundation needed for improved weather forecasting, i.e., for short-term forecasting as well as a data system need for long-term climate forecasting. The network of existing weather stations will need to be either replaced or damaged sensors and instruments replaced. A World Bank-financed project will support some of the needs related to capital investments required by the SHS. However, to promote service delivery with the objective of meeting the needs of different sectors of the Moldovan economy, the SHS could benefit from sustained technical assistance and training activities. There are several unmet needs on the strengthening of the EWS, like satellite images in real time for improved regional forecasting for severe weather and, at national and local level, appropriate dissemination of information user friendly and adapted to local culture.
(II) Coordination of disaster mitigation (including institutional capacity), preparedness

and response. The following categories with overall needs, were identified: Coordination of Disaster Mitigation It is critical to clarify and strengthening institutional mechanisms for coordinating disaster risk reduction, response and recovery in the country. There are a number of ministries and government agencies responsible by different parts of the overall DRM procedures and operations in the country. Promote dialogue on disaster issues and how to respond better, needs to be organized and contingency plans established before the disaster strikes. A national platform18 of disaster risk management is suggested to shift focus from emergency management to risk reduction, related to all-hazards. At national level, responsible for the flow of information from central government to the rayons and communities, there is lack of overall information exchange and knowledge transfer among disaster-related agencies in non-disaster times, as part of continuous disaster preparedness (State Department of Exceptional Situations, SDES). Strengthen Institutional and Organizational Capacity - Establishment of a national platform in DRM
-

18

Review Government review of policy, procedures towards the establishment of an institutional and regulatory framework for disaster risk reduction Development of a national disaster risk reduction strategy

ISDR definition: a National Platform for DRR can be defined as a nationally owned and led forum or committee of multi-stakeholders. It serves as an advocate of DRR at different levels and provides coordination, analysis and advice on areas of priority requiring concerted action through a coordinated and participatory process. A National Platform for DRR should be the coordination mechanism for mainstreaming DRR into development policies, planning and programmes in line with the implementation of the HFA. It should aim to contribute to the establishment and the development of a comprehensive national DRR system, as appropriate to each country.

38

Improve institutional capacities for enforcement of approved legislations and standards Update flood emergencies procedures of the monitoring system of flood control system, and provision of equipment for emergency responders of Apelei Moldova and SDES agencies

Mitigation and Preparedness Local level risk management LLRM. LLRM is a process that includes locations beyond the boundaries of a municipality or community. Activities developed are defined in space by similar natural and physical environment, similar hazard and risk exposure or common experience of disasters and common concerns in recovery from the hazard. The flood hazard determines the approach used as opposed to Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM). Local knowledge about vulnerabilities, hazards, and traditional coping capacities is needed to assess the actual disaster risk and identify feasible interventions for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and recovery. At community level, information of what to do before the flood season, during and after needs to be transferred and disseminated using various media types with information about flood effects, prevention and protection measures undertaken at both individual or community level. Introduction of floods preparedness in local schools is critical and it is a cross cutting issue with Education. Moreover, there is a need to promote regional / interdistrict exchanges in flood control techniques in order to draw upon the large body of knowledge and experience of the last decade in post-disaster recovery and development, this will facilitate learning among key stakeholders at local level. The LLRM is planned to be implemented in 25 communities located in high risk areas of flooding. There is also a need of quantification of accumulated damage and losses of middle scale disasters. National statistics records the socio-economic impact of large scale disasters. For example, the devastating drought of 2000 was not captured in the national statistics. SDES data underestimates the extent and severity of the impact of the natural hazards on the rural communities; and also the combined effects of several middle size disasters on the population. A disaster database (e.g., UNDP DesInventar) could be a major tool to register middle size disasters and its economic consequences. Strengthen operational competence and update knowledge and equipment of existing local level DRM committees Implement community base DRM planning, information management and local risk assessment for better flood response Introduce DRM advocacy and awareness materials in schools

Land use planning for disaster preparedness. There is an absence of land use planning to take into account vulnerability to natural disasters. Furthermore, there is a lack of public awareness on construction of buildings at a reduced risk of flooding. The floods of 1994 were very destructive and these negative experiences may not have been incorporated as lessons learned in risk reduction measures. There is also limited awareness about good practices in construction of flood proof buildings from other regions and/or countries, which could be incorporated into building standards in Moldova.

39

Formulation of integrated spatial plan in disaster vulnerable districts (e.g. Hincesti and Cantemir) based on hazard mapping and vulnerability assessment; Integration of hazard mapping on various natural disasters including flood, landslide, erosion and earthquake; Identification of areas/communities that are vulnerable to natural disasters and integrating the findings into spatial planning to mitigate risks of natural disasters; Promote capacity building and public awareness on disaster risk reduction through public consultation and sensitization (cross-cut with LLRM); Development of flood-proof construction guideline based on Moldovan context (living standards, income, etc.) Financing disaster losses, reconstruction and recovery, and of risk transfer

(III)

Risk Transfer The growing frequency and severity of weather-related events is likely to translate into increased financial vulnerability for many households in South Eastern Europe (SEE) countries, including Moldova. It is already clear that due to weather extremes, households are likely to experience more frequent and potentially severe damages to housing sub-sector as well as loss of employment income due to business interruption. Given the current very low level of disaster insurance penetration in SEE countries (of the order of 1-3 per cent), natural hazards are likely to take a considerable additional financial toll on the population of the region. The most vulnerable to the rural poor to these disaster shocks.19 The insurance sector in Moldova is growing slowly, if compared with Western European countries. In 2008, the 33 registered insurance companies generated gross written premiuns of 54.4 millions EUR20 increasing 24.5% compared to 2007. Because of a low participation rate of the population in the insurance market, the public sector is the provider of ex post risk transfer that provides financial means to affected population by hydrometeorological hazards, (ibid 9). Risk transfer is the shift of the burden of disaster damage and losses to another party, for example the insurance companies. Risk transfer is one important element of disaster management; however the Moldovan mechanism currently in place to transfer the risk of natural hazards is very limited. Problems are focused on the public sector inability to finance disaster losses and the private insurance industry which is the basis of risk transfer; it does not work well for natural disasters. Most of the damage created by natural disasters rests on individuals. Physical and indirect losses resulting from earthquakes are partially compensated by government withdrawing from exceptional funds (ibid 8). The national disaster fund in the country is represented by the Moldova Reserve fund and Agencies reserve funds with the amount of 2.3 million USD with and annual appropriation of annual budgetary replenishments in addition to accessing a local disaster funding of 2% of local budgets(ibid, 9).
19

Gurenko, Eugene N. and Zakout, Wael (2008). Mitigating the Adverse Financial Effects of Natural Hazards on the Economies of South Eastern Europe: A Study of Disaster Risk Financing Options South Eastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Programme. World Bank and ISDR.

20

cited in page 128, UNDP 2009/2010 National Human Development Report.

40

The latest Agricultural Strategy for Moldova21 envisages a special mechanism for dealing with the risks involved in the agricultural sector. This mechanism consists of a Natural Disaster Intervention Fund which would allow for partial compensation for the loss owing to natural disasters, both climate-induced (droughts, hail, frost etc.) and for market-driven ones (sudden increase in the price of gas, diesel fuel, lubricants etc.). The insurance sector in Moldova is poorly developed, especially in rural areas, and there is a lack of insurance awareness amongst farmers. Moldasig is the only insurance company involved in crop insurance and only since 2006. Financial capacity to manage major national systemic risks, such as drought, is beyond the capacity of the insurance sector in Moldova and would be dependent on international reinsurance. Such reinsurance is unlikely to be available to support a traditional individualfarmer multi-peril crop insurance program (MPCI), and is more likely to be feasible for an index program and for conventional crop hail insurance22. In Moldova, there is no risk assessment, nor quantified data (e.g., frequency of heavy rain and/or hail aligned with standardized protocols) and adequate parameters on the basis reliable calculations of cost of a potential insurance by different type of hazards resulting in disasters. Risk zoning and risk maps as the basis for a effective risk transfer Develop, as part of the national disaster risk management strategy, an integrated disaster risk management function at the national level that comprises disaster risk reduction and risk financing

Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Summary of Shortterm and Medium-term Needs (MDL) Disaster Risk Reduction Hydrometeorological forecasting, data sharing and early warning 00.00 Coordination of disaster mitigation, preparedness and response 00.00 Financing disaster losses, reconstruction, recovery & risk transfer 00.00 Short-term Needs Medium-term (until December Needs (until June 31, 2010) 30, 2010) 384,6 00.00 3,000,0 00.00 1,200,0 00.00 3,384,6 00.00 52,482,0 50,000,0 1,282,0

21

Development of Agriculture and Food Sector Strategy, 2006-2015, Government of Moldova, March 2006 (Draft), page 19.
22

Adapted from: (World Bank, 2007). A Hazardous Existence: Managing Natural Livelihood Threats in Rural Moldova. Chisinau

41

ORDER OF ANNEXES
1. Flood Control and Dam Management 2. Housing and Land Use 3. Energy 4. Transport 5. Water Supply and Sanitation 6. Agriculture 7. Livelihoods and Small Trading 8. Education 9. Health 10. Social Protection 11. Environment

Annex 1: Flood Control and Dam Management


Background The country has a flood protection system inherited from Soviet times. The total length of antiflood protection dams and dykes is 960 km, of which 720 km are under the management of the Apele Moldovei Agency. These dams/dykes protected 90 localities and approximately 87,000 hectares of agriculture lands. The anti-flood system is comprised of protection dykes and dams. There are 126 dams with storage volume of more than one million cubic meters (See Annex 1) and 3,000 dams with storage volume less than one million cubic meters for water impoundment. Thirty eight dams out of 126, are dams managed by the Apele Moldovei Agency, for operation and maintenance. These dams are used for flood control, irrigation, recreation, energy or multipurpose tasks. Therefore, the social and economic function of these dams is very important. The protective dams and dykes were constructed 40-50 years ago and have been subjected to weather and water erosion. During these floods, for a period of 3 months, intense water flow and velocity has weakened these structures, strongly increasing the risk of dam failure. Further, the settlements located below the floodplains of the river Prut were extremely vulnerable to floods, because of low topography. In the flooded zone of the administrative districts Hincesti and Cantemir, the flood waters are low; however, there is a risk of flooding for the villages and agricultural lands downstream (e.g., Leova and Cahul districts). The main cause of the failures of the dams, is the volume of rain that felt and the intensity of the rainfall. The period of these high waters in 2010 has lasted from the middle of May until the middle of August. By the middle of July, 5 peaks of high water occurred resulting in floods. The total volume of the flood water was 2 km3, which is equal to the volume of the Prut rivers annual inflow. Currently, the sixth wave of high water is taking place, further deteriorating the flood control structures. Impact of the flood on the Sector a. Summary description Extreme rainfall upstream of the Prut river caused several breakups of the embankments in the following villages23: Nemteni (Hincesti district), Stoianovca, Antonesti, Gotesti (Cantemir district), with high losses in assets and livelihood. Protection dykes / dams which constitutes a major threat as they can break up and flood further areas in Tiganca (r. Saca) village in Cantemir district and the Chircani and Zirnesti villages (Cahui district). The dyke in Cantemir breached and requires urgent repairs, otherwise 5 additional villages are put at risk, affecting 9448 people and 2276 houses flooded; 22,000 hectares of agriculture fields would be lost. Emergency measures include discharging the water from the flooded valleys through artificial breaches of the dykes allowing flood water flow back to the Prut river in
23

Adapted from World Bank (WB) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2006). A Hazardous Existence: Managing Natural Livelihood Threats I Rural Moldova. Chisinau, June 2006.

Cantemir and Hincesti districts. After flood waters recede, the dykes will be rehabilitated. Overall, there is critical lack of an effective monitoring system with a need to update procedures and provisions of equipment (Annex 2 for a complete list of equipment). b. Damage and Losses On the dyke Leuseni, Cotul Morii, Nemteni, (district Hincesti), a section of approximately 40m length is breached on Distance Mark (DM) 20+70 (from the start of the dyke) and 120m of artificial breach, was done 4.3 km (DM 43+00). On the Polder N I, (district Cantemir) 15m length of a section is breached on 8.1 km (DM 81+00). On the Polder N III (district Cantemir) approximately 35m length section is also breached (DM and 120m artificial breach was done on DM 46+00). On the Polder N III (near village Tiganca, district Cantemir) 30m length dyke section was settled and need to be rehabilitated. Table 1 Overall Summary of Damage and Losses (Lei and USD millions) Disaster Effects, million Lei Damage Embankments and Water Control Structures Dyke Leuseni, Cotul Morii Nemteni, 0.019 (district Hincesti) 160m Polder N I, (district Cantemir) 15m 0.002 Polder N III, (district Cantemir) 185m Total 0.022 0.043 Losses Total

0.019 0.002 0.022 0.043

Needs Assessment Short term 1. Pump the water from flooded irrigation and drainage stations: Ungheni district (3 pumping stations), Hincesti district - 1, Leova - 1, Cantemir - 3 (with further repair or replacement of the equipment); 2. Pump the water from flooded regions on Prut river (flood plain from NemteniCotul Morii village, dyked polders I and III, with 6,500 ha in total area); 3. Reconstruct the holes in the protective dams in Hincesti and Cantemir districts with 120m total length and artificial breaks of walls (270m); 4. Uproot shrubs and trees in the state flood-control dams; 5. Develop working drawings for repair of dangerous areas on the protective dams; 6. Develop technical and economic studies of the flooded and potentially flooded areas along Nistru and Prut rivers, with construction of temporarily flooded areas and/or sites of wetlands, as well as a study of the condition of waterworks (barrages and dams) along small rivers, and ameliorative and drainage works;

Develop an action plan, including actions relating to construction, reconstruction and consolidation of the flood-control dams systems, construction and reconstruction of pumping and drainage stations; 8. Develop an integrated flood management system aligning with the existing ones according to Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) of the European Union Directive 2007/60/EC. 9. Asses current policy and legislation and bring up to international standards; 10. Set up a state protective dams monitoring service in the relevant organizations (technological irrigation stations); 11. Resource mobilization.
7.

Non-structural measures (consulting services) as itemized as number 5-11 below, will be financed by the Government of the Republic of Moldova. Medium term 1. Finalize the development of the National Strategy on the Development and Management of Water Resources and Protection against Floods; 2. Develop the technical-economic calculation, Protective actions on Nistru and Prut rivers, taking into account the floods after the setting into operation of Nistru and Costesti Stanca hydro power station, with compulsorily formulation of free surface curves for Nistru and Prut rivers; 3. Correct the current exploitation rules at Dnestrovsk Hydro Power Complex and CostestiStinca taking into account the 2008 and 2010 floods; 4. Study the Costesti-Stinca Hydro Power Complex and improve safety and security. The protection measures in the low lands of Prut, Nistru, and other rivers are implemented by state protective walls (protecting dams) that protect the farmland, farm buildings, and localities against being inundated by the transit floods 5. Gradual investigations of 126 water reservoirs on internal rivers with the useful volume of water being over 1 million m3. At the first stage, 10 water reservoirs that can potentially flood the localities and do not have the needed technical documentation will be studied; 6. Create the register of protective hydro-technical constructions and implement a system of Hydraulic structures, requiring that the owner submit a statement on the safety of protective construction. Long term 1. Develop a National Strategy on the Development and Management of Water Recourses and Protection Against Floods; 2. Develop GIS-based digital flood risk maps on the river basins; 3. Develop and approve integrated flood risk management plans; 4. Develop integrated water resources management plans involving regional cooperation for: the Prut river basin (with Ukraine and Romania) and for Nistru river basin (with Ukraine). 5. Design and rehabilitation of Ghidighici dam. The cost of implementing the planned actions for long term from the items 1-4 above will be determined when implementing the medium term activities.
4

Table 2. Summary of Needs (Millions Li) Short Term Embankments and Water Control Structures Leuseni, Cotul Morii Nemteni, 2.0 district Hincesti* (river Prut), 160m Dancu-Leuseni district Hincesti (river Prut) Cioara Dancu district Hincesti (river Prut) Cioara -Poganesti, district Hincesti (river Prut) Poganesti, district Hincesti (river Prut) Sarata Razesti, district Leova (river Prut) Tochile Raducani, district Leova (river Prut) Matasari, district Leova (river Prut) Town Leova, district Leova (river Prut) Antonesti, District Cantemir (river Prut) Polder # I, 0.19 District Cantemir* (river Prut), 15m Polder #II, District Cantemir (river Prut) Polder # III 2.31 District Cantemir* (river Prut) Polder # IV District Cahul (river Prut) Polder # V District Cahul (river Prut) Gura Bikului (river Nistru) Sherpen-Spea (river Nistru) Pukhchen-Sherpen (river Nistru) Dubessari Vec (river Nistru) 6.793 Medium Term 6.80 3.30 3.60 5.3 1.2 3.60 3.30 1.20 1.20 Not defined 6.51 21.20 33.79 38.20 39.80 0.126 Not defined Not defined 6.793 6.7 21.2 36.1 38.2 39.80 0.126 Long Term Total

8.80 3.3 3.6 5.3 1.2 3.60 3.30 1.20 1.20

Short Term Corjeva (river Nistru) Kriulen (river Nistru) Ustia (river Nistru) Dubessar-lunga-Jerginsk (river Nistru) Pokhrebya (river Nistru) Coshnica-Pirita (river Nistru) Dorockaq (river Nistru) Benderi-Kickan (river Nistru) Kickan (river Nistru) Kopanka (river Nistru) Talmaza-Choburcuiu (river Nistru) Reskec-Purkar-Olenesht (river Nistru) Olenesht-kromkaz (river Nistru) Tudora-Palanka (river Nistru) Pump the water from flooded irrigation and drainage stations Pump the water from flooded regions on Prut river Reconstruct the holes in the protective dams (390m) Uproot shrubs and trees in the state flood-control dams Finalize the development of the National Strategy Develop the technical-economic calculation Correct the current exploitation rules at Dnestrovsk Hydro Power Complex and Costesti-Stinca 0.36 0.37 0.390 5.20

Medium Term

Long Term 1.668

Total

1.668

0.108 0.528 0.616 7.011 2.680 1.578 8.650 12.870 13.849 29.215

0.108 0.528 0.616 7.011 2.680 1.578 8.650 12.870 13.849 29.215 0.36 0.37 0.390 5.20

1.70 3.00 0.60

1.70 3.00 0.60

Short Term Study the Costesti-Stinca Hydro Power Complex and improve the safety Create the register of protective hydrotechnical constructions Design and rehabilitation of Ghidighici Dam (Safety assessment of the dam see in Annex 3) Investigations of 10 dams (list of dams in Annex 3) Technical equipment 1.666 Total 12.486

Medium Term 50.00 0.10

Long Term

Total 50.00 0.10

9.50 1.00

9.50 1.00 1.666

157.897

162.695

333.078

Annex 2: Housing and Land Use


Background (Situation before the flood) Before the flood, lands in the affected areas were classified as agricultural and residential. These areas are located in the lower level of the basin alongside the Prut River. Therefore lands are very fertile and suitable to agriculture. At the same time, because of this topography, and also because these areas are located in the seismic zone, these areas are highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes. In the affected villages, housing and land are privately owned. Most housing units are single story and are built using materials such as mud, wood, brick, adobe and/or stone. Water supply and sewerage facilities do not exist; 5 to 10 households share a common well to access water. Electricity networks are available, but most roads are not paved. While these areas are highly vulnerable to natural disasters, no measures were taken to mitigate disaster risks. For example, Cotul Morii, one of the villages affected by the flood, was severely damaged by a flood in 1994 caused by heavy rain. At the time of the flood in 1994, 160 houses were destroyed and 16 people died in the village. The government proposed relocating the affected people to areas next to Srteni village, approximately five kilometres away from Cotul Morii, across agricultural lands. However, this proposal was declined due to the unwillingness of the people to relocate; damaged/destroyed houses were rebuilt in the same place in Cotul Morii village. Impact of the Flood on Housing and Land Use a. Summary Description Villages and agricultural lands located in the lower level of the basin along the Prut River were affected by the flood, resulting in damage and destruction of agricultural land, housing, infrastructure, household goods, and livestock. Among 11 villages located in the basin, Cotul Morii village was the most severely damaged, and is planned to be relocated. b. Damages and Losses The impact of flood on housing is reported from Hnceti District (villages of Nemeni, Cotul Morii, Obileni, and Srteni), Nisporeni District (villages of Grozeti and Brboieni), Cantemir (Ghioltosu and Gotesti), and Ungheni District (villages of Ungheni, Constuleni, and Mcreti). 1,111 housing units were destroyed, 8 units housings partially damaged.24 Household goods that
24

Destroyed refers to houses that have been identified as uninhabitable due to flood damage, including those that were washed away. Partially damaged units are those which were partially flooded, but were still inhabitable. However, in some partially damaged houses, the foundations were affected, which caused cracks in the wall and

are moveable were moved from houses as much as possible in the early stage of flooding, although many household goods were still entirely or partially destroyed. Estimated damage for the housing and land use sector amounts to approximately 84.0 million Lei. 1,241 households (3,117 people, including 592 children) evacuated from the affected villages. In addition, 144 households (345 people) were evacuated from Briceni District (villages of Drepcui, Lipcani and Criva) and Cantemir District (villages of Stoianovca, Ghioltosu and Goteti) due to high risk of spread of floods. In most villages, the majority of evacuated people are staying with their relatives within the same village. However, in Cotul Morii village, where flood damage was the most severe, approximately 355 out of 463 evacuated households are temporarily sheltered in public facilities in Hnceti town (approximately 35 kilometres away from Cotul Morii village) such as schools and kindergartens, or in summerhouses in the countryside of Moldova and surrounding countries. Remaining 108 households moved into vacant houses in Hnceti town. Most of the people living in Cotul Morii have their relatives within the same village, and since Cotul Morii village was almost entirely submerged, entire families had to seek for alternative shelter. Because all of Cotul Morii village and parts of other affected villages are exposed to high risk of flood, approximately 100 hectares of lands have to be acquired in a safer area near these villages to build 560 new houses. The new houses will be between 4-5 rooms made of limestone and cellular concrete, with an average size of 22m2 per inhabitant, and three inhabitants per unit.25 Estimated losses for the housing and land use sector amount to approximately 304.6 million Lei. The estimated economic losses take into account the cost of temporary shelters, cost of house quality improvement and the cost of demolition of submerged and/or destroyed houses. c. Summary: Damages and Losses Table
Effects of disasters Ownership Category (Million Lei) Damages Submerged/destroyed houses Damaged houses Household goods House quality improvement 77.5 0.3 6.2 Losses 295.2 6.6 Total 77.5 0.3 6.2 295.2 6.6 Public 0 0 0 0 0 Private 77.5 0.3 6.2 295.2 6.6

Demolition of submerged/destroyed -

would ultimately need to be rebuilt. 25 Averages provided by the Ministry of Construction and Territorial Development, based on data from the National Statistical Bureau and 2004 Population Census.

houses Temporary shelter Total 84.0 2.8 304.6 2.8 388.6 2.8 2.8 0 385.8

Human Recovery a. Impact on Basic Needs and Services The flood had significant impact on the lives of the exposed people, damaging and destroying their houses and forcing them to be displaced. The majority of the displaced population (with the exception of those in Cotul Morii) are staying with their relatives. While they have access to basic services such as water, electricity, and sanitation, they are crowded into small spaces as several households have to share a small house. In many instances, those who evacuated to their relatives dwellings are able to stay within their villages; nonetheless, they do not have access to their agricultural land, on which they rely to earn income. However, much of their agricultural land is also partially or entirely submerged. About 400 displaced people from Cotul Morii village are being temporarily sheltered in gymnasium of schools and vacant houses in Hnceti town, or in summerhouses in the countryside. They do not have adequate access to basic sanitation and clean drinking water, and are far from their agricultural land. Those people who have been relocated have expressed willingness to return to their villages, where they have their houses and agricultural lands. However, some areasincluding Cotul Moriiare not topographically and geologically suitable for people to return, taking into account the high risk of natural disasters. During a town hall meeting organized by the government, in conjunction with the PDNA exercise, an informal survey was conducted where the majority of people being housed at the Technical College for Building Construction in Hnceti reported that they did not want to return to their previous villages. Even in other areas, reconstruction must proceed using disaster-resistant construction techniques and building materials. To ensure feasibility and sustainability of the recovery and reconstruction efforts, lands outside of the flood and landslide zones must be acquired so that exposed people can relocate safely. On the other hand, it may be desirable that lands near the original villages are acquired for relocation, considering cultural connections of exposed people to their lands. Lessons should be learned from the relocation plan in 1994, which was declined by the people of Cotul Morii due to their unwillingness to relocate. Another important issue that must be taken into account is land rights and poor cadastre records. While 60% of Moldovan territories are officially registered, most of the villages affected by the flood do not have up-to-date cadastral information. This poses serious challenges on recovery
10

and reconstruction of the housing and land use sector in two aspects. First, exposed people do not have secure tenure due to incomplete cadastre records and are facing the risk that their land rights will be threatened. Second, because ownership of real property in this area is not officially recorded, the government has not been able to establish a clear policy and procedure of land acquisition, which is required for relocation. b. Capacities To ensure that adequate shelter is provided until new housing in safe area is provided, the government has developed several plans. These plans include offering vacant houses in Hnceti town, and promoting temporary relocation to the Moldovan countryside and surrounding countries. However, feasibility of these plans is still uncertain. Furthermore, the government has not yet established a policy, guideline and/or mechanism for the arrangement and provision of temporary shelters. There is a Law on Valuation Activity (2002) that assesses land and property values, but it is advisable that new regulations on post-disaster valuation be introduced. Further, there is a long-term need to support governmentas well as local actorsto build and develop capacities on key areas related to housing and land use such as urban planning, land and property assessment and management, disaster risk reduction, and land tenure. Included in this is the need to complete cadastre work in the settlements. Recovery and Reconstruction a. Sectoral Strategy for Recovery and Reconstruction Principle Recovery and reconstruction of the housing and land use sector in the affected areas should be governed by three principles: (1) people-centred approach; (2) timeliness and feasibility; and (3) national ownership. (1) People-centred approach Recovery and reconstruction activities should take into account the needs of affected people. People and local communities are encouraged to organize themselves and take part in planning process and implementation of recovery and reconstruction. All activities should take an inclusive approach, which treats people in a non-discriminatory and fair and equitable manner, regardless of their sex, age, religion, socio-economic status or other personal characteristics. The government should take a lead in organizing continuous public consultations. (2) Timeliness and feasibility The right balance between timeliness and feasibility is required throughout the process of recovery and reconstruction. While basic needs of displaced people should be satisfied as soon as

11

possible, recovery and reconstruction activities should be well-planned so that they are feasible within the anticipated timeline and sustainable in the long-term. (3) National ownership The national government is primarily responsible for timely and appropriate recovery and reconstruction, and local actors must be involved throughout the process to ensure legitimacy and sustainability. Where necessary, the international community should support national and local actors to build and develop capacity to carry out recovery and reconstruction. Implementation Arrangement/Measures Ministry of State oversees and coordinates the overall recovery and reconstruction process, including other sectors. Under the supervision of Ministry of Construction and Regional Development, District Councils of affected districts take the lead to plan and implement recovery and reconstruction activities of the housing and land use sector in close consultation with the village municipal authorities. Ministry of Construction and Regional Development is responsible for developing and revising relevant legislation and guidelines. An Action Plan has been prepared for Agency of Land Relations and Cadastre to guide the support they will provide throughout the process. b. Needs by Sub Sectors and by Ownership The needs in housing and land management sector could be categorized into the following three areas: (1) provision of adequate temporary shelter; (2) registration of land and real property ownership so that exposed people can relocate without threats to their land rights and security of tenure; and (3) housing reconstruction. All activities responding to these needs should be led by a public sector. c. Recovery and Reconstruction Plan Subsector: Housing and Land Use
Outcome 1: Provision of appropriate temporary shelter to exposed people Baseline Absence of regulation Needs Public / December Private 2010 to Needs to 31, June 30, 2012

Priority Activities

1.1. Development of legislation/mechanism mechanism to arrange Public to provide temporary and manage temporary shelters shelter
400 Public 1.2. Provision of Approximately are appropriate temporary households shelter to exposed temporarily sheltered in people

2.8 million Lei

12

public facilities Outcome 2: Regularisation of land ownership to ensure secure tenure of exposed people

2.1. Inventory of land Absence of official and property titles of cadastre information in Public affected villages exposed people
Absence of cadastre information and 2.2. Land exchange and registration for registration on lands Public expected to be acquired relocation for relocation Outcome 3: Housing reconstruction

3.1. Digital hazard mapping and identification of areas vulnerable for natural disasters 3.2. Development of relocation plan based on hazard mapping and consultation with exposed people

Information with maps with high hazard areas and natural disaster Public vulnerability are not centrally available Relocation plan does not reflect the social needs of affected Public people and are not based on sufficient public consultation

3.3. Construction of New housing units are Public not yet available new houses

216.2 Lei

million 156.5 Lei

million

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Annex 3: Energy
Background Power Sub-Sector The power sector in Moldova represents an important strategic infrastructure for the national economy and therefore the backbone for countrys development. It is also an important public service and has a strong social impact. Power supply is essential for both individual livelihoods as well as for the smooth operation of public and private establishments. Electricity is the only universal utility service in Moldova with 98% of households connected to the power grid. A reliably functioning power system is a basic requirement for a modern economy and economic growth. In addition to the human development aspect of residential power service, the agricultural sector is an important consumer of electricity in Moldova. Reliability of service to the agricultural sector, which is a major employer in rural locations where most of the nations poor are concentrated, is crucial for ensuring its position as an engine of growth in Moldova. Transmission and dispatch of electricity in Moldova is performed by the State Enterprise Moldelectrica on 110 400 kV high voltage grids. Distribution to end-user consumers is executed on 10 kV and 0.4 kV grids by two state owned distribution companies (RED Nord-Vest and RED Nord) and one private foreign capital company (FCC) Union Fenosa, which serves about 70% of countrys electricity demand on about 2/3 of the territory. Electricity is being supplied consistently throughout the year, interruptions being caused mainly by accidents and natural calamities. The operation of electricity companies is monitored by the National Agency for Energy Regulation on regulated tariffs. In 2009, domestic consumption of power constituted 3.2 billion kWh26. Less than one quarter is produced by local combined heat and power plants and other smaller generation units. The remaining is imported, which makes Moldova, alongside with gas imports, a net energy importer. The decline in power production over the last year alongside with power consumption is the result of the global economic and financial crisis. Table 1 Power production and consumption over 2007 2009 2007 2008 Power produced total, million kWh 903.7 905.0 3,232.3 2009 866.0 3,210.5

Supplied to end-user consumers (power 3,164.7 consumption) total, million kWh Source: ANRE National Agency for Energy Regulation

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Source: ANRE National Agency for Energy Regulation.

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Rural consumption of electricity is mainly by rural households and agricultural units and represents a minor share in the total consumption of electricity of about 21%27. Nevertheless, electricity is essential for rural livelihoods as it represents the only available public utility in most rural settlements. Therefore, continuous and reliable supply of electricity is of utmost importance among provision of basic infrastructure to affected areas. Impact of the Flood on the Sector Summary The July 2010 floods have had the greatest affect on electricity consumers in the four flooded villages in the district of Hincesti (the villages of Srteni, Nemeni, Obileni, Cotul Morii, the latter being flooded completely and planned to be relocated), and partially other localities in the districts downstream. This is the area serviced by FCC Union Fenosa. Union Fenosa acted promptly in a very difficult situation to eliminate potential electrocution accidents , while ensuring in parallel a reliable power supply to consumers in dry areas. The four affected localities in the district of Hincesti are supplied from a 35/10 kV voltage transformer on the feeder line nr. 6 with a total length of 32.1 km, of which 25.1 km represent the main feeder and 7 km of the secondary lines. The main transformer is equipped with SCADA system, which allows real time monitoring and prompt intervention to restore the supply in case of accidents. It has an installed capacity of 4 MVA and it is used only at 25%, while the secondary transformers with a total installed capacity of 4.049 MVA along the feeder are used only at 20%, respectively. Therefore, there is enough capacity to sustain additional load. This line could be reserved via feeder 6 from the 35/10 kV voltage transformer in the village of Balauresti, which has 2.7 km already constructed at a cost of about MDL 0.5 million. Table 3 below shows all electricity infrastructure affected by the floods. Table 2 - Summary of Affected Infrastructure in the Road Sector Location Type and installed capacity Flooded length / units Access 10kV APL* 7 km, Pole 80/1 to PT684** no access Cotul 16.57 km in total, the entire no access 0.4kV APL Morii, feeder Hincesti PT: 203 250kVA; 184 no access 3 100kVA; 185 250kVA Nemteni, no access 0.4kV APL 4.3 km, on separate segments Hincesti Obileni, no access 0.4kV APL 0.8 km, on separate segments Hincesti Sarateni, no access 0.4kV APL 2 km, on separate segments Hincesti 3.5 km in total, on separate no access Stoianovk 10kV APL segments a, Cantemir PT137 63kVA 1 no access 10kV APL 0.9 km, poles 10 to 29 no access Gotesti, Cantemir PT141 160kVA 1 no access Gheltosu, 10kV APL 0.1 km on F-3 no access
27

Source: ANRE, World Bank reports

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0.05 km on F-7 Cantemir PT: 650 1000kVA; 654 2 630kVA no access no access Valeni, PT413 40kVA 1 Vulcanesti * - APL: aerial (overhead) power line ** - PT: power transformer Source: FCC Union Fenosa, state as of 08.05.2010.

Damage and loss assessment Total damages to electricity equipment (lines, power transformers, and other equipment) were estimated by Union Fenosa at about MDL 6.6 million. This represents the amount estimated for investments to restore damaged infrastructure, as well as the construction of a new extension grid to supply power to the new residential site planned by the Government to relocate Cotul Morii (approximately 500 residential units). Restoration and construction works will be executed by the company and will be accounted for subsequently as new investments by the regulator. The company plans to mount a total of 28.8 km of 10kV and 0.4 kV lines and 17 various capacity power transformers. Table 3 provides an overview of investments needed to restore the power supply to affected consumers. Table 3 Summary of investments to restore damages to electricity equipment and restore supply of power to affected consumers Works* Locations Length in Total cost Lei Note km / units Executed Mounting 10kV APL 3 4.8 833,602.92 Nemteni, Cotul Morii, Sarateni, Nemteni Estimated Mounting PT 3 17 1,649,000.00 Cotul Morii, Sarateni, 10/0.4kV Obileni, Nemteni Estimated Mounting 0.4kV APL 3 24 4,080,000.00 Cotul Morii, Sarateni, Nemteni, Obileni Grand total: 6,562,602.92 * - more detailed information on specific lines and objects, as well as costs breakdown, is available. Source: FCC Union Fenosa The company is not able to read the meters for 1,292 consumers in the flooded areas. The average monthly supply for these consumers is 68 thousand kWh with an approximate cost of MDL 90 thousand (30 days collection period). Financial losses estimated as a result of reduced sales between July 7 31, 2010 amount to approximately MDL 72 thousand, of which MDL 61 thousand is from residential consumption and MDL 11 thousand for non-residential consumption. Potential short- and mid-term losses by the company because of lost consumption could be estimated at MDL 540 thousand and MDL 1.62 million respectively, totaling about

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MDL 2.2 million over the next 24 months. Table 4 provides an estimate of potential losses to the company because of lost consumers.28 Table 4 Potential losses because of lost consumers Number of Over the next 6 Another 18 months, Total for 24 months, consumers* months, MDL MDL million MDL million million Total: 1292 0.54 1.62 2.16 including: residential 0.46 1.38 1.84 non-residential 0.08 0.24 0.32 * - One consumer is considered either one household or one commercial or other legal entity Source: FCC Union Fenosa However, the above assumption is provided for estimation purposes rather than real losses to be incurred. Restoration of power to affected areas as well as power supply to the new site for relocation represents a priority, as identified by the Government Decision nr. 124-125/715 dated July 20, 2010 on construction of the new residential site and related infrastructure. It is therefore estimated that power supply to all areas, including to the new residential site, will be provided within the next two months. FCC Union Fenosa already issued connection authorizations for affected areas to Hincesti District Council. The total cost of design is MDL 155,802, including MDL 93,240 for Cotul Morii (Leuoaia) and MDL 62,562 for Nemteni. Total damages and losses to the sector could be qualified as negligible compared to total consumers served and total electricity sales by Union Fenosa. Union Fenosa supplies power to 804,843 consumers in total, including 228,736 commercial entities. Total energy supplied by Union Fenosa in 2009 was 2.3 million kWh. Gas sub-sector The localities affected by floods are not connected to the gas distribution network, with the exception of the village of Nemteni, which is supplied by the Nisporeni gas transmission pipe. The Government announced its readiness to provide all basic infrastructure services to the new residential site for residents relocated from Cotul Morii, including natural gas. However, in addition to building the internal distribution network (intravillan), there is the need to build about 36km of gas transmission pipe, with an estimated cost of MDL 16.2 million to connect the new site and neighboring affected villages to high pressure gas main. Such investment is estimated to be costly. Moreover, no demand assessment was carried out among the potential new consumers. The National Gasification program during the last 10 years identified a series of serious issues that require attention, such as the demand, ownership, investment volumes, capacity of
28

Incurring losses could, however, stop as soon as the damaged systems are restored and new residential site inhabited.

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transmission pipes, operation and maintenance of new gas distribution networks, as well as other issues. It is therefore recommended that the government takes a careful approach in this regard and considers this within the broader strategy for extension of gas supply network to the localities of the Republic of Moldova and the energy sector strategy.

Annex 4: Transport
Background In 2009, Moldova had a public road network totaling about 9,344 km, of which 3,336 km are classified as National Roads and the remaining 6,008 km as Local Roads under the management of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure (see table below). Table 1 - Moldovan Road Network Pavement structure National Roads km 3,336 Local Roads km 5,475 533 6,008 Total km 8,811 533 9,344

Hard Surface Earth/Gravel Roads Total 3,336 Source: www.statistica.md

The districts where the road network were affected by the floods along the Prut river (Hincesti, Cantemir, Ungheni, Cahul, Soldanesti) are served by a road network consisting of 1,898.2 km of public roads of which 640.6 km are national roads (all hard-paved) and 1,257.6 are local roads (1,132.8 are hard-paved roads). Table 2 - Road Network in the Affected Districts National Roads km 138.7 104.9 179.3 98.9 National Roads km (hard surface) 138.7 104.9 179.3 98.9 Local Roads km 213.5 267.2 206.8 168.2 Local Roads km (hard surface) 207.1 240.4 165.2 147.3 Total km 352.2 372.1 386.1 267.1
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Hincesti Ungheni Cahul Cantemir

Soldanesti 46.3 46.3 153.7 139.6 200 Total 640.6 640.6 1,257.6 1,132.8 1,898.2 Source: www.statistica.md The transport sector contributes to economic development in providing support for most trade operations and activities in the country. Road transport is an important, efficient and relatively secure means of transportation adapted to the internal demand of a small territory and trading with main CIS and neighboring countries. In 2009, road transport accounted for 82% of total freight transport and 98% of passenger traffic in the country. Impact of the Flood on the Sector Summary While the floods had a severe local impact on a number of communities, especially in Hincesti district where the village of Cotul Morii was totally submerged under water, the affected roads as a share of total road network was not significant. The floods submerged two local access roads and connecting infrastructure, such as two bridges, in Cotul Morii and Sarateni (Hincesti district). The access road to Nemteni was flooded only briefly, however, and was used to access the affected villages to provide emergency assistance by the Government and international community. In Soldanesti, a bridge was totally washed out on the L172 access road. Further down south in Cantemir district, 1.3 km section of the R34 national road along with a connecting bridge was submerged under water disrupting normal traffic flow. The section remains impassable causing drivers to take detours of 22 km and 26 km on Chisinau-Cahul and Cantemir-Cahul routes respectively. Finally, approximately a total 18 km of village streets were flooded. Table 3 - Summary of Affected Infrastructure in the Road Sector Location Type Surface Cotul Morii, Local road (two bridges) Hard (asphalt) Hincesti Sarateni, Hincesti Local road (hard Hard (asphalt) pavement) Ghioltosu, Cantemir National road (one bridge) Hard (asphalt) Japca, Soldanesti Bridge on a local road 8 flooded Village streets Earth/Gravel communities Source: Ministry of Transport and Road Infrastructure Damage and Loss Assessment It was not possible to properly ascertain the physical damage caused to the roads by the floods as most of them were still under water at the time of the assessment and are expected to be under water for at least one and a half months, particularly the section of the R34 road where large volumes of water accumulated in the adjacent area to the Prut river. While the water may not have necessarily caused significant damage to the roads as the floods were not flash, but gradual
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Flooded length km 4.5 5.4 1.3 18

in nature, the general condition of Moldovan roads is poor and therefore a need for capital repair is assumed. Based on this assumption, the damage is estimated as the length of the affected roads multiplied by the unit cost (km) of capital repair by type of road category. The unit costs estimates were provided by the representatives of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and State Road Administration. Based on these assumptions, the total damages to the road network are estimated at MDL 23,451,365. Losses are associated with higher vehicle operating costs and longer travel times as a result of worsened conditions or longer detours that drivers have to take. The calculation of losses for the local roads is essentially impossible to make at the moment due to lack of traffic data. However, it is safe to assume that the volume of traffic on local roads in Moldova is very low and therefore the losses incurred are negligible. The traffic data for the R34 road was provided by the Ministry of Transport and Road Infrastructure. Based on the assumption that it would take about 12 months to restore the R34 section to its pre-flood condition, the losses incurred made of higher vehicle operating cost plus time costs were estimated at MDL 87,910,735. Table 4 - Summary of Estimated Damages and Losses Location Cotul Morii, Hincesti Sarateni, Hincesti Ghioltosu, Cantemir 8 flooded communities Sapca, Soldanesti Total Type Flooded length km road (two 4.5 Damages (MDL) 7,473,443 4,654,149 8,923,773 2,400,000 2.200,000 25,651,365 Losses (MDL) n/a n/a 87,910,73529 n/a 87,910,735

Local bridges) Local road 5.4 National road (one 1.3 bridge) Village streets 18 One bridge

Recovery and Reconstruction In terms of short-term response, the Government reacted fast by creating an alternative graded bypass route that goes in parallel to the R34 road for the use of the inhabitants of Ghioltosu and Gotesti villages. This road would need to be upgraded to allow the resumption of normal traffic which is currently diverted to the national R56 and M3 roads. This would both reduce the indirect costs and prevent the damage caused to the R56 and M3 roads which have an inferior design to the R34 road. Given the proposed relocation of all Cotul Morii inhabitants and the part of the inhabitants from Sarateni and Nemteni villages to new sites that are not prone to flooding, reconstruction of the access road to Cotul Morii is not expected. Instead, 8 km of access road to the new village site is a short-term priority need and its construction has already started with funding from the national
29

The loss assumes that the parallel bypass to R34 would not be built and the traffic would be diverted to R56 and M3 roads until the reconstruction of the R34 to pre-flood conditions which is estimated to take up to 12 months.

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budget. In case of Sarateni, the water is being pumped off the road and the road is expected to be usable for local traffic by those inhabitants that were not flooded and are expected to stay in the village. In Soldanesti, the Government used the maintenance funds to build a temporary bypass road for the inhabitants of Salcia and Japca communities and is in the process of rebuilding the bridge. Finally, making village streets passable to basic community infrastructure, such as schools and health posts, is the last short-term need. The total short-term needs are estimated at MDL 18,219,276. In the medium-term, 1.5 km of the access road to Sarateni will require rehabilitation within the next 12 months. Given the large accumulation of water on the R34 road, its slow departure and the coming cold season, it is expected that its reconstruction to pre-disaster level will also take up to 12 months. The medium-term needs are estimated at MDL 10,216,592. Table 5- Summary of Short-term and Medium-term Needs (in MDL) Type of Road National roads Local roads Village streets Total Short-term months) 8,923,773 6,895,503 2,400,000 18,219,276 (0-6 Medium-term years) 8,923,773 1,292,819 10,216,592 Railroad Sub-Sector Background As of 2009, Moldova had a total railway line length of 1,157 km. The density of the existing railway lines (32 km of railway line per 1000 sq. km) is equivalent to the relevant value for neighbouring countries (Ukraine and Romania). The network was re-built after World War II using wide gauge tracks (1,520 mm), and was made an integral part of the former Soviet Union's Railways. The network is a part of the CIS railway network and has the Russian gauge, except for 13.9 km with the European standard gauge of 1,435 mm (the Prut and Ungheni connection with Romania). Although declining, railfreight transport still provides an important level of services and is responsible for about 17% of the total freight in Moldova. The railway network is managed by the state-owned company, Moldovan Railways. Impact of the Flood on the Sector Summary (1-2 Total 17,847,546 8,188,322 2,400,000 28,435,868

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The floods affected two portions of the railroad along the Prut river: the railroad CahulGiurgiulesti and 11 km of railroad in the sector Prut-2-Cahul were flooded. The Prut-2-Cahul sector is still under water thereby disrupting regular passenger and freight traffic. Damage and Loss Assessment The estimate of the damages and losses were provided by the state-owned Moldovan Railway Company. In the case of Cahul-Giurgiulesti section the amount is MDL 239,057. Given the fact that the Prut-2-Cahul sector is still under water, it was not possible to properly ascertain the physical damage caused to the railway. However, given the fact that the section did not receive adequate maintenance for a long time, the estimate provided assumes a need for capital repair of this section plus the replacement of the telecommunications equipment that was submerged under water. The total damage is estimated at is MDL 36,148,677. The losses were estimated as the increase in operational costs due to the need to transport freight through the alternative route. The total among of losses to the railway sector assuming that it will take 12 months to restore normal traffic, is MDL 9,904,012. Table 6 - Summary of Estimated Damages and Losses to the Railway Location Cahul-Giurgiulesti section Prut-2-Cahul section Total Type Railroad Railroad Damages (MDL) 239,057 35,909,620 36,148,677 Losses (MDL)

9,904,012

Recovery and Reconstruction The Government already financed the rehabilitation of damages caused to the Cahul-Giurgiulesti section. It is expected that the restoration of the Prut-2-Cahul section to the pre-flood level will take up to 12 months. Once the water recedes from the railway section, it is important to make a more accurate assessment of the rehabilitation needs, of the railway section that is currently underwater.

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Annex 5: Water and Sanitation


Background Moldovas water resources are estimated at about 1.32 billion m3/year, equivalent to about 300 m3 per year and inhabitant, implying that the country is water-stressed. The Nistru river accounts for 84% of all water withdrawn, followed by the Prut river with 1%, and by ground water supplies of 15%. The Nistru and Prut are classified as moderately contaminated, water quality deteriorating downstream due to discharges from industries, discharge of sewerage, nutrients from agriculture land, etc. Groundwater quality is uneven with a preoccupying buildup of nitrates, ammonia, fluorides, and iron in some areas. There are about 3,000 artesian wells and about 112,000 shallow wells and springs. Shallow wells of a depth of 10-30 m constitute the key source of water supply is rural areas but only less about 20% comply with the standards of potable water. A 1997 study on quality of rural drinking water sources (110 shallow wells and deep boreholes) indicated that more than 90% of the wells had at least one remark on chemical constituent exceeding national drinking water supply standards. The quality and reliability of Moldovas water supply and wastewater services are generally deficient. All municipalities and towns have piped water systems with about 85% of the urban population having access to improved sanitation. In contrast, only about 980 rural communities (66%) have piped water systems, the rest having shallow wells as main source of water. Similarly, all municipalities and towns have piped waste water collection systems, but only about 40% of rural communities have rudimentary sewerage that have since ceased functioning, with more than 60% of rural population using pit latrines as main sanitation tool. Studies show that about 10% of samples from urban water supplies are contaminated with coliforms. The corresponding share for the rural systems is 16% and as many as 7% of rural samples are contaminated with fecal coliforms. Apele Moldovei is the central authority in charge of both water resources management and of heading the drive to improve the coverage and quality of urban and rural water supplies and wastewater systems, under direct subordination to the Ministry of Environment. Water and sanitation systems in urban areas are operated by water and sanitation utilities Apa Canals who are managerially and financially self-sustainable (operate on tariffs), but responsible to their respective local governments. The Ministry of Health monitors water quality through its Public Health Bureaus. Solid Waste Management Solid waste management in Moldova is a public utility decentralized to local public authorities. Overall monitoring and sector policies fall under the Ministry of Environment. Rural communities in Moldova have no organized solid waste collection and disposal. Household solid waste in most rural areas is transported by households themselves and dumped in a purposely designated barren land field outside village boundaries, with no further processing. This represents a serious environmental problem.
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In the affected areas, flooding waters washed up all such solid waste, which contributed to additional pollution of flooded areas and subsequent efforts to clean up the lands after water recedes. It is therefore recommended that the government sets a clear policy for solid waste management and contributes to the resolution of solid waste collection, disposal, and further processing throughout the country in order to avoid adverse environmental impacts in case of future natural disasters, such as floods. In this respect, an official government delegation visited sites in Italy and Bosnia and Herzegovina to learn best practices in solid waste management. Summary of Impact of the flood The districts affected by the floods were Briceni, Ungheni, Nisporeni, Hincesti, Cantemir, and Cahul. About 500 out of approximately 3,500 shallow wells and springs and 13 out of 120 artesian wells in about 17 villages have been reported completely flooded and/or affected due to contamination by infiltration of flooded waters. The most affected area was the district of Hincesti with 214 wells flooded in three villages: Cotul Morii, Nemteni, and Obileni. Table 1 Number of flooded water sources and sanitation facilities District Sanitation facilities (according to dwellings) Nisporeni 0 10 0 4 Glodeni 0 0 0 0 Riscani 0 0 0 0 Falesti 0 0 0 0 Cantemir 1 9 0 5 Hincesti 1 214 4 1020 Cahul 0 0 0 0 Ungheni 0 28 9 55 Briceni 0 125 0 ? Source: Information from Ministry of Environmental of the Republic of Moldova Damage and losses in the water supply and sanitation sector can be considered as relatively small, considering poorly developed infrastructure prior to the disaster for water and sanitation in the flooded area. The flooding mainly affected less crowded rural areas were water sources are either public, communal or private; deep wells or unprotected shallow wells; and where there are no sewage systems in place. A small number of piped systems have been affected but not reported damaged. In the town of Ungheni one water supply pipe was affected, but soon after reported cleaned and disinfected by local authorities. In Cantemir district one water accumulation tank was affected, but also soon after cleaned and disinfected by local authorities. Shallow wells in Hincesti district were
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Smaller Water Wells Supply systems

Artesian wells

disinfected in areas where water receded. Authorities do not plan to use the 122 flooded shallow wells in Cotul Morii, except for several units to be cleaned and disinfected after water recedes to serve as safe potable water sources for people working in the fields. Piped water systems under various stages of construction (currently stalled) in three villages in the district of Cantemir were not affected at all by the floods. Only the village of Nemtemi Hincesti district only Nemteni has a piped water system, and it was not affected by floods. Authorities plan to extend the system to serve households relocated from flooded houses to the upper part of the village. Most of the dwellings in the affected villages have one pit latrine, as the main sanitation facility. It could therefore be assumed that the damage to sanitation facilities is comparable with the impact on dwellings. A total of1,000 latrines would have to be rebuilt. As there is no organized system for collection and disposal of households solid waste in rural areas, the potential losses on solid waste are reduced to cleaning up and removing accumulated solid waste by local authorities and private households. Table 2 - Damage and Losses in Water and Sanitation Effects of flooding Ownership Areas of damage (Million Lei) and losses Damage Losses Total Public Private Water supply facilities (deep wells, shallow n.a.* wells, springs, piped systems) Sanitation facilities 2.0 12.7 12.7 Private communal (shallow wells) /

Public

Private Private / Solid waste n.a. n.a. n.a. Public communal (dump sites) * - data presented are not reliable and therefore need further clarification and breakdown. Source: Apele Moldovei, Local public administrations of the districts of Ungheni, Hincesti, Cantemir, and Cahul A total of 44 dump sites for household solid waste are located in floods affected districts. Only 3 sites in Hincesti are reported as partly or totally flooded. Recovery and Reconstruction Recovery and reconstruction of water supply and sanitation in the affected areas should be considered as development activities. These should go in line with the priorities identified in the governments Program of Water Supply and Sewerage in Communities of the Republic of Moldova until 2015 (Government Decision No. 1406 of December 30, 2005) that envisaged the need for urgent rehabilitation, technical renewal, and development of municipal and rural Water Supply and Sewerage in systems towards meeting the targets of the Millennium Development
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4.0

6.0

Public

Goals by 2015, as well as with the provisions of the National Strategy for Water Supply and Sewerage in localities of the Republic of Moldova. The Strategy used data from a survey of 1,530 towns and villages in Moldova and has determined the priority of investments using three criteria: (i) the potential socio-economic benefits that water and wastewater investments could produce; (ii) the costs of deteriorated supplies that would be avoided through maintaining the existing systems; and (iii) the technical and financial feasibility of needed projects. Applying for funds and planning for improved infrastructure takes time. Water and sanitation infrastructure is obsolete and/or poorly developed throughout the country, especially in the rural areas, including in the localities affected by floods. Therefore it is recommended that the recovery and reconstruction strategy focuses on small scale projects at household and community level, such as upgrading and improving existing sanitation facilities and protecting existing water sources, including reducing the risk of groundwater contamination by household sanitation and domestic livestock infiltrations. These could be done with reduced costs and using local labor. The government adopted a decision to relocate Cotul Morii to a new site by building about 700 new houses and providing public utilities infrastructure, including water and sanitation. The new site is in the immediate proximity to a residential site (called Leusoaia) accommodating households that suffered from the 1995 landslides. The government should consider including infrastructure for the already existing adjacent neighboring dwellings in the project. This is to avoid discrimination and provide social equity among population groups living in the area. Otherwise, it could lead to social tensions and unnecessary conflicts. Extending the infrastructure to cover the entire neighborhood and increasing the number of consumers would lead to more efficient operation of the system. Two new deep wells (about 300 m. deep) are planned to be drilled to provide reliable source of water to the new system. However, the authorities mentioned high concentrations of ammonia, fluorides and iron in deep wells ground water. This implies additional important costs for water treatment. Increased access to piped water automatically leads to an increased need for collection and treatment of waste water. In order to prevent a vicious circle (increased uncontrolled discharge of wastewater that will again adversely impact the quality of water sources), it is imperative to plan and implement both the water supply and the sanitation system in parallel. While planning and deciding on new/extending water and sanitation infrastructure, one should consider operational and maintenance costs too, as well as the organizational set up of consumers of water supply and sanitation services. Table 3 Recovery and Reconstruction Activities Activities Baseline Public/ Private Needs to Needs to December 31, June 30, 2010 2012

Water supply
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1.1. Cleaning and 520 wells, 13 artesian wells Public and disinfecting water sources were flooded and some (5 private reported) water supply system /communal 0.655 million were affected (shallow Lei wells) 1.2. Rebuilding and 520 wells were flooded. It is not Public restoring shallow wells clear how many of the 3,500 shallow wells in the flood prone area were affected. 1.3. Rebuilding and No information during the Public repairing deep wells assessment on damages on deep wells.* 4 artesian wells were reported flooded in Hincesti. 1.4. Construction of water One planned relocation site for Public supply system for the new 700 households. site. Sanitation 2.1. Construction of One planned relocation site for Public sewerage system and 700 households waste water treatment facility for the new site. 2.2. Rebuilding damaged About 1000 toilets need to be Private private toilets (improved reconstructed. toilet facilities) for dwellings in affected communities Total:

0.604 million Lei

3.477 million Lei 8.0 million Lei

4.0 million Lei

2.0 Lei 18.7 Lei

million

million

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Annex 6: Agriculture
Crops, Livestock, Irrigation/Drainage and Land Background The agricultural sector, including crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries, contributes to about 8.4% of the GDP and remains the most important source of livelihoods and foreign exchange earnings. Agricultural production and processing generate about 47.3% of export revenues, second only to remittances, and employ more than 28% of the economically active population. The main agricultural export products are wine, fruits, vegetables and industrial crops. In rural areas, where more than 70 percent of the poor live, agriculture remains the main source of livelihoods. Food and livelihoods security and poverty alleviation, therefore, depends on the performance of the agricultural sector. Challenges, threats, and opportunities in the agricultural sector are significant and efforts to tap agricultural potential have, unfortunately, left much to desire. The agricultural value added has shrunk by about 50% compared with pre-independence levels. Irrigation infrastructure is 7% and farm machinery is less than 50% of the pre-independence levels. Despite some efforts to reverse the trend, high value crops, such as vineyards and orchards, have been converted into low-valuehigh-volume crops. Area covered by orchards and vineyards remain at about 50% below independence levels and productivity is even lower. Insufficient attention to farmer organizations and associations has provided an opportunity for a few individuals to form very large farm units, which have been found to be highly inefficient (WB 2005, Agricultural Policy Notes). Leases are typically for 3-4 years, impeding investment in land and productivity. Public expenditure on agriculture is relatively low, less than 1% of GDP and about 3% of the national budget. The agricultural sector suffers from several climate-related hazards such as droughts, hail storms, frost, heavy and unseasonal showers, landslides and floods. The frequency and severity of these threats have significantly increased over the recent past. Natural assets such as highly fertile soils, water resources and generally favorable climatic conditions provide significant opportunities to develop agriculture into a real engine of economic growth. In addition, Moldovas proximity to markets in the EU and the Russian Federation, where demand for high quality, healthy/organic and diversified food products are high and rising, is a major opportunity to further develop the agricultural sector. Reliable access to these markets is likely to increase demand for private sector investment in agriculture infrastructure, mechanization, processing and risk reduction initiatives (insurance, cooperatives and others). Assessment Methodology Assessment is based on the PDNA DALA methodology. The local authorities at the district and municipal levels had conducted detailed assessments and compiled damage estimates in significant detail immediately after the floods. A mission comprising of 4 FAO international staff and experts from various technical departments in the Ministry of Agriculture visited the affected area and verified reported damages and losses. Crop and livestock produce losses, including feed, were estimated using the average of 2004-2006 as baseline, which is generally considered
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normal years. Crop and livestock produce as well as feed losses in two most affected districts (Hincesti and Cantemir) also include expected output losses in 2011 and partly 2012, as agricultural activities in those two districts are not expected to resume within the envisaged period. All damages and losses in crop and livestock sub-sectors are private. Damages to land include clearing farmland from flood debris and additional costs, estimated at 4,270 Lei per ha, related to land preparation for cultivation. This estimate does not take into account the potential chemical and biological deposits that may have been brought with floodwaters, which can only be verified at a later stage when laboratory tests are feasible and floodwaters recede. Damages in the livestock sub-sector include damages to livestock sheds, stock mortality and destocking in view of lack of feeding and space in the host villages. The destocking takes into account the culled value of the stock as meat. A large number of wild rabbits, a good source of food for many rural households, have also been affected but the mission could not estimate exact numbers. Damages to irrigation and drainage systems include only those functioning prior to floods. Replacement cost methodology has been used to estimate damages to the drainage and irrigation systems. The irrigation and drainage systems are public property. Local financial farm-gate prices have been used to estimate damages and losses. Farm-gate prices have been adjusted for seasonality and disaster years. Impact of the flood on the Sector Heavy rains in Ukraine, Romania and Northern Moldova during the second and third weeks of July caused significant floods along the Prut and Nistru rivers. Dilapidated embankments, drainage and irrigation systems as well as poorly managed water systems were ingredients of a potent recipe for disaster, which left many communities vulnerable. The floods have affected the agricultural livelihoods of an estimated 4,326 households (nearly 13,000 people) in mainly 11 districts. Other districts have also been affected but to a lesser extent. Damage and Loss Estimates An estimated 6,144 ha of prime agricultural land has been affected, out of which 4,432 ha are completely submerged. Current indications are that the submerged areas may not be ready for cultivation over at least two additional cropping seasons (2011-12). Hincesti and Cantemir districts are the worst affected accounting for most of the submerged areas. A total of 12 drainage and irrigation schemes in 4 districts have been damaged with an estimated cost totaling some 21.6 million Lei. These are the only damages incurred by the public sector, while the rest of the 174 million Lei represent damages and losses of the private sector (including both small households and peasant farms, as well as large agricultural enterprises). Total damages and losses in the agricultural sector have been estimated at about 195.8 million Lei. Table 1 below presents a summary of damages and losses in the agricultural sector. Appendix 1 presents estimates of damages and losses by sub-sector and district. Table 1. Summary of damages and losses in the agricultural sector.

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In addition to the floods, which have affected a limited number of districts, hails and heavy rains in late spring and early summer have also caused significant damages to crops. Government estimates indicate that more than 30% of crops may have been lost due to hail and heavy rains in the country. The great majority of lost crops are high-value crops such as vegetables, vineyards and orchards, which are likely to have significant repercussions for food and livelihood security in the country. Unfortunately, the mission did not have sufficient time to conduct a national level crop assessment. Recovery and Reconstruction The recovery strategy takes into account the immediate and medium term needs of the affected population and their host families. The needs are also based on the governments existing and medium term plans, programs and strategy for the agricultural sector. The recovery strategy heavily draws upon the recently developed FAO National Medium Term Priority Framework (NTPF, 2009-2011) with a view to link the proposed immediate and medium term flood rehabilitation measures with medium and long-term development objectives. The proposed short and medium term interventions also envisage disaster risk reduction in the agricultural sector with a view to reduce future vulnerabilities and improve resilience. Agriculture is the most important if not the only economics activity in the flood affect areas. The great majority of the affected households are smallholder farmers with very little alternative sources of livelihoods. The flood-affected households are also considered among the poorest and most vulnerable population in the country, as the great majority are smallholder semi-subsistent farmers. The proposed activities in the agricultural sector also envisage reducing the likelihoods of extreme measures by the households and the need for protracted relief operations, while building future resilience and improving food and livelihoods security among the target communities. Whereas proposals and activities are presented separately, almost all are inter-related. An integrated crop-livestock system has already taken shape for a number of years and irrigation and drainage is necessary to produce high-value crops and reduce the risk of crop losses to drought and high water tables. The seemingly disjointed proposals may be considered as components of a rehabilitation program. It is important to note that the brief concepts presented below require further feasibility studies, which were not allowed for within the scope of the PDNA mission. The overall objectives of the proposed interventions are: (i) meet the immediate needs of the flood affected farming households and their hosts with a view to reduce the likelihood of extreme measures by households and the need for a protracted relief operation; (ii) improve livelihood and food security of the affected population. Table 2 below provides a summary of rehabilitation needs in Lei.
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Table 2. Estimated flood rehabilitation needs.

Immediate Districts/Categories 6-Months

Medium 18 Months

Total Needs in 000's Lei

Crops Land Rehab Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total

10,620 19,058 21,854 6,971 58,502

52,628

63,248 19,058

19,824 14,650 87,102

41,678 21,621 145,604

Proposed Short-Term Recovery Plan (6-Months)


a. Support to vegetable production, greenhouse and open field cultivation, targeting

flood-affected farmers (US$0.9 million) Objective: To improve food security, livelihoods and nutrition through vegetable production Inputs and training in improved horticulture production will be provided to 500 most vulnerable households as primary beneficiaries and about 2,500 as secondary beneficiaries in the floodaffected districts. Each household will be able to, at least, cultivate 100 m2 of land, which most rural households own as their kitchen garden. Each household will be able to earn an estimated US$2,500 per year.
b. Emergency support to livestock production and health (US$1.8 million)

Objectives: prevent the potential culling of a large number of livestock and ensure animal health and productivity over the coming winter and early spring. Livestock is a very important store of value, source of livelihoods and nutrition. Support to livestock is, therefore, a direct support to food and livelihood security and nutrition. It is a lot cheaper to prevent culling than to restock once destocking has occurred. Restocking is wrought with significant problems and hardly successful. Target population: 6,172 most vulnerable and food insecure households in the most affected districts. Main activities include: Distribution of animal feed concentrates and appropriate training for preparation of Homemade Concentrates;

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Preparation and use of small scale silage, as a way of addressing the underutilization of the available feed resources in the country; Anti-parasitic treatment of animals, addressing the usual increased parasitic prevalence in flooded areas, infestations by gastrointestinal parasites in the targeted animals, and improving the utilization of the donated food.

c. Rehabilitation of Drainage system in Cotul Morii, Hincesti District (US$0.46 million)

Objectives: Rehabilitate 3,056 ha of highly productive agricultural land and thus restore the main source of livelihoods of households that depend on this land. Water table in this area is usually high, without an appropriate drainage system, crop cultivation is difficult and yields are very low. The drainage system is also expected to reduce the risk of crop failure due to high levels of water table and benefit some 2,351 households assuming 1.3 ha per household. This component is expected to generate some 750 man-days of unskilled and 103 man-days of skilled labor. Main activities include: Cleaning drainage canals, 19.8 KM Rehabilitation of the drainage pump station, 2.7 m3/sec.

d. Rehabilitation of Draining and Irrigation Systems in Cantemir District (US$0.52

Million) Objectives: Rehabilitate 2,346 ha of highly productive agricultural land and thus restore the main source of livelihoods of the affected households. The water table in this area is usually high, without an appropriate drainage system crop cultivation is difficult and yields are very low. The drainage system is expected to reduce the risk of crop failure due to high water table. This component is expected to benefit some 1,805 households and generate some 309 man-days of unskilled and some 271 man-days of skilled labor. Main activities include: Drainage canal system rehabilitation in Soianovca, 74 ha, length of canal 0.52 KM. Drainage canal system rehabilitation Tiganca, 347 ha, length of canal 3.7 KM. Drainage canal system rehabilitation in Gotesti, 292 ha, length of canals 2.04 KM. Irrigation rehabilitation in Gotesti, 2,284 ha., 2X1.5 m3/sec pump. Irrigation rehabilitation in Toceni, 1,707 ha, 1.2 m3/sec pump. Proposed Medium-Term Recovery Plan (18-24 Months) a. Support to Cereal Seed Sector Development (US$1.7 Million) Objectives: this component aims to assist flood-affected farmers with improved cereal seed varieties, provide the foundation for the development of a viable seed industry and contribute to livelihoods and food security of farming households by increasing both agricultural production
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and productivity and diversifying agricultural production. This component covers two major food crops, winter wheat and maize. a.1. Support to Wheat Seed Sector Development (US$0.6 million): Major activities with regard to wheat seed include: Strengthening elements of the winter wheat seed sector development including variety improvement, maintenance and pre-basic seed production to improve the quality of prebasic and basic seeds. Strengthening technical capacities of Seed Producer Associations especially in the field of marketing. Strengthening technical capacity of the seed testing laboratory of Seed Inspectorate and State Commission and institutional capacity of Variety Testing and Registration to carry DUS and VCU trials in compliance with international requirements. Strengthening Seed Policy in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry to prepare National Seed Sector Development Program in collaboration with all stakeholders of the seed sector.
Provision of about 100 Mt of pre-basic/basic winter wheat seed to registered seed

breeders to cultivate 500 hectares, which is expected to produce about 1,500 Mt of first generation winter wheat seed out of which about 200 Mt will be redistributed to 1,000 most affected farmers and host families in Briceni, Hinchesti, Cantemir and Cahul Districts.

a.2 Support to Hybrid Maize Seed Development (US$1.1 million) Major activities include: Provision of 29 Mt of hybrid seed to 2,872 flood affected household and host families, which would cover 1,436 hectare of land; Support maize seed testing and quality control system in the country; Policy and legislative support to encourage private sector investment in hybrid maize; Support the formation of hybrid maize seed producer associations.

b. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture (DRR) (US$1.2 Million)

Objectives: Prepare, adapt and respond to climate change and hazards to agriculture. Based on the WB study (Hazard Management Study, 2007) in response to increased frequency and severity of disasters in the face of climate change, this component shall assist the government in the following areas.
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Support to modification of farming systems and practices to better cope with climate change ad reduce risks. The Ministry of Agriculture has already begun some activities in this regard, but more support is required. Conservation agriculture, in support of reducing soil erosion, improve moisture retention, reduced tillage, soil nutrient management; Improved water management and efficient irrigation water use, small-scale irrigation; Support to plant breeding research and identifying more drought resistant varieties; Policy legislative support to better cope with climate change and disaster risk management.

c. Early Warning and Contingency Planning (US$1 million)

Objectives: Development of livelihoods baseline, contingency planning and early warning system in support of improved preparedness and response. This component will be planned and implemented in conjunction with a recently approved WB project on early warning systems and disaster risk reduction. Main activities include: The development of a livelihoods baseline throughout the country; Early warning system that would include, annual/seasonal updates, collection and analysis of critical data on a regular basis; Preparation of community (municipality/village) contingency planning. Linking early warning system with insurance mechanisms to support crop insurance in the country.

d. Support to livestock artificial insemination (US$1 million)

Objectives: Sustainable restocking through improved capacity in artificial insemination and genetic improvement. The State Agency, Republican Centre for Improvement and Reproduction of Animals is the only authority in Moldova, authorized by the Ministry for Agriculture and Food Industry to perform services related to improvement of livestock genetics and artificial inseminations. The centre was supported through an EU-funded project to modernize animal pens. However, the 2007 drought had significant impact on the capacity of the centre. Without further support the centre may no longer be able to provide adequate service to the sector. This is expected to improve restocking in the flood affected areas as well as elsewhere in the country. Main activities include:

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Support the Centre primarily to develop a business and operation plan in order to achieve sustainability, as well as to strengthen the capacity of its management. Provide recommendations for policy/legal measures for operations on cost-sharing basis and in combination with necessary decision making, allowing further development and sustainability. Procure at least six bulls of appropriate breeds and quality allowing production of semen and dissemination of improved genetic material. Provide modernized equipment for packing of the produced semen.

e. Pasture rehabilitation and improved management (US$ 0.5 million) Objectives: Improve livelihoods through sustainable management and utilization of pastures. This sub-component envisages the study of pasture management and ownership regime in Moldova, focusing particularly in the flood affected areas. Piloting of the proposed management system in a number of areas is also envisaged. Main activities include:

Determine carrying capacity of summer grazing of communal permanent pastures; Determine investments needed for improvement of grasslands. Identify grazing land per village and settlement: permanent and temporary Identify number of animals grazing by type, species, settlement and village; Determine drinking water availability and quality, pastures with water supply Determine grassland productivity, dry matter yield and MJ/Kg DM and conducted grassland carrying capacity assessment Recommendations on communal pasture management practices suitable for country wide implementation such as: turnout date, stocking management, utilization rights Recommendations on Primaries and National policy, legal and normative regulations on the use of pastures and grazing revenues.

f. Drainage system rehabilitation in Stefan Voda District (US$ 0.64 million) Objectives: Rehabilitation of drainage system in Stefan Voda to enable the cultivation of highvalue crops (vegetables) in 4,794 ha of high quality land. The drainage system has been affected by floods and requires immediate rehabilitation, without which crop production in this area may not be feasible. The rehabilitation work is expected to generate some 1,776 man-days of unskilled labor and some 136 man-days of skilled labor.
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Main activities include: Drainage system rehabilitation in Talmaza, 2800 ha, length of canals 18 KM. Drainage system rehabilitation in Rascaiti, 894 ha, canals 14.4 KM, pump station 0.8 m3.sec. Drainage system rehabilitation in Olanesti, 1100 ha, canals 15,361 KM, Pump 1 m3/sec.

g. Irrigation system rehabilitation in Ungheni District (US$ 0.25 million) Objectives: Rehabilitation of irrigation system in Ungheni district to enable the cultivation of high-value crops (vegetables) in 5,307 ha of high quality land. The rehabilitation of the irrigation system will also provide a total of 173 man-days of skilled labor. Main activities include: Irrigation system rehabilitation Ungheni, 3,345 ha, pump 1.12 m3/sec; Irrigation system rehabilitation in Valea Mare, 903 ha, pump 0.66 m3/sec; Irrigation system rehabilitation Gherman-Sculeni, 401 ha, pump 1.5 m3/sec; Irrigation system rehabilitation Blindesti, 659 ha, pump 0.3 m3/sec.

h. Feasibility study for a nature reserve in Cantemir District (US$0.18 million)

Objectives: Determine the possibilities for alternative agricultural/aquaculture use of the areas prone to flooding, as a way of sustainably mitigating future risks and ensuring the livelihood of the affected population. The study will examine the possibilities for provision of long-term solutions to the recurring problems of the affected population. It will examine the whole chain of aquaculture production and marketing systems in the flood-prone areas, in particular along the Prut and Nistru rivers. The study shall also consider sustainable and environmentally sound solutions to a narrow stretch of land (about 550 ha) in Cantemir district along the Prut river, which is usually flooded and is part of the natural flood plains.
Appendix 1. Moldova, Flood Damage and Loss Estimates in the Agricultural Sector In 000's Lei Districts/Categories Damages Losses Total Public Private

Brichani

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Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total Hinchesti Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total Cantimir Crops Livestock Irrigation Total Cahul Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total Aneni Noi Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total Stefan Voda Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total

685

3,220 477

3,905 477 -

3,905 477 4,381 -

685

3,697

4,381

11,555 7,941 5,350 24,846

67,865 1,667

79,420 9,609 5,350 5,350 5,350

79,420 9,609

69,532

94,378

89,028 -

7,370 3,225 5,921 16,516

25,918 2,122

33,288 5,347 5,921 5,921 5,921

33,288 5,347

28,040

44,556

38,635 -

690 -

10,974 241

11,664 241 -

11,664 241 11,905 -

690

11,215

11,905

73

618 373

690 373 -

690 373 1,064 -

73

991

1,064

185

2,013 259

2,198 259 7,450 7,450 7,450

2,198 259

7,450 7,635 2,271

9,906

2,456

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Ungheni Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total 2,900 3,811 20,931 911 20,605 325 21,517 325 2,900 24,742 2,900 2,900

21,517 325

21,842 -

Edinet; Soldanesti; Rishcani; Leova (sum of 4 Districts). Crops Livestock Irrigation/Drainage Total 1,874 2,988 192 1,682 1,356 1,633 1,548 3,315 4,862

1,548 3,315 4,862

Grand Total:

56,129

139,666

195,795

21,621

174,174

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Annex 7: Livelihoods and Small Trading


Background There are 198,173 inhabitants living the in the communities in the flooded area (Ministry of Economy - MoE, 2008). The affected area is predominantly rural in nature (75%) and around 10% of the population is estimated to be permanently located out of the area for reasons connected with migration, studies, etc. Table 1 sets out the nature of the population structure in the flooded area. Table 1: General Population Characteristics of the Flooded Communities (2008) Affected area Population Men Women Present % Present Urban areas (small towns) 49289 23069 26020 44420 90.1 Rural areas 148884 73608 75476 136100 91.4 Total 198173 96677 101496 180520 91.1 Source: Ministry of Economy There are 76,128 families in the affected area, over 70% of which are located rural areas: 3.8% of such families have 3+ children under the age of 18 and there are three times as many rural families with disabled members than is the case with urban families (MoE, 2008). The businesses sector, regardless of whether located in the flooded zones or not, is small compared to the urban areas. Most such businesses concentrate on processing of agro-products, as well as trade, light industry and services. In 2009 the size of the average micro enterprise in the affected districts was 2.8 employees and the average turnover per employee was 86,500 lei in micro enterprises. The bulk of the economy in the affected area is agricultural in nature; there are 25,545 agricultural producers with less than 10ha of land, the level at which the farmers are considered to be economically viable. These agricultural producers, effectively operating on a subsistence basis, account for 99% of all farmers in the area affected by the flood. Moldovas official national unemployment rate in 2009 was relatively modest (6.4%) by comparison with neighbouring countries, although this is known to be an underestimate, partly because of the degree of migration. The official national male unemployment rate 7.8% is significant higher than that of females (4.9%); and the youth unemployment rate stands at 15.4% (15-24 years). However, the data from the flooded communities show that the unemployment rate stands at 5.8% in urban areas but is more than double in rural areas (12.7%); these figures are indicative only, but illustrate the degree of the problem. At the national level, the poverty levels in rural areas increased during 2009: the absolute poverty rate reached 36.3% (+1.7% compared with 2008) for rural areas compared to 12.6% (-3.6%) in urban areas, including small towns (MoE). Out of the total number of flooded villages, 6 communities are part of the category of the most deprived communities at the national level, out

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of which 3 are from the Hincesti district (Cotul Morii, Obileni, Nemeni); the other three are from the districts of Ungheni (Medeleni), Nisporeni (Brboieni) and Briceni (Lopatnic). National data show that income from agricultural activities in rural areas amounts to 18% of total incomes; wages amount to 30%; social payments (20%) and remittances for 22%. Remittance levels decreased significantly in the first quarter of 2009 (money transfers homeward from people through the financial system were 29 percent lower in the first quarter of 2009 than in the same quarter a year earlier source: World Bank Policy Note for the Government, May 2009). This, combined with the loss of agricultural income, implies a significant decrease in incomes in the affected communities. Impact of the flood on the Sector The vast majority of the economy is rural and therefore agricultural in nature. This section examines the impact of the flood on the non-farm economic activities. From this perspective, the damages and losses are fairly mild, having affected only 4 shops and 2 industrial units. Furthermore, damage has occurred to some of the community infrastructure: 2 cultural centres, 1 library and 1 wooden church were affected. It should be noted that kindergartens, schools and health clinics are discussed and assessed elsewhere in this report. All the damage and losses occurred in Cotul Morii village, except for a mill in Sarateni, a construction business in Gotesti village and one culture centre in Obileni village. Damages and Losses in the Livelihoods and Small Trading Sector Type of Commerce (private) Community Traders Estimation of Damage*(Lei) a) Premises b) Equipment (refrigerator/shop window/engine) c) Stock of goods to sell Estimation of Losses (Lei) Industry Cultural Assets** Religious Public 19100 2000000 0 12000 1500000 0 500000 71000 Total for Sector (lei)

724000 240000 284000 200000 1792000

187000 120000 32000 35000 2259200 282400 8 8

3102000 1980000 887000 235000 4051200 506400

Normal sales a) Baseline data lei/month 224000 b) Period of sales stoppage, months 8 Due to lack of 8

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c) Sales losses

inputs Due to lack of goods to sell 8 Due to period of reconstruction 8 1792000

8 8 2259200

4051200

* Assumption: will be rebuilt from scratch ** Public: 2 cultural centres and 1 library; Religious: wooden church Summary Damage and Losses Table The total damage to the sector is estimated at 3,102,000 Lei, whilst the estimated loss is 4,051,200 Lei. Therefore, compared with sectors such as housing and agriculture, the nonagricultural (small trading) sector has experienced relatively modest damages and losses. This reflects the very high concentration of activities in the rural sector and the subsistence nature of the economy. The latter implies that, in addition to replacing the lost business activity, it is necessary to give significant policy attention to the need to raise both agricultural and nonagricultural incomes so as to sustain rural livelihoods. At the same time, it is necessary to diversify the local economy. Human Recovery This section presents a brief analysis of the situation in the affected area from a broad livelihoods and non-agricultural perspective. This is based on a two day field trip (3-4 August 2010) to Hincesti and Ungheni, as well as discussions with Ministries, Districts, Communities as well as NGOs and victims of the flood. The issues raised below probably only represent a subset of the problems being experienced in the flooded affected area, based on a livelihoods perspective. a) Impact on basic needs and services Emergency food provision: the provision of food, clothes and other forms of support appears to be well organised in the areas most affected by the flood, such as in the Hincesti district. However, the response may not be so effective where damage was not as extreme and districts and communities are not being supervised by the Government. For example, in Ungheni, none of the flood victims has received any food or other form of material support (except for 500 Lei of Government support to some but not all flood victims see below) from the public authorities as of the 4th August 2010 (29 days after the flood struck). The affected families are left to their own devices to feed themselves; most are incurring debts to survive. There is a need for the Government to review and coordinate the food and other aid situation in the less severely affected communities, so as to ensure prompt and regular delivery of food and other forms of support for all affected flood victims. State financial support: the Government has provided Lei 500 per victim of the flood in what is thought to be the first of various tranches of support; however, this is not getting to all flood victims. The Government should review why this is the case and implement the necessary changes and compensate all flood victims.
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Relocation of villages: The Government intends to resettle people, such as in Cotul Morii, to higher ground to avoid further risk of flood. Land purchase, preparation, construction, etc. takes some time and it is normally combined with a structured process of consultation and information provision. The Government needs to consider developing a strategy for the relocation process; a top-down approach is generally counterproductive. Information on re-housing and other aspects: The flood victims are aware of the fact that the government will re-house them but the lack of information provision on how, when, etc. is aggravating stress and anxiety. Since the Mayors' / Presidents' offices also seem to lack the necessary information, the affected communities are experiencing an information gap. The Government should initiate a proactive, regular information provision service across all the affected area in relation to housing, as well as all other aspects of coping with the disaster such as money awards, compensation for lost housing and crops, etc. Livestock issues: The re-housed flood victims have salvaged their livestock but this is leading to tensions and frictions (due to grazing); some of the livestock will need to be sold or culled. There is a need to support this process with information, advice and support. The sale of livestock is likely to lead to two consequences from a livelihoods perspective: a further loss of source of income as well as a loss of valuable nutrients for the families in question. Compensation for housing: All victims have been offered compensation by the Government but it is left to Compensation Committees at district/local authority level assess the eligibility of the claims of the families whose homes were affected by the flood. However, there appears to be a degree of discretion in the process which may result in unfair treatment, especially of the poorer and more vulnerable families. This suggests that there is significant scope for local interpretation of the housing compensation rules: policies, procedures must be developed which can be applied consistently to all flood victims. Training also appears to be required on the application of the housing compensation procedure. Compensation for lost crops, livestock, etc.: The earliest that some communities will gain income from their re-planted crops will be summer/autumn 2011. For them to replant at all, they will need to receive seeds/seedlings and/or compensation for the lost crops, livestock and trees. This must be done as soon as possible to avoid tipping them into deeper poverty. Furthermore, as in the case of housing compensation, policies and procedures must be developed which can be applied consistently to all flood victims, with appropriate training on the application of the compensation procedure. Post-disaster Livelihoods: The issue of assistance with reconstruction of the future new homes by the flood victims on a cash for work / public works basis is critical. Equally important, is the necessity for due consideration and planning for post-disaster livelihoods. There is a need to assist the districts and communities to plan and implement a post-disaster livelihoods strategy focusing on re-establishing the lost non-agricultural economic activities, diversification of the local economy and generating sustainable livelihoods, especially in the most severely affected areas.

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b) Capacities The fieldwork indicates that the capacities at the level of the district and communities need to be strengthened in terms of staff, procedures and processes in connection with information provision, consultation, compensation arrangements, support fund to individuals, etc. Since floods and droughts are becoming a regular occurrence, there is a need for the Government to raise the capacities of the districts and communities to develop effective post-disaster responses, including information provision, consultation, compensation rules, transfer of financial support, etc. Recovery and Reconstruction a) Sectoral Strategy for Recovery and Reconstruction The strategy for recovery and reconstruction relies on the application of principles such as awareness raising, regular and proactive information provision, consultation and empowerment of the local communities affected by the flood. This in turn necessitates effective coordination between the Government (not least the Ministries of Interior, Economy, Agriculture, Construction and Regional Development and Labour, Social Protection and Family), as well as between the districts and the communities/mayoralties at the lower geographical scale. The key measures which are likely to be needed include: Emergency food aid to less severely affected communities. Information and Communication. Community empowerment and participation. Cash for work / public works. Support to entrepreneurship. Diversification of the rural economy. b) Disaster Risk Reduction A number of elements will be required in order to reduce the vulnerability of the livelihoods, as well as ensure the reduction of disaster risk, including: Cash for work/public works in reconstruction of key infrastructure for disaster victims. Initiatives to support diversification of livelihoods. Vocational training of affected people, including women and the most vulnerable e.g. youth. Raising awareness among small entrepreneurs of the necessity for business insurance. Economic programmes to stimulate entrepreneurship and self-employed. Revitalisation of agricultural and non-agricultural activities with a focus on women and other targeted groups. Income-generation activities piloted for up-scaling, including storage, drying, processing, etc. Introduction of financial tools for risk reduction (e.g. insurance for small enterprises and workers on livelihood assets; interest free loans, micro finance, etc.). Organisation of cooperative initiatives to reduce costs and develop livelihoods.

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c) Recovery and Reconstruction Plan Sub-sector: Livelihoods and Small Trading Outcome(s): sub-sector recovers to pre-flood level; diversification of the local higher levels of income Priority Activities Baseline Public / Needs Private to Dec 31 2010 First 6 months LEI 1. Financial support in the form of interest 4 food Private 600000 free loans to restore small trade / industrial shops and activities to pre-food levels. 3 small mills 2. Food aid for communities which were 600 people Public 900000 only partially affected by the flood. 3. Emergency temporary jobs: i) Cash for 500 Public 5 work (e.g. rubble removal, infrastructure emergency / million rehabilitation); ii) Emergency Public temporary Employment Services (e.g. in public jobs created works programmes such as housing construction). 4. Targeted livelihood and self 25 start-up Public 500000 employment start-up grants for non-farm grants income generating activities (crafts, sewing, carpentry, brick making). 5. Government review of policy, Report, Public 800000 procedures and communications: food information distribution, financial support distribution, provision relocation of housing, compensation for housing, compensation for livestock, orchards, etc. and community / district capacities; as well as development of a proactive information provision to flood victims. 6. Participative community based 10 Public 625000 development leading to strategies and Community action plans for community development Dev. (including social, health, economic Strategies development, etc. and Action Plans 7. Policy analysis of the micro, macro and Report Public 300000 sectoral policies that influence peoples livelihood strategies and policy recommendations (for 7-24 month period). 8. Review of relocation and re-housing Report, Public 200000 economy; Needs to Jun 30 2012 LEI 0

0 0

0
44

plans with a view to ensuring that the consultation affected communities are fully consulted sessions and are involved in the plans for their future. Priority Activities Baseline

Public Private

/ Needs Needs to to 31 Jun 30 Dec 31 2012 2010 0 2 million

Months 7-24 9. Diversification of the local economy: long term entrepreneurial / business management / development training, including start your business training and business development, combined with start-up finance and advice. Target group with attention to women and youth. 10. Vocational training providing demandled skills for both agricultural and nonagricultural livelihoods, and for sustainable employment and selfemployment opportunities. 11. Financial access and micro finance programme support targeting particular groups affected by the crisis. This is to enable people to raise incomes. 12. Agriculture recovery and increasing incomes: Assisting conflict/disaster affected communities to benefit from support in establishing low tech, low cost storage, drying and processing facilities, including cooperative development. 13. Capacity development in analysis and planning: districts, communities, CSOs / NGO capacity development in livelihoods recovery, programme design, development, monitoring and evaluation 14. Financial support to establish cultural and other community facilities destroyed by the flood

250 participants 100 start-ups

Public

600 participants

Public

3 million

100 participants

Public

1.2 million 3 million

Raise rural Public household incomes

All districts

Public

600000

2 cultural Public centres, 1 church, 2 admin. buildings 15. Community empowerment and Various cultural, Public development: implementation of 10 health & Community Strategies and Action Plans economic (previously prepared in the first 6 months) activities

500000

6.2 million

45

Annex 8: Education
Background (Situation before the flood) In 2009/2010 school year there were 419 educational institutions in Cantemir, Hincesti, Nisporeni, Stefan Voda and Ungheni districts, including 201 pre-school institutions and 218 schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. The total number of enrolled children was 71,999, including 16,257 children in pre-school institutions and 55,742 students in schools. In the pre-flood period, there were 17 schools and 16 pre-school educational institutions in the mostly flood-affected villages of the above mentioned districts. Impact of the flood on the Education Sector a. Summary Description The July 2010 floods affected 1,663 children of 0-18 years old in Cantemir (279), Hincesti (1077), Nisporeni (27), Stefan Voda (62) and Ungheni (218), including 455 children of preschool age. One third of the total number of children are directly affected and have been displaced, the rest are indirectly affected as their families have lost agricultural land/plots, crops and other property.30 The localised geographical parameters and the quantitative characteristics of the flood-incurred damages and losses in the education sector made no significant impact on the national education system as a whole. However, it deteriorated the situation for the sector in Hincesti, the mostly affected district, where several educational institutions have been affected directly and indirectly mainly in Cotul Morii, Sarateni, Obileni and Nemeni. The flood occurred at night and during the summer vacation period, so children were not in the premises at the time of the disaster and there were no casualties. Among the affected 590 schoolage children (Cotul Morii 147; Sarateni 70; Obileni - 163, Nemeni 210), there were 8 children with special needs (Cotul Morii 7, Nemeni -1). One kindergarten (36 children) and one school (Gymnasium, 147 students) in Cotul Morii village (Hincesti district) were completely destroyed by the flooded waters, as the whole village (512 houses) was settled in a vulnerable flood prone valley along the Prut River. Teachers (13) and other school personnel (11) of Cotul Morii Gymnasium (total 36) and 12 kindergarten teachers are under threat to lose their job in the education sector as the village and educational institutions no longer exist. No other public educational establishments (buildings or assets) in the flooded districts had any direct impact of the natural disaster, though being used as a temporary shelter (Obileni and Nemeni Gymnasiums; students hostel of Hincesti College) for the evacuees, rescuers, army, resettled population, the school premises are disarranged and need to be renovated and put in order before the new school year starts on 1 September.

30

Information of the Ministry of Education, August 10, 2010

46

b. Damages and Losses Cotul Morii Gymnasium and kindergarten: The buildings, all assets, furniture, equipment, books have been damaged and lost. Sarateni Gymnasium is affected indirectly as 50 out of 70 school children are from the families whose houses were flooded and they will be resettled. Twenty school-age children will remain in the village; there is a Ministry decision not to open this school for the next term. The building of the Sarateni Gymnasium was an old military construction re-profiled as a school with rundown furniture and school assets. Demolition of this building is also an option, though it will require additional unforeseen costs. A transportation fee is also applied to the losses, as there will be a need to buy a bus or mini-van to transport the 20 school-aged children to a new destination school in a nearby village (up to 10 km). Teachers and other personnel employed in the educational sector in Cotul Morii (36) and Sarateni (14) are at risk of losing their job because of the flood impact, and there is a need to consider their redeployment to other educational institutions as well as their resettlement options (flat/house lease or purchase fees) to villages where additional classes are planned to be opened. Only 3 teachers out of 13 (Cotul Morii Gymnasium) have been able to find new positions as of now. There is no certainty about the employment of all the affected teachers and educational institution employees: as a result of the floods, they may fall into unemployed category, and unemployment benefits will be paid. The Government is considering the construction of a new Cotul Morii village, the budget of 15,000,000 MDL is estimated for construction of the kindergarten, primary school and gymnasium, including playgrounds for different age groups. For 2010/2011 school year the resettled children will be distributed among the available nearby schools and transportation for some of them is to be arranged. Children and their families have lost all their belongings, including clothes, food stock, household utilities, books, etc. It is planned that the Government will bear the expenses (through the education sector) of free meals at school; pay one-time compensation; provide different humanitarian assistance and build/buy houses; arrange the rehabilitation at the summer camps and temporary shelter. c. Summary: Damages and Losses Table Category Destroyed Cotul Morii school Destroyed Cotul Morii kindergarten Demolishment of Sarateni Gymnasium Cost of free meal at school for 590 floodaffected children Cost of temporary shelter/camping for children Effects of disasters (Million Lei) Damages Losses x* x X 0.6 (per year) X Ownership Total x x x 0.6 (per year) x Public Private x x 0.6 x 47

Construction of new educational institutions Cost of repair of educational premises used as temporary shelter Construction of 2 playgrounds, 2 sport grounds and school yard in Obileni, Nemteni Refurbishing of existing premises for accommodation of kindergarten in Nemteni (including WASH) Creation of conditions for intake of the resettled children into Obileni Gymnasium: connection to the heating system of the 3 classrooms; provide furniture for 3 classrooms Transportation to/from school of 20 children (Sarateni) Housing fees for redeployed teachers

15.0 X 1.2 1.2

15.0 x 1.2 1.2

15.0 x 1.2 1.2 -

0.65

0.65

0.65

0.29 X

0.29 x

0.29 x

Total * X no available data found

18.94

18.94

18.94

Human Recovery a. Impact on Basic Needs and Services The main set of response measures in regard to the impact of floods on the education sector is focusing on meeting childrens right for education and development and providing the floodstricken children with the access to other educational institutions preventing the separation of the families. There is a very high risk for the 6 children from flood-affected single-parent households (Cotul Morii) to be placed to the Boarding School in Carpineni, so the options of family-type home, guardianship or foster care should be explored. The Ministry is also keeps an option open of accommodating a group of 50-70 children at the same Boarding School at the beginning of the school year in case their families have no permanent/temporary place to live. There is no final solution yet about the distribution of school-children among the available schools, as the resettlement plans are not clear. The majority of families will remain within Hincesti region and preliminary planning for intake of additional students to Gymnasiums (Obileni, Hincesti, Nemeni, Leuseni) and pre-school children from 3 affected villages to a kindergarten in Obileni has been undertaken by district educational authorities and the Ministry of Education. Additional funding will be provided from the state budget for free meals and books for all flood affected children. A monitoring system for collecting data on displaced children for informed decision-making is in place to track the families with children, clarify their resettlement plans and propose options for

48

school/kindergarten placement, though data is often inconsistent, not disaggregated by gender, different age groups, family type, etc. b. Capacities Strategising on Building Back Better, the national and local authorities are using the opportunity to renovate and modernise the rundown educational facilities and improve the facilities and conditions for students, teachers and pre-school children to meet a criteria of childfriendly and hazard-resistant standards for reconstruction of schools, and also addressing childrens learning/teaching needs, as the majority of buildings have long-lasting problems with sanitation, running water supply, heating, sport and play grounds, furniture, educational equipment, and catering facilities. A safe and secure learning environment that promotes the protection and well-being of students should be ensured for all children. The distance to school might have a solution of launching a homeschoolhome School Bus Line between Sarateni Obileni, as the Sarateni Gymnasium might be closed due to the small amount of students left in the village (20) and the emergency state of the school building. The bus line could be expanded to other villages, based on students enrolment and living destinations. Extra not-in-use premises for the educational institutions (Obileni and Nemeni Gymnasiums) may be considered for renovation and re-profiled for day-care centre/services with recreational and teaching activities and a kindergarten. Psychosocial and health services for children and teachers are integrated in the educational response. Psychosocial assistance for children and their families are to be addressed by school psychologists (who are now available in limited numbers). Life skills education/activities and life saving information, with a focus on disaster risk reduction, should be age-targeted and included into both formal and non-formal education. Safe school construction assessments are to be initiated by the educational authorities. All educational establishments for children regularly undergo assessments on risk resilience. Recovery and Reconstruction a. Education Sub-Sector Strategy for Recovery and Reconstruction Girls and boys, including preschool-age children and children with special needs, have access to quality education opportunities and appropriate life-saving skills programs and information about the emergency. A safe and secure learning and recreational environment that promotes the protection and well-being of children should be ensured for all. b. Needs by Sub Sectors and by Ownership All identified needs are in public sector. c. Recovery and Reconstruction Plan Subsector: Education Outcome: sub-sector recovers to pre-flood level

49

Priority Activities Construction of kindergarten, primary school and gymnasium (incl. playgrounds for different age groups) in a new Cotul Morii village. Duration: Sept. 2010 - Sept. 2011 Reconstruction and repair (including water supply) of the available premises at Nemteni Gymnasium for kindergarten Duration: Sept 2010 Dec 2010

Baseline Demolished by the flood Cotul Morii Gymnasium (147 students) and Kindergarten (36 kids) are to be rebuilt in a new location. To meet ECD standards relocation of Nemteni kindergarten to the school premises is more costeffective & feasible than reconstruction of the old building. As a Government measure to assist the flood affected families with children. There are nonutilized premises at Obileni Gymnasium that with small reconstruction and furnishing could serve as 3 classrooms needed for additional students. Lack of arranged child friendly play

Public Private Public

/ Needs December 2010

to Needs 31, June 2012

to 30,

15,000,000 MDL

Public 1,200,000 MDL

Providing free meal at school for 590 floodaffected children Duration: Sept 2010 May 2011 Creation of conditions for intake of the resettled children into Obileni Gymnasium: a) connection to the heating system of the 3 classrooms b) provide furniture for 3 classrooms Duration: Sep 2010 Dec 2010 Construction of 2 playgrounds, 2 sport

Public

600,000 MDL Per child per school year: 6 MDL 170 = 1,020 MDL

Public a) 500,000 MDL b) 150,000 MDL (50,0003)

120,000 MDL

50

grounds and school yard in affected villages (Obileni, Nemteni). Duration: Sept. 2010 Nov. 2010 Opening of schools in the afternoon with recreational and didactical activities, and a hot meal for vulnerable children (Obileni, Nemteni). Duration: Sept 2010 May 2011 Ensure transportation to school for displaced children who cannot attend school close to home/relocation (Sarateni Obileni): ) 2 school buses ) leasing of a school bus for 1 year Duration: Sept 2010 June 2010

and sport grounds around the schools

Children from the vulnerable families could benefit from Public the creation of such centre with hot meal, recreation and developmental activities The distance between the Public villages and school may cause problem for children to attend classes No bus line meeting the criteria from door to door is in place and if organized, could reduce safety risks to children on the way to from school. Cash education grants Poor families for 1,208 children. affected by the n/a 2 distributions: August flood are in need

20,000,000 MDL

a) 200, 000 MDL b) 90, 000 MDL

1,000,000 MDL

51

2010, August 2011.

of resources for children to be prepared by Sept 1 Provision of 10 Early To enhance ECD Childhood and support pre- Public Development kits (each school children for 50 children at one having shortage in time). educational and Duration: Sept. 2010 recreational means TOTAL:

60,000 MDL

38,920,000 MDL

52

Annex 9: Health and Nutrition


Background The health system is made up of personal31 and public32 health services, the latter having also the power to promote activities designed to influence the actions of other sectors to address social, environmental and economic health-related indicators, as well as to prevent and manage public health emergencies33. Prior to the flood, health care in the affected districts of Cantemir, Hincesti, Nisporeni, Ungheni, Cahul and Briceni was provided by the following public medical-sanitary institutions: 5 DHs, 5 PHCs, 5 FDCs, 62 HCs, 130 FDOs, 72 HOs, 5 EHCSs and 19 EHCUs; also by 1 private hospital and 51 individual outpatient settings. The staff is made up of 864 doctors and 2,790 nurses. The total number of population served in all the 6 districts was 570,500 people, including 31,816 under-5-age children.34 Currently the nutritional policies implemented in Moldova focus on promoting breastfeeding, reducing micronutrient deficiencies, and increasing access for pregnant women and under-5-age children to micronutrients by providing them with free iron and folic acid35. The nutritional status of children is monitored by the primary health care workers in accordance with the Ministry of Health standards. Impact of the Flood on the Sector In affected areas in the districts of Cantemir, Cahul Ungheni, Nisporeni and Briceni the number and type of medical institutions has not changed, continuing to work in normal regime. In Hincesti, prior to the flood there were 4 primary healthcare institutions serving over 6,000 people. As a result of the disaster, the activity of 3 rural healthcare institutions was stopped, reducing the districts access to health care services as a result of damages to the physical infrastructure. During the flood, the health care in Hincesti district was organized and provided by opening 3 additional health care units at the Health Centre in Nemteni village inside the premises of the gymnasium from Obileni village and of the gymnasium from Nemteni village. Four teams of doctors and nurses, who were providing healthcare 24/7, were working in the medical units; two
31

Primary Health Care; Emergency Health Care in Emergencies; Specialized Hospital and Outpatient Health Care. 32 Centre of Public Health. 33 Law on State Surveillance of Public Health no. 10 of 3 February 2009. 34 Public Health in Moldova, 2009. 35 MoH and NHIC Order no.545/215-A of 30 December 2009 on drugs compensated from the Compulsory Healthcare Insurance Fund.

53

additional health care units were opened at the Construction College and Polytechnic School in Hincesti, where over 250 affected people were relocated. Cantemir district is opening a medical unit in additional premises in the village gymnasium in Tiganca. The provision of an appropriate response by the Ministry of Health36 and local public administration authorities from Hincesti, Cantemir, Cahul, Ungheni, Nisporeni and Briceni flood-stricken districts has contributed to diminishing the damages on health and food safety for the affected people. Thus, the rate of acute diarrheic diseases has registered no growth in connection with the consequences caused by the disaster in the flood-stricken settlements as of late July 2010. The morbidity indices constituted 13.8 per 100,000 people in the last week of July 2010, practically at the level of the same period of 2009 (14.4 per 100,000). 37 1,253 children aged 3 to 15 years old were vaccinated against Hepatitis A (Hincesti district 533 children; Cantemir district 320; and in Cahul district 400), the cost which is 338,197.23 Lei. The 2010 floods have had a negative impact on the health of the population in Hinceti district: the prevalence of cardiovascular system diseases increased twice compared with the previous year and constituted 1,191.4 per 100,000 people; an increase in the number of complications in patients with sugar diabetes including diabetic coma in 2 persons; and ketoacidosis in 5 persons38. The number of visits to doctors at Nemteni health center increased by 3.5 times compared with all visits recorded in the first 6 months of 2010 (3,988 visits)39. A total of 753 people with different illnesses have been hospitalised in the Hincesti District Hospital, medical consultations increased by 25%40. When the flooding began, children aged 1 and under and pregnant women from socially vulnerable families were evacuated from the affected area and provided food and lodging41, including people registered with tuberculosis. Due to the fact that the health care structures are continuously monitoring the nutritional status of population, especially of young children, no cases of acute malnutrition among the affected population have been registered. In addition, the nutrition of the affected population in all affected settlements was organised. It was more problematic was to provide children aged 6-36 months old with complementary food appropriate to their age. However, no nutritional damages and losses or cases of acute malnutrition at the moment have been identified. b. Damages and losses of physical infrastructure and medical equipment/furniture have been registered only in Hincesti district: 3 medical institutions were affected by the flood, in particular - FDO Cotul Morii, FDO Obileni, HO Sarateni being flooded to different extent. As a result of intensive use in the response to the floods, the medical equipment of the bacteriological
36

MoH Directive no.331-d of 8 July 2010 on health care provision for population in floodstricken areas. 37 Data of the National Public Health Centre. 38 Data of Hincesti FDC. 39 Data of FDC in Hincesti district. 40 Data of Hincesti DH. 41 A total of 19 under-1-age children and 18 pregnant women.

54

laboratory of Public Health Centre Hincesti was out of order, costing - 344,200 Lei; UAZ 3962 ambulance from EHCS Hincesti was completely damaged -180,000 Lei; extra expenditures as a result of disaster-response related activities totalled to 2.677million Lei42. c. Summary table of damages and losses Disaster Effects (million Lei)* Damages Fully damaged medical institutions FDO Cotul Morii village 0.2 0.2 0.2 Losses Total Property Public Private

Partially damaged medical institutions FDO in Obileni village FDO in Sarateni 0.2 0.02 0.19 0.39 0.02 0.39 0.02

Partially damaged transportation and medical equipment Ambulance UAZ-3962 Medical equipment of the Public Health Centre in Hincesti 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.18 0.18 0.18

Extra expenditures in response to public health emergencies Medical-sanitary institutions and public health institutions 2.68 2.68 2.68

Total

0.94

2.87

3.81

3.81

* Note: Costs are estimated according to the accounting statements of Mayoralties and medical institutions. In reality the compensation of damages and losses will cost more. See needs c) Plan for Recovery and Reconstruction. Human Recovery
a) To avoid short-term negative impact on the population's access to quality health care

services and the smooth functioning of the medical institutions, financial sources should

42

Data of FDC, DH, EHCS, PHC Hincesti, FDC Cantemir and National Centre of Public Health.

55

be identified to cover the expenditures incurred for medical specialists, secondary technical staff, construction of new medical institutions, provision of medical equipment, and modern means of communication and transport. Access to drinking water is a serious problem for the population and it is necessary to identify policies for improving access to drinking water. In the short-term it is necessary to disinfect both 128 flooded wells (Hincesti, Cantemir districts) and 9 wells (Ungheni district)43, but also all 3,630 wells and 13,800 ha of flooded land in all affected districts. In the medium- and long-term, the flood may have a negative impact on the nutritional status of population, especially of young children, due to the loss of agricultural products and livestock by households. Although no significant human losses have been registered, it might seem that the demographic impact would not be negative. However, in the long-term there might be a decrease of birth rate due to the poor economic and social conditions of the families in the settlements mostly stricken by the flood: Cotul Morii and Sarateni villages.
b) To ensure the quality of primary health care available to the population, it is necessary to

build the demolished medical infrastructure, and modernise existing outdated physical infrastructure in the rural areas that do not have water, sewage and heating systems. The most pressing problem is insufficient number of available family doctors (e.g. in Cantemir district 68% of medical personnel is unavailable). The capacity of territorial public health centres to provide health protection, coordinate activities for prevention and management of public health emergencies is also limited due to a shortage of human resources, lack of rapid diagnostic tests and modern diagnostic equipment, depleted reserves of disinfectants, reagents, transport, and insufficient knowledge of public health emergency management. Further, the lack of local mass-media, radio and television stations in Hincesti, Cantemir and Cahul districts, as well as insufficient public awareness campaigns, health information leaflets and brochures limits the populations access to information. Recovery and Reconstruction
a) The strategy for health sector recovery and reconstruction in the affected areas is to

restore and modernize the physical infrastructure of the medical institutions, provide for human resources and transport, ensure the economic and physical accessibility of drugs, food safety and nutrition, particularly for young children. Measures and methods of strategy implementation will focus on the identification of policies to recover the physical infrastructure of medical institutions; attract human resources, including
43

Data of CPHs in Hincesti, Cantemir and Ungheni districts.

56

Medical University graduates for 1-year residential work in disadvantaged geographical areas and institutions experiencing a deficit of human resources; provision of medical equipment and transport; further monitoring of nutritional status of the population, particularly of pregnant women and children; supply free food for children 6-36 months; and carrying out public information campaigns about flood consequences on health.
b) Short-term needs of the health sector include the construction of a primary health care

institution for displaced communities (Cotul Morii and Sarateni villages in Hincesti district), and providing it with equipment; the provision of disinfectants and consumables to ensure the protection of public health; covering unplanned extra expenditures of the medical institutions incurred as a result of flood debris removal; procurement of food for young children; carrying out a public information campaign on the negative impact of floods on health (informing about the harm of mold, moisture in the room, the consumption of agricultural products from the flooded areas, using flood water for drinking and cooking, and how to protection against contagious diseases). For the long term there is a need to provide the medical institutions with medical equipment; build and equip a FDO in Obileni village in an area which is in the flood zone; provide medical institutions with family doctors and nurses; and train health professionals in public health emergencies management. c) Plan for Recovery and Reconstruction Subsector: Health and Nutrition Result: recovery and improvements of population health and nutrition up to a level registered prior to the flood Priority Actions Basic Factors Public/ Private Needed by Needed 31 by 30 December June 2012 2010

Build a primary healthcare institution for displaced localities and provide it with equipment.

Access to health care was interrupted in 2 settlements, Cotul Morii and Sarateni villages in Hincesti district.

Public 4,000,000 MDL

Disinfect wells and springs 3,630 wells and springs in all affected districts are contaminated.

Public 70,000 MDL

57

Disinfect land in all affected 13,800 ha of land are districts**. flooded

Public 11,730,000 MDL Public 70,000MD L (October 2010)

Distribute a consignment of 900 hygienic packages to flood-stricken people.

About 900 households were affected by flood.

Public information campaign on WASH

Population in five floodstricken districts is not informed 400 young children (aged 6-36 months old) in the affected localities might need support in nutrition Six medical-sanitary institutions and public health institutions have incurred excessive extra expenditures. 16 items of medical equipment and 1 ambulance went out of

Public 1,200,000 MDL Public 1,500,000 MDL

Procure baby-food for 6-36 months old affected children Cover the unplanned extra expenditures of the medicalsanitary institutions and public health institutions.

Public 2,677,200 MDL (See details in the Annex) Public 431,000

Restore the damaged medical equipment and transport

58

order Provide medical workers, including Medical University graduates for 1year residentiat. Build a FDO in Obileni village and provide it with medical equipment. Train health specialists in public health emergencies management. Procure transport and modern means of communication. Total ** Note: This activity must be coordinated with the productive sector Insufficient number of medical workers (needs are varied between 56% in Hincesti district and 68% in Cantemir district) Present office of the FDO in Obileni village it is located in an area at risk of being flooded. Training of about 300 medical institutions managers. 10 medical institutions do not have transport and modern means of communication. Public

MDL Budget for Budget for medical medical education education

Public 3,300,000 MDL Public 2,016,000 MDL Public 3,345,000 MDL 21,978,200 MDL 8,661,000 MDL

Structure of extra expenditures of the medical-sanitary institutions and public health institutions incurred in response to public health emergencies. Measures carried out Cost in Lei

59

Drugs and consumables provided to victims for treatment in outpatient conditions Fuel

271,800 MDL

96,500 MDL Treatment of patients in hospital 1,550,400 MDL Measures the State supervision of public health and hepatitis A vaccination Other costs 262,100 MDL Total 2,677,200 MDL Source: FDC, DH, EHCS and PHC Hincesti, FDC in Cantemir and National Centre of Public Health

496,400 MDL

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Annex 10: Social Protection


Background The social sector in Moldova is composed of social protection (pensions to elderly and persons with disabilities, social assistance benefits (nominative categorical compensations44 and targeted social assistance) and social services. According to the existing regulations and legislation in this field, the social protection system is designed to target the most vulnerable groups of the population by delivering a set of cash benefits and services to those eligible for the social assistance: the elderly, families with children, persons with disabilities, veterans, and poor households with less than 530 leu per month income. Ajutor Social is a poverty-targeted cash benefit programme that combines means and proxy testing45. The July 2010 floods along the river Prut resulted in evacuation of 3,114 persons (1,293 families), including 614 children, from 1,084 flooded houses and adjacent area. This increased the number of vulnerable individuals and families and placed immediate resettlement requirements for food, water, sanitary and non-food supplies, compensations, and psycho-social support. The flood-stricken population is rural and relied predominantly upon revenues from the agricultural produce they grew on their land; almost all of it was lost in the flooding. The district and local-level social workers are at the forefront of assessing the needs and meeting the increased demands of the additional social assistance needed. The capacities of the existing social assistants (19 persons for the whole affected area, about 1 social worker per village) are insufficient to provide comprehensive and efficient support to the affected population. At the district level, the monitoring and registration system of the people who will most probably now apply (and qualify) for targeted cash assistance does not have sufficient capacity to process

44

Nominative compensations are granted for the support of vulnerable population, helping them pay utility costs (heating, hot and cold water supply, natural gas for cooking and heating, sewage services, electricity, gas in tanks for cooking, purchasing of coal and wood for heating). Nominative compensations are granted based on category principle.
45

It is targeted to the poor through the assessment of household income and living standards, The amount of benefit is contingent on an income gap between a household monthly income and the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) that should be set each year in the State Budget law. The program is administered through the network of the Rayon level Social Assistance Departments (SADs) with the help of social assistants who are responsible for client intake in the communities while all other categorical benefits [16] were administered by the National Social Insurance House (NSIH). Reference: Law on Ajutor Social no 133 dd 13 June 2008.

61

applications, causing a burden for the understaffed social sector units of the district administration, as well as for those severely affected by floods.

Impact of the flood on the Sector Keeping with the Ministry of Labor, Social Protection and Familys strategy, the systems at the district level are ready to implement the most urgently-needed actions, including the provision of food and non-food aid to the flood-stricken population, registering of all beneficiaries for different short-term emergency and recovery assistance. Persons who have been receiving Ajutor Social and nominative categorical compensations before the flooding have continued to receive it afterwards. It is expected, however, due to the loss of main sustenance (agricultural land) and loss of property, that many additional persons and households will apply and qualify for targeted social assistance. The flood-affected families in Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Causeni, Hincesti, Nisporeni, Ungheni Districts were encouraged to apply for targeted social assistance. To do so, all of them need to go through an established process of registration and assessment for the eligibility qualification for social assistance. Though the system of social assistance continues functioning in the emergency mode ensuring the registration and documentation of all the flood victims to enable their full access to the one-time compensation, food and non-food supplies, resettlement and relocation it does not meet the increased operational needs. The staff, also affected by the flood themselves, is overworked, does not have much ability to provide clear and consistent information to clients on the beyond immediate needs, and on ordinary procedures of filing applications. In regard to the urgent inclusion of newly vulnerable families into the social protection database, the Government should develop a disaster risk mitigation strategy that includes capacity building for the local units, including social assistance (in the mostly flood-affected Hincesti district in 4 villages - Cotul-Morii, Nemeni, Obileni, Srteni - 42% of the population is affected, including 394 retirees, 531 children, 77 disabled, 31 families with 3 or more children). At the initial stage of the disaster, the social protection sector and districts administrations distributed over 322.12 tons of emergency aid (i.e., foodstuff, personal use items, hygienic products and essential goods) to the affected and displaced population. (Shortly after the disaster, as one-time measure, the Government announced that every affected person is entitled to a onetime cash compensation of 500MDL. Though majority of villagers have collected the compensation, there are concerns that some most vulnerable families have not received neither in-kind nor cash assistance.

62

During the evacuation, the social protection section of the Hincesti district provided shelter for displaced school-age children from the flooded villages Cotul-Morii (70), Nemeni (81), Obileni (19), Srteni (55) at the summer camps Alunelul (Dnceni village), Cirearii, Luceafrul, Camping, Zmbetul (camps of Defense Ministry in Vadul-lui-Vod city), Codreanaca (Hnceti city). Twenty-three pre-school children from Cotul-Morii and Srteni were accomodated at the kindergarten with an around-the-clock program in Leueni village in Hnceti district. Some children have remained with their families, usually placed in host kinship families, or host families in neibouring villages. The workload on the social workers46 has not increased as a result of the floods. Home services previously provided to recipients have instead stopped, as people were evacuated or resettled mainly within their districts. Before and after floods, 16 persons are receiving home support services. The social workers may need additional training to be able to assess the psychoemotional state of the flood victims, and, if needed to refer the ones most seriously affected, to additional health and counseling services, as social assistants are neither trained nor capable of providing psychosocial counseling. However, they could and should be trainedtogether with educational personnel and health personnelto provide basic psycho-social support after emergencies to all affected. No abuses against children and women were registered during the initial stage of the disaster, as reported by the district social sector head. Children who were sent to summer camps were sent with parental consent. Many families choose to remain together and did not separate, even temporarily, from their children. Physical damage to a building that housed a social protection unit occurred in Cotul Morii; the 2 staff were temporarily relocated to the offices in Obileni village. Human Recovery Field observations, meetings and discussions with the affected people, social sector authorities and social assistance providers informed priority areas for mitigating the negative flood impacts on the most vulnerable groups and the recovery of poor rural communities: housing, social assistance, employment scheme, psychosocial support to the flood-affected and displaced population. The Government responded to the housing needs by pledging to build new rural houses for the flood victims, taking into account the wishes of displaced people. The government has committed to build 700 new homes for those who lost their houses in the floods. This long-term costly programme affects the development of all other sectors in the flooded communities, including provision of social protection, assistance, and services. Persons who provide in-home support to elderly (not the social assistants who assess the needs and help access cash benefits scheme)
46

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People who were receiving nominative social assistance or Ajutor Social (targeted social assistance) before the floods had continued receiving it after the floods. The recipients of targeted social assistance, however, will significantly increase in the next few months, due to extensive loss of increased vulnerability and poverty (i.e. loss of personal land, livestock and property). Employment programs, like active inclusion in public works on reconstruction, could decrease the need for additional benefits, while the well promoted Ajutor Social program re-directs the cash benefits flows towards the most vulnerable groups. In order to assist those who have lost their livelihood, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection wishes to strengthen the existing social services in the existing community social centers (Pro-Femina, Viitorul, Perspectiva, Brndua, Amigo in Hincesti district), medical facilities (Ghioltosu village, Cantemir district), and educational institutions (Obileni, Hincesti district). Psychosocial support to families and children will be provided by NGOs in all affected areas during the first four months of the school year. It will also include on-the-jobtraining of educators allowing them to provide such services in the future, if needed. It is important to develop a response mechanism and instruments for disaster management emphasizing the potential social consequences of those living in the affected areas. In particular, while there is an obvious impact on those who are directly affected by flooding, there is also substantial impact on the hosting families who bear the burden of hosting displaced families, often with assets and livestock saved from flooding. There is understanding among the administrative staff in Social Assistance Departments that the recovery phase is will start with initial planning for medium- and long-term. However, most of their time is being allocated to coping with current emergency needs response and there is no clear vision on the further steps required for their village or district social protection sector. To the extent possible the local administrations (Mayors Office, District Council) are delivering available information by printing out black-and-white handouts and posting them on doors, trees, and bulletin boards. There is always a great demand for clarifying information or instructions. During the public consultations, a need for improvement of information delivery on of the C4D, life-skills or sanitary measures guidance alerting on the stress management, or on the availability of the working places , the date of upcoming donations delivery, other well-timed information was reported. A complaint mechanism has been activated, where 2 representatives of the Ministry of Interiors Fraud Unit are reviewing complaints from citizens who claim not to have received assistance they were entitled to (in-kind, cash assistance, etc.), in each affected locality. Dozens of complaints/requests for belated payment of entitlements were received, 14 of which were processed. An increase in belated requests for immediate assistance is expected, since many of the most vulnerable families are just now finding out about their entitlements.
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Recovery and Reconstruction Subsector: Social protection Outcome: sub-sector recovers to pre-flood level Priority Activities Baseline Public Private / Needs to Needs to June December 30, 2012 31, 2010

Individual assessment of all affected families and individuals Duration: 1 month (September 2010) Support to local authorities to identify the most vulnerable families who might not have received any assistance and to help the access their entitlements (reachout teams) Training of communitys social workers and staff of the Social Assistance Sectors in provision of psycho-social support to children and families in the post-disaster situations

No survey on affected Public population needs in post-disaster social assistance

100,000 MDL

Dozens of complaints Public about entitlements not being received and requests for belated payment of emergency entitlements were launched. Social Assistance Public Sectors staff, social workers do not have specific skills in provision of psychological and social support in the post-disaster situations

40,000 MDL

500,000 MDL

Reconstruction of The offices have been Public two offices of social flooded workers in the village of Cotul Morii

100,000 MDL

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Providing psychosocial support to flood victims and affected families

Over 3,000 persons Public/private have been evacuated and uprooted, many among them elderly and children. They have difficulty coping with extensive loss they have undergone, especially elderly and parents of young children. People in the affected Public area are stressed and many are coping through escapism mechanisms. Persons who in the past have not benefited from social safety nets are not aware about the entitlements.

300,000 MDL

Information campaign on stress management entitlements /social safety net benefits, domestic violence, risk of human trafficking. Duration: 18 months (September 2010March 2012)

1,000,000 MDL

1,000,000MDL

Additional cash Affected citizens Public assistance (one-off) have received one for affected families 500 MDL per person assistance. They are expected to receive two more tranches Creation of multifunctional integrated social services center in Obileni At present, there is no Public centre providing services for children, disabled and elderly. The Centre could be used to provide services to vulnerable citizens, those with disability, children at

1,600,000 MDL

1,600,000 MDL

4,800,000 MDL

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risk and elderly foremost, and could cover several villages around Obileni Creation of a day care centre for children at risk in Ghioltosu village (Cantemir rayon). Ghioltosu village had Public a significant number of extremely vulnerable families whose vulnerability has increased after the floods. Children in these families are at increased risks. There is a need to Public deploy people to support intake of applications which will particularly increase in the affected area over the next 3 months. There is a risk of Public/ separation of children Private from their biological family and in order to prevent their institutionalization, it is necessary to create and development alternative care services [family type homes and foster care].

1,800,000 MDL

Introducing additional operators [one per Rayon] for Management Information System of Ajutor Social.

70,000 MDL

70,000 MDL

Prevention of separation of children from their families, including where population is displaced. Strengthen gate keeping commission and ensure that additional foster care or family type homes are available in the affected communities. Duration: Sept 2010-March

1,000,000 MDL

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2012 13,980,000 MDL TOTAL :

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Annex 11: Environment


Background The Prut River supplies 16% of surface water and flows along the western border of Moldova with Romania for 695 km (out of a total length of 976 km) before flowing into Danube River. The average annual flow varies from 85 m3/s in the north to 110 m3/s at its confluence with the Danube. In the mid part of the river valley is relatively narrow with adjoining large terraces. In the lower part, the river has a large floodplain and is 6 km wide. The river channel is sinuous, with a width of about 60-80 m in the lower part, and depth around 2-4 m and about 2-3 m high banks. The climatic and soil conditions allow the Prut River floodplain to have a diversity of forest and wetland ecosystems. There are 8072ha of forests and about 14.000 ha of natural lakes and wetlands in the flood area. In 1991, the "Prut de Jos" nature reserve with a total area of 1,691 ha was created, which includes Beleu Lake (800 ha) and areas adjacent to the rivers meadow. Along with the neighboring natural lake Manta, this reserve represents a unique ecosystem, considered the last natural wetland floodplain in the lower Danube region. Another internationally important natural habitat is located in the mid Prut River Valley, the Padurea Domneasea forest nature reserve, with an area of 6,500ha and represents a unique ecosystem composed of meadow oak forest and wetlands. Both nature reserves support globally vulnerable and endangered species of fish, birds, and mammals, and are internationally important for water wolf birds, as it is located within one of major international migratory corridor. Being a protection zone (as a border zone of former USSR), the Prut river valleyand especially its flood zonewas not subject to significant human impact. Most of the natural habitats, including its forests, were kept intact. Furthermore, with only few exceptions, there were no potential sources of pollution (e.g., warehouses of agrichemicals, gasoline stations and/or any industrial enterprises). The biggest potential source of river pollution is the oil exploration site, located in the Northern part of the Prutul de Jos nature reserve. At the same time, large areas of river meadow were drained with construction of irrigation schemes. In order to reduce the flood risks in the river valley in the mid 60s and 70s, a water flow regulation dam at Costesti-Stinca and flood protection dykes were built along the river starting from its midcourse, which until the current (2010) flooding have successfully protected the floodplain from inundations. Impact of the flood on the Sector Summary description. The environmental impacts of May-July 2010 floods are low to moderate and largely related to the following: a) the dispersion of household wastes into the Prut river; (b) inundation and contamination of community water wells, including deep water wells; (c) destruction of fish spawning grounds, breeding and feeding areas; and, (d) impacts on solid wastes land fields. The damage to natural ecosystems and important habitats (on forests and wetlands) was not significant. The long term impacts during recovery and reconstruction time will be mostly dealing with: (i) solid waste and debris management; (ii) sourcing of construction materials; (iii) recovery and improving of forest ecosystems, as well as reproduction of fish
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resources; (iv) needs to strengthen the EIA and environmental management capacities of national and district environmental authorities. The available data shows the following were flooded: (a) about 386 (from 3289 of total number) of shallow water wells causing their pollution and reducing availability of drinking water supply in the flooded villages; (b) about 4661 ha of forests and 4865 ha of protected areas. The flooding affected the quality of forests causing their degradation, especially that of the new forest plantations; (c) oil exploration site at Valeni village. Due to earlier warnings, all 18 extraction wells were closed on time and thus fully avoided water pollution; (d) as most of solid waste land fields are not located in the floodplains, only limited areas of them were flooded (3.85 ha from about 31 ha), causing some environmental impacts by polluting rivers water. The only one waste disposal site that has been flooded totally and is located at Cotul Morii village; (e) similarly, as most of storage of agricultural chemicals is not located in the floodplains, only one emptied warehouse (the obsolete pesticides were removed from there in 2005), and its surrounding area with a surface of 0.3 ha was flooded at the same village, causing some chemical water pollution. Insignificant water pollution was potentially also caused by the inundation of various small scale household containers and barrels used for storing kerosene, of lubricants and other petroleum products, and for different household chemicals. Generally no serious contamination resulted from the flooding. Based on analyses conducted by the Hydrometeorological Service laboratory, the water quality in the Prut River is within the permissible limits; all pollutants do not exceed the maximum concentrations allowed for the fishery ponds. At the same time, pollution may increase once the water will recede. The flooding caused serious impacts on the Prut river fish resources. Most of the fish spawning grounds, breeding and feeding areas were destroyed. Valuable fish species migrated to the meadows of the river and, after the waters withdraw, will remain in newly-formed separate ponds and lakes. Once the water level in these temporary water reservoirs decreases in the conditions with high temperatures, the fish will die causing considerable losses to river ecosystem. The flooding also caused serious impacts and damage to forest resources and especially to newly planted areas. Environmental damages and losses Direct environmental damages are the following: a. Damages to river fish resources. As mentioned, the flooding caused considerable damage to fish resources. As a detailed evaluation of this damage at this time it is not possible, based on previous experience and results of similar exercises during previous flooding it was estimated the magnitude of this damage is at about MDL 11.0 million. b. Damage to forest resources. As mentioned above, about 4661 ha of forest area (including about 500 ha of newly planted areas) was flooded. The long-standing flooding severely affected new forest plantations. The estimated damage is MDL 6.089.0 million. Furthermore, the flooding caused also destruction of 40 km of forest roads and of two bridges. The estimated

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direct damage is MDL 0.28 million. Thus the total damage for the forestry sector might be estimated at MDL 6.369.0 million. Potential environmental losses might include the following: a. Management of debris and wastes during recovery and reconstruction stages which might require additional resources and cause new environmental impacts, including: a) activities on debris and waste disposal; b) the safety of villagers and workers involved in demolition activities; c) potential environmental impacts of debris disposal in inappropriate emergency dumpsites; and d) possible risks from hazardous wastes (e.g., from handling asbestos materials). It is estimated that about 30-60% of the debris from each house can be reused directly in reconstruction. While many villagers will use some of the debris, the volume of waste that will need to be disposed of outside the village areas could be significant, reaching tens of thousands of m3. This might imply finding new disposal areas or a need to increase the capacity of existing landfills. All this would: (i) increase the costs for rebuilding and for reducing costs of environmental impacts; (ii) ensuring that disaster-resistant building standards are both developed and enforced as part of the reconstruction; and (iii) applying environmentally-sound design principles throughout the reconstruction (e.g., for spatial planning, building construction, energy supply, water and sanitation).
b. Impact of sourcing reconstruction building materials. Rebuilding and repairing houses,

roads, bridges, etc., will require important supplies of natural resources, e.g., stones, clay soil, and sand. If managed poorly, accelerated extraction of these resources to meet increased demand could result in negative environmental impacts. At this stage it is impossible to have a monetary estimation of the needs in this sector.
c. Forest recovery and reconstruction costs. Taking into account that the long flooding

caused damage to the status of forests, to improve their status it would be necessary to add sanitary cuttings, replanting, clean-up and maintenance activities. All these activities would require about MDL 6.0889.0 million. Additionally, in the forestry sector it will be necessary to restore destroyed roads and bridges, requiring about MDL 0.28 million. Lastly, about MDL 65.0 thousand is needed to conduct a field survey and preparing a recovery action plan in the sector.
d. Recovery measures for fish resources. To improve reproduction of fish resources, a

special reproduction Center is proposed, which would require about MDL 2.75 million. Furthermore, to strengthen fish inspection it is necessary to enforce the existing legislation to respond to further flooding, about MDL 2.0 million is needed. Finally, about MDL 65.0 thousand is needed to conduct a field survey and preparing a recovery action plan in the sector.
e.

Additional costs for conducting environmental assessment for the reconstruction programs and projects and for strengthening environmental institutions. Reconstruction requires increased demand for the national and district environmental authorities environmental assessment and for environmental management. At the initial recovery stage, greater administrative costs will be incurred for environmental impact assessment of new investments, for enforcing environmental standards, and monitoring of mitigation
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measures, although taking into account the flooded areas are located mostly in two districts, there will be no necessary for additional financing; all necessary activities will be supported by the existing financing provided to the State Ecological Inspectorate. Only for the purpose of providing TA to district environmental authorities and local councils it would be necessary about MDL 0.1 million (for three seminars at the regional level which would involve about 75-80 participants). Summary Damage and Losses Table Area of damages and losses Damage to fish resources Direct damage Losses Total MDL 11.0 MDL 2.75 MDL 13.75 million million million Damage to forest resources (to forest MDL 6.369.0 MDL 6.369.0 MDL plantations and to forest roads and million million 12.739.0 bridges) million Losses due to additional waste and n/a No debris management activities assessment Losses due to additional needs for strengthening EA and Environmental Management capacities a. Strengthening Fish Inspection n/a MDL 2.0 MDL 2.0 million million b. Strengthening EA and n/a MDL 0.1 MDL 0.1 Environmental Management million million capacities of district authorities and local councils Total MDL MDL MDL 28.629 17.369.6511.219.65 million million million Recovery and Reconstruction Sectoral Strategy for Recovery and Reconstruction. The volume of the debris to be collected and construction wastes to be removed, the extent of the fish and forest resources that have been damaged, and the quantity of agricultural and household pollutants entering into Prut river are the main environmental problems related to the current flooding. These findings and proposed measures to address them should be incorporated into long-term restoration and reconstruction programs to eliminate unacceptable environmental impacts from subsequent flooding. Specifically, recurring losses and negative intrusions into environmental systems could be avoided, or at least minimized, by identifying, measuring, and interpreting the magnitude and significance of environmental impacts associated with flooding. Furthermore, Environmental Assessment and Management capacities at local level should be improved to ensure implementation of relevant mitigation measures as well as conducting environmental monitoring and enforcement activities. This is especially important as per Moldovan legislation there are no EA special requirements in the case of small scale (re)construction projects and programs. The immediate recovery measures are related to conducting clean up, maintenance and sanitary cuttings and replanting activities in the forest sector, as well as measures for increasing
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reproduction of fish resources. Preliminary recommendations for the environmental dimension of rehabilitation and reconstruction stage would include: (a) more in-depth assessment of key impact areas for debris which would include: updating the estimated debris that will require disposal, environmental evaluation of selected debris dumpsites, assessing options for the further recycling/processing of debris and implementing programs to minimize waste requiring disposal; (b) a hazardous waste management assessment (especially for asbestos to be removed) and develop an action plan for waste management more generally, and in particular for asbestos burring; (c) consider mechanisms to facilitate the use of sustainable construction materials, to providing facilities that distributes legally sourced, environmentally-friendly building materials; (d) conduct an assessment of institutional capacity for EA and of protected areas located in the Prut river floodplain and propose a series of capacity building activities; (e) revise the existing regulatory documents in the area of EA and propose relevant amendments to incorporate EIA requirements and hazards risks assessment within hazards recovery and reconstruction activities, including in the case of programs and projects involving small scale housing and infrastructure. Recovery and Reconstruction Plan The Table below covers all proposed short and medium term recovery and reconstruction activities as well as in some case long term activities needed for reducing flood risks, specifying the timeline and the estimated costs in MDL. Sector: Environment Outcome: The sector recovers to pre-flood level and improves Environmental Assessment and Management capacity Priority Activities Baseline Public / Needs to Needs to June Private December 31, 30, 2012 2010 Conduct a field No data on the Public 65.0 thousand MDL 12.739 survey and assess the status of forests (Moldsilva) MDL million status of forest as the result of resources, preparing long time and implementing a flooding, no recovery action plan formulated recovery action plan Provide an No data on the Public (MoE, 65.0 thousand 2.75 million assessment of impact status of fish Fish Inspection) MDL MDL of flooding on fish resources and resources, prepare damages as the and implement a result of long recovery action plan time flooding, no formulated recovery action plan

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Develop and implement a management plan for Nemteni, Obileni and Cotul Morii and for Sarateni villages for the disposal of debris and solid waste, incorporating recycling and reuse of them Conduct an express hazardous wastes assessment in the flooded areas and develop an action plan for their management, in particular for asbestos burring. Apply environmental assessment procedures for projects involving houses and other infrastructure (re)construction Conduct an express assessment of the floodplain protected areas and incorporate environmental protection requirements into recovery plans, including capacity building activities Extend forest areas in the Prut river basin in order to ensure environmental balance at both local and national level by implementing the

No special plan and organized activities on debris and solid waste disposal and no special waste and debris recycling No assessment of existing hazardous wastes and no strategy for their management No EA in the case of projects involving housing and/or small scale infrastructure (re)construction activities The specific environmental protection measures regarding floodplain protected areas are not included in the general recovery plans Afforestation activities are implemented at ad hoc basis

Public/Local No additional Councils and costs district Environmental authorities

Public/District No additional Environmental costs authorities and Local Councils

Public/National No additional No additional and district costs costs environmental authorities

Public/Moldsilva, 65.0 thousand No additional MoE, Ministry of MDL costs Construction and Regional Development

Public/Moldsilva, Permanently Local Councils

Permanently (the costs are at the level of about MDL 1520 thousand per one ha of afforested land
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National Afforestation Plan. (This is the long term measure up to 2020 to increase the afforested areas in the country at the level of 13%) Promote best There is no a agricultural practices special plan in within river basin this regard all activities are conducted sporadically Integrate nature and There are no so biodiversity far basin flood conservation risk concerns into river management basin flood risk plans management plans. Revise existing EA The existing regulations and EA regulations include hazard do not stipulate considerations (e.g. specifically EIAs for recovery EIA for projects incorporate recovery disaster risk Programs and assessments). Projects as well Stipulate the need for as not EIA in the case of specifically programs and stipulates projects involving disaster risks small scale housing assessment as and infrastructure part of the EIA activities. process Ensure environmental Environmental protection measures protection during the clauses for the (re)construction (re)construction activities are included activities as part of the usually are not construction part of contracts. construction contracts

Public/Ministry Permanently/ Permanently/no of Agriculture, no additional additional costs MoE, Academy costs of Science Public/MoE, Permanently/no Permanently/ Ministry of additional costs no additional Construction and costs Regional Development Public/MoE, No additional State Ecological costs Expertise

Public/ National Permanently/no Permanently/no and district additional costs additional costs environmental authorities

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