TOIEC Wordlist

TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets
(A selection of words)
1. Premise The words listed in this document have been taken from the TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets. Only the more difficult words have been chosen. Furthermore, identical words, in both French and English languages, with exactly the same meaning have not been listed. In order to warrant language accuracy, the definitions and examples were selected from the Cambridge Dictionary. If a particular use of a word is prevalent only in the United States of America or in United Kingdom, then US or UK is specified. For words that have several meanings, all definitions have been provided except the uncommon ones. In most cases, several examples of word usage are given. If a given word can be used as a noun, a verb or an adjective, the definition of each is given. In some cases, variants of a word are given, e.g. the noun appearance shows together with the verb appear. The list of words has been put in a simple alphabetical order to facilitate searches for the student. Each word is associated with one or more categories that suggests where and how it can be used in the English language. If no specific category could be found then M for Miscellaneous is noted. Following is the list of the categories that have been used: B - Building (or construction) E - Economics F - Feeling (could be also emotion or sentiment) G - Geographical area H - Human (associated with human being, cannot be used with anything else) L - Legal M - Miscellaneous N Nature O - Object Pl - Place Pr - Profession T - Transport W - Weather The FORMAL or INFORMAL following the verb or noun indicate the Formal or Informal nature of the word.
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2. Labels and codes used in the list of words Adjectives adjective [after noun] [after verb] [before noun] [not gradable] Adverbs adverb [before adverb or preposition] [not gradable] Nouns noun [C] [U] plural plural noun [usually plural] [usually singular] [+ singular or plural verb] A word that refers to a person, place or thing. Countable noun: a noun that has a plural. Uncountable or singular noun: a noun that has no plural. The plural form of a noun. A noun that can only be used in the plural. A noun usually used in the plural. A countable noun usually used in the singular. A noun that refers to a group of people acting collectively. When used in the singular it can be followed by either a singular or a plural verb. A word that gives information about a verb, adjective, another adverb or a sentence. An adverb that goes immediately before a preposition or an adverb. An adverb that has no comparative or superlative form. A word that describes a noun or pronoun. An adjective that only follows a noun. An adjective that only follows a verb. An adjective that only goes before a noun. An adjective that has no comparative or superlative form.
Verbs verb [T] [I] [T;I + prep] A word that describes an action, state or experience. Transitive verb: a verb that has an object. Intransitive verb: a verb that has no object. A transitive verb which can be used as an intransitive verb when followed by a preposition.
auxiliary verb
The verbs be, have and do, which combine with other verbs to make different forms like passives, questions and the continuous. Also modal verbs (eg must and can), which add meaning such as certainty and obligation. The past simple form of the verb (eat ate eaten). The past participle of the verb (eat ate eaten). A verb followed by an adverb or a preposition. A phrasal verb which can be separated (where the adverb can go before or after the object). (not verbs like "look after" which cannot be separated) Linking verb: an intransitive verb that is followed by a noun or adjective that refers back to the subject of the sentence. A linking verb only followed by an adjective. A linking verb only followed by a noun. A verb that must be followed by an adverb or preposition. A verb followed by a clause beginning with that. A verb followed by a question word. A verb used with direct speech. A verb followed by the infinitive with to. A verb followed by the -ing form of the verb. A verb followed immediately by not or so where these replace a clause. A verb that has a direct and indirect object. A verb with an object followed by an adjective. A verb with an object followed by a noun. A verb with an object followed by a noun or adjective. A verb with an object followed by as and a noun or an adjective. A verb with an object followed by to be and a noun or an adjective.
past simple past participle phrasal verb [M]
[L] [L only + adjective] [L only + noun] [+ adverb or preposition] [+ that clause] [+ wh- word] [+ speech] [+ to infinitive] [+ v-ing] [+ not or so] [+ two objects] [+ object + adjective] [+ object + noun] [+ object + noun or adjective] [+ object + as noun or adjective] [+ object + to be noun or adjective] [+ object + to infinitive] [+ object + infinitive without to]
[+ infinitive without to] A verb followed by the infinitive without to.
[+ object + that clause] A verb with an object followed by a that clause. A verb with an object followed by an infinitive with to. A verb with an object followed by an infinitive without to.
[+ object + past participle] [+ object + v-ing] [+ object + wh- word] [usually passive] Other labels as a form of address conjunction determiner predeterminer pronoun
A verb with an object followed by a past participle. A verb with an object followed by the -ing form of a verb. A verb with an object followed by a question word. A verb usually used in the passive.
A word or phrase such as Mr or dear used to address someone. A word such as and or although used to link two parts of a sentence. A word such as the or this used before a noun to show which particular example of a noun is being referred to. A word such as both or all used before other determiners. A word such as it, or mine used to replace a noun. A letter or group of letters such as un-, pre- or anti- added to the beginning of a word to make a new word. A letter or group of letters such as -less or -ment added to the end of a word to make a new word. A word or expression such as damn! or oh dear! used to express strong feelings. A word or phrase followed by the -ing form of the verb. A word or phrase followed by the infinitive with to. A word or phrase followed by a clause beginning with that. A word or phrase followed by a question word.
prefix suffix exclamation [+ v-ing] [+ to infinitive] [+ that clause] [+ wh- word]
Word 1. Abnormal
2.
Abstract
Cate Definition gory M Adjective different from what is usual or average, especially in a way that is bad: abnormal behaviour/weather/conditions Tests revealed some abnormal skin cells. M adjective 1- existing as an idea, feeling or quality, not as a material object: Truth and beauty are abstract concepts. 2- describes an argument or discussion that is general and not based on particular examples: This debate is becoming too abstract - let's have some hard facts! noun a shortened form of a speech, article, book, etc., giving only the most important facts or arguments: There is a section at the end of the magazine which includes abstracts of recent articles/books.
3.
Accede
4. 5.
Accordance Accrue
M E
verb FORMAL to agree to do what people have asked you to do: He graciously acceded to our request. It is doubtful whether the government will ever accede to the nationalists' demands for independence. noun FORMAL in accordance with a rule/law/wish/etc. following or obeying a rule/law/wish/etc: In accordance with her wishes, she was buried in France. verb [I] FORMAL to increase in number or amount over a period of time: Interest will accrue on the account at a rate of 7%. Little benefit will accrue to London (= London will receive little benefit) from the new road scheme.
TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass
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6.
Accurate
7.
Achieve
8.
Acknowledge
9.
Acquaint
adjective correct, exact and without any mistakes: an accurate machine an accurate description The figures they have used are just not accurate. Her novel is an accurate reflection of life in post-war Spain. We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes. NOTE: The opposite is inaccurate. verb [T] to succeed in finishing something or reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effort: The government's training policy, he claimed, was achieving its objectives. She finally achieved her ambition to visit South America. I've been working all day, but I feel as if I've achieved nothing. verb [T] to accept, admit or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something: [+ ing form of verb] She acknowledged having been at fault. [+ that] She acknowledged that she had been at fault. You must acknowledge the truth of her argument. Historians generally acknowledge her as a genius in her field. [+ object + to infinitive] She is usually acknowledged to be one of our best artists. They refused to acknowledge (= to recognize officially) the new government. Please acknowledge receipt of (= say that you have received) this letter. He didn't even acknowledge my presence (= show that he had seen me). The government won't even acknowledge the existence of the problem. verb FORMAL to make someone or yourself aware of something: [R] Take time to acquaint yourself with the rules. The Broadcasting Museum also offers Saturday workshops to acquaint children with the world of radio.
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10.
Acquaintance
noun 1- [C] a person that you have met but do not know well: a business acquaintance 2- [U] FORMAL used in some expressions about knowing or meeting people: It was at the Taylors' party that I first made his acquaintance (= first met him). I wasn't sure about Darryl when I first met her, but on further acquaintance (= knowing her a little more) I rather like her. 3- [U] FORMAL knowledge of a subject: Sadly, my acquaintance with Spanish literature is rather limited. noun [C] INFORMAL FOR advertisement, see at advertise: I often prefer the ads on TV to the actual programmes. verb FORMAL to continue to obey a rule or maintain a belief: She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life. They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty. The translator has obviously adhered very strictly to the original text. verb FORMAL 1- [T] to tell someone that they have done something wrong: His mother admonished him for eating too quickly. 2- [T + to infinitive] to advise someone to do something: Her teacher admonished her to work harder for her exams.
11. 12.
Ad Adhere
M M
13.
Admonish
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14.
Adopt
verb [T] to choose or claim as your own: Dr Kennedy has been adopted as the party's candidate for South Cambridge. Roz has adopted one or two funny mannerisms since she's been away. verb [I or T] to take another person's child into your own family and legally raise him or her as your own child: They've adopted a baby girl. She had the child adopted (= She gave her baby to someone else to raise). They have no children of their own, but they're hoping to adopt. adjective [before noun] having a negative or harmful effect on something: The match has been cancelled due to adverse weather conditions. They received a lot of adverse publicity/criticism about the changes. So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effect noun [U] an opinion which someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a particular situation: Steven gave me some good advice. I think I'll take your advice (= do what you suggest) and get the green dress. Can I give you a piece of advice? I need some advice on which computer to buy. [+ to infinitive] My advice is to go by train. We went to Paris on Sarah's advice. NOTE: Do not confuse with the verb, advise.
15.
Adverse
16.
Advice
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17.
Advise
verb 1- [I or T] to give someone advice: [+ to infinitive] I think I'd advise him to leave the company. His doctor advised him against smoking. I'd strongly advise against making a sudden decision. [+ that] They're advising that children be kept out of the sun altogether. [+ ing form of verb] I'd advise waiting until tomorrow. [+ question word] She advised us when to come. She advises the President (= gives information and suggests types of action) on African policy. You would be well-advised to (= It would be wise for you to) have the appropriate vaccinations before you go abroad. NOTE: Do not confuse with the noun, advice. 2- [T] FORMAL to give someone official information about something: They were advised of their rights. [+ that] Our solicitors have advised that the costs could be enormous. verb [T] to publicly support or suggest an idea, development or way of doing something: [+ ing form of verb] She advocates taking a more long-term view. He advocates the return of capital punishment. noun [C] He's a strong advocate of state ownership of the railways verb [T] to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change: Both buildings were badly affected by the fire. The divorce affected every aspect of her life. It's a disease which affects mainly older people. I was deeply affected by the film (= It caused strong feelings in me)
18.
Advocate
19.
Affect
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20.
Afford
21.
Allocate
22.
Alter
23.
Although
verb can afford to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time: I don't know how he can afford a new car on his salary. Few people are able to afford cars like that. She couldn't afford the time off work to see him. [+ to infinitive] I can't afford to buy a house. verb [T] to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, for them to use in a particular way: The government is allocating 10 million for health education. [+ two objects] As project leader, you will have to allocate people jobs/allocate jobs to people. It is not the job of the investigating committee to allocate blame for the disaster/to allocate blame to individuals verb 1- [I or T] to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change: We've had to alter some of our plans. Although long-distance phone calls are going up, the charge for local calls will not alter. Giving up our car has radically altered our lifestyle. conjunction 1- despite the fact that: She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous. He decided to go, although I begged him not to. 2- but: He's rather shy, although he's not as bad as he used to be. She'll be coming tonight, although I don't know exactly when. verb [T] FORMAL to reduce a debt by paying small regular amounts: The value of the machinery is amortized over its estimated useful life. adjective having a clear shape with sharp points: Her features were too angular, her face a little too long for beauty.
24. 25.
Amortize Angular
E M
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26.
Appeal
verb [I not continuous] to interest or attract someone: I've haven't been skiing - it's never really appealed. It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25 year-olds. I think what appeals to me about his painting is the colours he uses. noun [U] the quality in someone or something that makes them attractive or interesting: sex appeal Spielberg films have a wide appeal. Parties on river-boats have lost their appeal since one sank last year killing thirty-three people. appealing adjective 1- attractive or interesting: The idea of not having to get up early every morning is rather appealing (to me). He had a nice smile and an appealing personality. NOTE: The opposite is unappealing. 2- describes someone's expression or way of speaking when it makes you want to help or protect them: a little dog with appealing big brown eyes
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27.
Appear
verb [L or I; not continuous] to seem: You've got to appear (to be) calm in an interview even if you're terrified underneath. To people who don't know him he probably appears (to be) rather unfriendly. Things aren't always what they appear to be. [+ to infinitive] She appears to actually like the man, which I find incredible. There appears to be some mistake. [+ (that)] It appears (that) she left the party alone. It appears to me (that) (= I think that) we need to make some changes. FORMAL It would appear (that) (= It seems that) nobody on board the aircraft actually had a licence to fly it. [+ adverb or preposition] It appears as if/as though I was wrong. Everything was not as it appeared - secret deals had been done. I know how it must appear, but it's not really as bad as it looks. "Has he left?" "It appears not/so." [after so] "I think we're late." "So it appears." verb [I] 1- to become noticeable or to be present: He suddenly appeared in the doorway. We'd been in the house a month when dark stains started appearing on the wall. His name appears in the film credits for lighting. If she hasn't appeared (= arrived) by ten o'clock I'm going without her. The film, currently in the States, will be appearing on our screens (= we will be able to see it) later this year. I've noticed that smaller cars are starting to appear (= be produced or sold) again. 2- If you appear in court, you are there officially because you are involved in a trial: Both women will be appearing before magistrates later this week. appearance noun [C] an occasion when someone appears in public: It was his first appearance on television/television appearance as president. She will be making a public appearance, signing copies of her latest novel. This was the defendant's third court appearance for the same offence.
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28.
Appointment
noun 1- TIME [C] a time you have arranged to meet someone or go somewhere a doctor's/dental appointment I made an appointment with my hairdresser for next Monday. 2- JOB [C,U] when you officially choose someone for an important job, or the job itself the appointment of three new teachers a temporary appointment adjective suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion: appropriate footwear for the country Is this film appropriate for small children? I didn't think his comments were very appropriate at the time. Is this an appropriate occasion to discuss finance? Please complete the appropriate parts of this form (= the parts that are right or necessary for your particular situation) and return it as soon as possible. noun [C] 1- a structure consisting of a curved top on two supports, which holds the weight of something above it: In many churches the side aisles are separated from the central aisle by a row of arches. Passing through the arch, you enter an open courtyard. 2- something that has the shape of this structure, often used for decoration 3- the raised curve on the bottom of your foot: She's got very high arches. verb [I or T] to make the shape of an arch: Trees arch over the river. Her eyebrows arched in contempt. She watched the cat arch its back. adjective The entrance to the cathedral is through an arched door (= a door with a curved structure surrounding it).
29.
Appropriate
30.
Arch
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31.
Ascend
verb [I or T] FORMAL to move up or climb something: They slowly ascended the steep path up the mountain. The divers have begun to ascend to the surface of the water. There's a long flight of steps ascending (= leading up) to the cathedral doors. ascent noun [C usually singular] She made her first successful ascent (= climb) of Everest last year. We struggled up the slippery ascent (= slope). ascend the throne FORMAL to become queen or king noun [C usually singular] a line of machines and workers in a factory which a product moves along while it is being built or produced. Each machine or worker performs a particular job, which must be completed before the product moves to the next position in the line: noun 1- [C] a useful or valuable quality, skill or person: He'll be a great asset to the team. Her eyes are her best asset (= most attractive feature). Knowledge of languages is a real asset in this sort of work. 2- [C usually plural] something valuable belonging to a person or organization which can be used for the payment of debts: A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software. noun [C] something that you accept as true without question or proof: People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability. These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise. noun [C] someone who serves passengers on an aircraft or attends a seminar or conference
32.
Assembly line
33.
Asset
34.
Assumption
35.
Attendant
Pr
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36.
Attest
verb [I or T] FORMAL to show something or to say or prove that something is true: Thousands of people came out onto the streets to attest their support for the democratic opposition party. The number of old German cars still on the road attests (to) the excellence of their manufacture. As his career attests, he is a cricketer of world-class standard. SPECIALIZED The will needs to be attested (= officially marked to show that the signature of the person who made the will is correct) by three witnesses. attestation noun [C] SPECIALIZED a formal statement which you make and officially say is true noun [C] plural auditoriums or auditoria 1- the part of a theatre, or similar building, where the people who are watching and listening sit: No smoking in the auditorium. 2- MAINLY US a large public building such as a theatre verb [I or T] LITERARY to stop sleeping or to make someone stop sleeping: They were awakened by the sound of gunfire. I awakened at dawn to find him beside me. adjective [after verb] 1- knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing: [+ that] I wasn't even aware that he was ill. Were you aware of the risks at the time? She was well (= very) aware that he was married. "Has Claude paid the phone bill?" "Not as far as I'm aware." (= I don't think so) I suddenly became aware of (= started to notice) him looking at me. 2- having special interest in or experience of something and so being well informed of what is happening in that subject at the present time: to be ecologically/politically aware sexually aware
37.
Auditorium
Pl
38.
Awaken
39.
Aware
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40.
Awe
noun [U] a feeling of great respect sometimes mixed with fear or surprise: I've always held musicians in awe. As children we were rather in awe of our grandfather. You can't help but stand in awe of (= respect greatly and fear slightly) powerful people. verb [T] UK aweing or US awing I was awed but not frightened by the huge gorilla. Her paintings have awed and amazed the public for half a century. The audience was awed into silence by her stunning performance. awed adjective We stood there in awed silence. "How does she manage to run so fast at her age?" he asked in awed tone
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41.
Background
(EXPERIENCE) noun [C] your family and your experience of education, living conditions, wealth, etc: The school has pupils from many different ethnic/cultural/religious backgrounds. They come from a privileged/wealthy background. a background in publishing (THINGS BEHIND) noun 1- [S] the things that can be seen or heard behind other things that are closer or louder: The little figure that you can just see in the background of the photograph is me. If you listen carefully to this piece of music, you can hear a flute in the background. We couldn't hear what they were saying on the tape - there was too much background noise. 2- [C] the things that can be seen behind the main things or people in a picture: The artist himself did not paint the backgrounds to his pictures - they were done by his pupils. He has photographed her against lots of different backgrounds. They were filmed against a background of dark fir trees. The book's cover has white lettering on a blue background. 3- [S or U] the conditions that existed before a particular event happened, and which help to explain why it happened: These decisions have had to be taken against a background of high unemployment. Can you give me some background on (= information about the conditions that existed before) the situation? adjective [before noun] describes something that is done before, and in preparation for, something else: Students are expected to do some background reading before the course starts. The book provides background information on the history of the region. the background noun [S] If someone or something is in the background, they are not the main point of attention:
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42.
Bankrupt
adjective 1- LEGAL unable to pay what you owe, and having control of your financial matters given, by a court of law, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts: He went bankrupt after only a year in business. The recession has led to many small businesses going bankrupt. 2- INFORMAL having no money: I shall go bankrupt if you children keep on asking for more pocket money! 3- DISAPPROVING lacking in a particular quality: He believes that modern society is morally bankrupt. verb [T] LEGAL They feared that the loss would bankrupt them (= cause them to become bankrupt). noun [C] LEGAL He was declared a bankrupt (= stopped by a court of law from managing his own financial matters) in 1991. bankruptcy noun [C or U] LEGAL The company was forced into bankruptcy. noun [C] a large formal meal for many people, often followed by speeches in honour of someone: Medieval banquets are held in the castle once a month.
43.
Banquet
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44.
Bare
adjective without any clothes or not covered by anything: Don't walk around outside in your bare feet. There's no carpet in the room, just bare floorboards. The cupboard/room was completely bare. (= there was nothing in it). I just packed the bare essentials (= the most basic things). There isn't much time, so I'll just give you the bare facts/details (= I'll only give you the most important information). She eats only the bare minimum (= the least possible) to stay alive. verb [T] The men bared their heads (= took their hats off as a sign of respect) as they entered the church. He became nervous when the dog growled and bared its teeth at him (= showed its teeth to him). (MUSICAL RANGE) noun plural basses 1- [C or U] the lowest range of musical notes, or a man with a singing voice in this range: He sings bass. Italy's leading bass 2- [U] the set of low musical sounds on a radio, music system, etc., or the button that controls them: Turn down the bass. adjective [before noun] playing, singing or producing the lowest range of musical notes: a bass drum/guitar/trombone noun [C] plural bass a type of fish found in rivers or the sea
45.
Bass
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46.
Blame
verb [T] to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening: Don't blame me (= It is not my fault) if you miss the bus! Hugh blames his mother for his lack of confidence. Hugh blames his lack of confidence on his mother. You can't really blame Helen for not wanting to get involved. noun [U] Health officials put the blame for the disease on (= state that the reason for the disease is) poor housing conditions. If anything goes wrong, I'll take the blame (= I will state that it is my fault). They tried to pin (= put) the blame for the killing on an innocent army officer. We want to find out what happened, not to apportion blame (= to say someone or something was wrong). noun [C] 1- a severe snow storm with strong winds: We once got stuck in a blizzard for six hours. In Sussex, blizzard conditions made the main roads almost impassable. 2- INFORMAL a large amount of something which arrives or is produced together in a confusing or badly organized way: a blizzard of statistics/handouts
47.
Blizzard
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48.
Block
B,G
(LUMP) ] noun [C] a solid straight-sided lump of hard material: a block of wood/ice the block noun [S] OLD USE a large piece of wood on which criminals had their head cut off: Anne Boleyn went to (= was killed on) the block. noun [C] a large, usually tall building divided into separate parts for use as offices or homes by several different organizations or people: an office block UK a tower block UK a block of flats noun [C usually plural] an irregularly-shaped mark, for example on a person's skin: Her face was covered in purple blotches. blotchy adjective He'd been crying and his face was all blotchy.
49.
Blotch
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50.
Blur
noun [S] 1- something that you cannot see clearly: If I don't wear my glasses, everything is just a blur. 2- something that you cannot remember or understand clearly: It all happened so long ago that it's just a blur to me now. The last few days seem to have gone by in a blur. verb [I or T] 1- to (make something or someone) become difficult to see clearly: As she drifted into sleep, the doctor's face began to blur and fade. 2- to make the difference between two things less clear, or to make it difficult to see the exact truth about something: This film blurs the line/distinction/boundary between reality and fantasy. verb [T] to improve or increase something: The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices. Share prices were boosted by reports of the President's recovery. I tried to boost his ego (= make him feel more confident) by praising his cooking. noun [C usually singular] when something is boosted: The lowering of interest rates will give a much-needed boost to the economy. Passing my driving test was such a boost to my confidence.
51.
Boost
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52.
Bore
H,M
noun 1- [C] DISAPPROVING someone who talks too much about boring subjects: I had to sit next to Michael at dinner - he's such a bore. 2- [S] INFORMAL an activity or situation that is annoying or unpleasant: Ironing is such a bore. verb [I or T; usually + adverb or preposition] to make a hole in something using a tool: He used a drill to bore a hole in the wall. The workmen bored through the rock. verb [T] bore, borne or US ALSO born to hold or support something: The chair, too fragile to bear her weight, collapsed. past participle of bear adjective OLD-FASHIONED causing annoyance or trouble: a bothersome little man bothersome noise noun [C] LITERARY a large branch of a tree
53. 54.
Borne Bothersome
M F,H
55.
Bough
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56.
Bowl
noun [C] a round container that is open at the top and is deep enough to hold fruit, sugar, etc., or the rounded inside part of something: a soup/cereal/salad/sugar bowl a bowl of soup/rice/porridge She eats a bowl (= the contents of a bowl) of cereal every morning. Sift the flour and baking powder into a mixing bowl. The toilet bowl was cracked and stained, and the walls were covered in mould. Super Bowl noun [C usually singular] in the US, a game of American football played each year between the winners of the two football leagues (= groups) in order to decide which is the best team in the country noun [C] one of the parts of a tree that grows out from the main trunk and has leaves, flowers or fruit on it: bare/leafy/flowering branches The fruit on the lower branches was protected from the sun. Watch out for overhanging branches. verb [I] to divide into two: The road branches at the bottom of the hill. Special Branch noun [S or U] the department of the British police which deals with crimes such as terrorism that threaten the government of the UK
57.
Branch
N,M
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58.
Brew
verb 1- [T] to make beer 2- [I or T] If you brew tea or coffee, you add boiling water to it to make a hot drink, and if it brews, it gradually develops flavour in the container in which it was made: [+ two objects] He brewed us some coffee./He brewed some coffee for us. 3- [I] If an unpleasant situation or a storm is brewing, you feel that it is about to happen: It was too quiet - I felt that trouble was brewing. A storm was brewing in the distance. adjective 1- very wide: We walked down a broad avenue lined with trees. He flashed a broad grin at us. My brother is very broad-shouldered. . 2- If something is a particular distance broad, it measures this distance from side to side: This river is over 500 metres broad at its widest point. O'Connell Bridge in Dublin is famous for being broader than it is long. noun [C] a type of small magazine that contains pictures and information on a product or a company noun [C] a small stream: I could hear the sound of a babbling brook. verb FORMAL to not allow or accept something, especially difference of opinion or intention: She won't brook any criticism of her work
59.
Broad
60. 61.
Brochure Brook
M H,N
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62.
Buffer
noun 1- [C] something or someone that helps protect from harm: I bought a house as a buffer against inflation. 2- [C] the protective metal parts at the front and back of a train or at the end of a track, that reduce damage if the train hits something 3- [C or U] a chemical that keeps a liquid from becoming more or less acidic verb [T] to provide protection against harm noun 1- [C usually singular] something or someone that is very large: She eased her large bulk out of the chair. 2- [U] large size or mass: It was a document of surprising bulk. 3- in bulk in large amounts: The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs. adjective able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results: She's a very capable woman/worker/judge. We need to get an assistant who's capable and efficient. noun [C] 1- a vehicle with either two or four wheels which is pulled by a horse, and which is used for carrying goods: a horse and cart. 2- US FOR trolley (FOR CARRYING) noun [C] 1- SPECIALIZED something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed 2- an event or person that causes great change: The high suicide rate acted as a catalyst for change in the prison system.
63.
Bulk
64.
Capability
65.
Cart
66.
Catalyst
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67.
Cause
noun 1- [C or U] the reason why something, especially something bad, happens: The police are still trying to establish the cause of the fire. She had died of natural causes. I wouldn't tell you without (good) cause (= if there was not a (good) reason). I believe we have/there is just cause (= a fair reason) for taking this action. 2- [U] a reason to feel something or to behave in a particular way: He's never given me any cause for concern. verb [T] to make something happen, especially something bad: The difficult driving conditions caused several accidents. [+ object + to infinitive] The bright light caused her to blink. Most heart attacks are caused by blood clots. [+ two objects] I hope the children haven't caused you too much trouble noun [C or U] a system of giving money, food or help free to those who are in need because they are ill, poor or homeless, or any organization which is established to provide money or help in this way: She does a lot of work for charity. People tend to give to (= give money to) charity at Christmas time. verb [T] FORMAL to criticize someone severely: Charity organizations have chastised the Government for not doing enough to prevent the latest famine in Africa. noun [C] the part of a cigarette which is left after it has been smoked: The floor was littered with cigarette butts. noun [C] a sign or some information which helps you to find the answer to a problem, question or mystery: Police are still looking for clues in their search for the missing girl.
68.
Charity
69. 70. 71.
Chastise Cigarette butt Clue
F,H M M
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72.
Clutter
noun [U] (a lot of objects in) a state of untidiness: Sorry about the clutter in the kitchen. My desk is covered in/full of clutter. verb [T] to fill something in an untidy or badly organized way: The kids always clutter the hall (up) with school bags and coats and stuff. verb 1- [I] to fall down suddenly because of pressure or lack of strength or support: Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. The chair collapsed under her weight. FIGURATIVE He thought his whole world had collapsed when his wife died. 2- [I] If someone collapses they fall down because they are ill or weak: He collapsed and died of a heart attack. 3- [I or T] to fold something into a smaller shape, usually so it can be stored, or (especially of furniture) to fold in this way: All chairs collapse for easy storage. noun [S or U] when a person or structure becomes too weak to stand and suddenly falls: He was taken to hospital after his collapse on the pitch. the collapse of a tower block during the earthquake noun [U] 1- the process of burning 2- SPECIALIZED the chemical process in which substances mix with oxygen in the air to produce heat and light
73.
Collapse
74.
Combustible
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75.
Commission
verb [T] to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work: The newspaper commissioned a series of articles on the worst excesses of the fashion industry. noun [C] a request to do a special piece of work: [+ to infinitive] She's just got a commission to paint Sir Ellis Pike's wife. noun [C or U] a (system of) payment to someone who sells goods which is directly related to the amount of goods sold: Is she paid a regular wage or is it on/by commission only? She gets a 15% commission on every machine she sells. group noun [C] a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists: a commission on alcohol abuse/racial tension The government have set up/established a commission to investigate the problem of inner city violence. verb [I] to make the same journey regularly between work and home: It's exhausting commuting from Brighton to London every day. noun [C] INFORMAL It's at least an hour's commute to work. noun [C] someone who regularly travels between work and home: The train was packed with commuters.
76.
Commute
77.
Commuter
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78.
Compensate
verb [T] to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some inconvenience: Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries. noun [U] money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some inconvenience: She received 40 000 in compensation for a lost eye. You should claim/seek compensation. a compensation claim verb [I] FORMAL to act according to an order, set of rules or request: He's been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it's dangerous, but he refuses to comply. There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. noun [U] 1- FORMAL when people obey an order, rule or request: It is the job of the inspectors to enforce compliance with the regulations. The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws. 2- MAINLY DISAPPROVING the tendency to be too willing to do what other people want you to do: It's his compliance that amazes me. noun 1- [C] a remark that expresses approval, admiration or respect: She complained that her husband never paid her any compliments any more. I take it as a compliment (= I am pleased) when people say I look like my mother. Are you fishing for (= trying to get) compliments? 2- [S] an action which expresses approval or respect: You should take it as a compliment when I fall asleep in your company - it means I'm relaxed. Thank you so much for your help - I hope one day I'll be able to return/repay the compliment (= do something good for you). noun [C] FORMAL a substance, such as salt, that you add to food to improve its taste
79.
Compliance
80.
Complimentary
81.
Condiments
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82.
Conduct
H,M
verb [T] to organize and perform a particular activity: We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service. The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York. How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business! verb 1- [T usually + adverb or preposition] FORMAL to lead someone to a particular place: May I conduct you to your table, sir, or would you prefer to have a drink at the bar first? The protesters were conducted from the courtroom by two police officers. 2- [T] If you conduct a tour of a place, you take people round it and show it to them: A guide conducts tours of the cathedral every afternoon at 2.00. (MUSIC) verb [I or T] to direct the performance of musicians or a piece of music: The orchestra was conducted by Mira Shapur. (BEHAVIOUR) verb [R] to behave in a particular way, especially in a public or a formal situation, or to organize the way in which you live in a particular way: How should I conduct myself at these dinners? I know nothing about etiquette. noun [U] behaviour: bad/excellent/disgraceful conduct The club has a strict code (= set of rules) of conduct.
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83.
Confuse
verb [T] 1- to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand: You're confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing at a time. Stop confusing the issue (= making the problem unnecessarily difficult)! 2- to mix up two separate things or people in your mind, imagining that they are one: You're confusing me with my sister, - she's the one studying drama. It's easy to confuse his films, because he tends to use the same actors. adjective (congested) 1- too blocked or crowded and causing difficulties 2- describes roads and towns where there is too much traffic and movement is made difficult 3- describes someone who cannot breathe through their nose because it is blocked, usually during an infection 4- describes lungs or other body parts that have become too full of blood or other liquid congestion noun [U] The (traffic) congestion in the city gets even worse during the summer. This spray helps to ease nasal congestion. noun [C] an often bad or inconvenient result of a particular action or situation: Not making a will can have serious consequences for the people you might wish to benefit. Scientists think it unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill. I told the hairdresser to do what she wanted to my hair, and look at the consequences! Well, if you insist on eating so much, you'll have to suffer/take (= accept and deal with) the consequences!
84.
Congestion
85.
Consequent
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86.
Convenient
adjective 1- suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty: Our local shop has very convenient opening hours. A bike's a very convenient way of getting around. [+ that] It's very convenient that you live near the office. [+ to infinitive] I find it convenient to be able to do my banking by phone. What time would it be convenient for me to come round? 2- near or easy to get to or use: a very convenient bus service Our new flat is very convenient for (= near to) the kids' school. (CUSTOM) noun 1- [C or U] (an example of) a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society: They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-sufficient. Convention dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and not the reverse. In many countries, it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals. (MEETING) noun [C] a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar interest, or a large meeting for a political party: the national Democratic convention (AGREEMENT) noun [C] a formal agreement between country leaders, politicians and states on a matter which involves them all: the Geneva Convention
87.
Convention
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88.
Core
noun [C] 1- the hard central part of some fruits, such as apples, which contains the seeds: Don't throw your apple core on the floor! 2- the centre of a planet: The earth's core is a hot, molten mix of iron and nickel. (IMPORTANT PART) noun [S or U] 1- the basic and most important part of something: The basic lack of government funding is at the core of the problem. 2- core value/belief/issue, etc. a value, belief, etc. which is basic and more important than any other: The final status negotiations would focus on the core issues of the peace process. 3- core business/operations/activities the most important or largest part of a company's business activities, which it depends on in order to continue trading: The company's core operations include entertainment and aviation. 4- core curriculum/subjects/courses the most important parts of a course of study, that all students must do
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89.
Correct
adjective 1- right and not wrong; in agreement with the true facts or with what is generally accepted: a correct answer "Is that the correct spelling?" "I don't know - look it up in a dictionary." It's not correct to describe them as 'students'. FORMAL "Your name is Angela Black?" "That is correct." NOTE: The opposite is incorrect. 2- taking or showing great care to behave or speak in a way that is generally accepted and approved of: He's very correct in his dress/speech/manner, isn't he? verb [T] 1- to show or tell someone that something is wrong and to make it right: Students said it was helpful if the teacher corrected their pronunciation. I've got thirty exam papers to correct. 2- If a medical treatment corrects a particular condition, it cures the condition or makes it easier to manage: glasses to correct poor vision a chair which corrects bad posture
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90.
Court
Pl
(LAW) noun [C usually singular; U] 1- (a large room in) a building where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a room, especially the officials and those deciding whether someone is guilty: Protestors gathered outside the court to await the verdict. He's due to appear in court again on Monday. court (SPORT) noun [C] an area marked out on the ground which is used for playing sports such as tennis and basketball: a tennis/volleyball/basketball/squash court court (ROYALTY) noun [C or U] the official home of a queen or king: the courts of Renaissance Europe court (RELATIONSHIP) verb [I or T] OLD-FASHIONED to have a romantic relationship with someone that you hope to marry: They courted for two years before getting married. group noun 1- [C] a large group of people who have gathered together: A crowd of about 15,000 attended the concert. 2- [S] INFORMAL a group of friends or a group of people with similar interests: She goes about with a friendly crowd. "Who was there?" "Oh, the usual crowd, Dave, Mike and Fiona." verb [T] INFORMAL to make someone feel uncomfortable by standing too close to them or by continually watching them: I need some time to do this work properly, so don't crowd me.
91.
Crowd
H,F
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92.
Crucial
93. 94.
Cumulative Customer
M H
95.
Deception
adjective extremely important or necessary: a crucial decision/question Her work has been crucial to the project's success. [+ that] It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately. adjective increasing by one addition after another: The cumulative effect of using so many chemicals on the land could be disastrous. noun [C] a person who buys goods or a service: a satisfied customer Mrs. Wilson is one of our regular customers. noun [C or U] when people hide the truth, especially to get an advantage: He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception. self-deception noun [U] when you hide the truth from yourself: His claim to be an important and unjustly neglected painter is sheer self-deception - he's no good at all. adjective 1- able to make decisions quickly and confidently, or showing this quality: You need to be more decisive. a decisive reply NOTE: The opposite is indecisive. 2- strongly affecting how a situation will progress or end: These results could prove decisive in establishing the criminal's identity. a decisive role noun [C] LEGAL a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal
96.
Decisive
97.
Defendant
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98.
Delay
verb 1- [I or T] to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected: My plane was delayed by an hour. Could we delay the meeting a few days? [+ ing form of verb] I think we should delay deciding about this until next year. 2- [T] to cause someone or something to be slow or late: I was delayed by traffic. 3- [I] to not act quickly or immediately: If you delay now, the opportunity might be lost. noun [C or U] when you have to wait longer than expected for something to happen, or the time that you have to wait: This situation needs to be tackled without delay. noun [C] a person chosen or elected by a group to speak, vote, etc. for them, especially at a meeting: Delegates have voted in favour of the motion. Each union elects several delegates to the annual conference. verb [I or T] to give a particular job, duty, right, etc. to someone else so that they do it for you: As a boss you have to delegate (responsibilities to your staff). noun [C] a person, usually young, who behaves in a way that is illegal or unacceptable to most people: juvenile delinquents
99.
Delegate
100. Delinquent
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101. Demonstration
noun [C] (INFORMAL demo) when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone: The students are holding a demonstration to protest against the increase in their fees. Protesters staged an anti-war demonstration in front of the US embassy. noun [C or U] when you show someone how to do something, or how something works: This disaster is a clear demonstration of the need for tighter controls. Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works. She told us how easy it was to use the computer, then by way of demonstration simply pressed a few keys on the keyboard. We're going to a cookery demonstration tonight. verb [T] 1- to choose someone officially to do a particular job: Traditionally, the president designates his or her successor. Thompson has been designated (as/to be) team captain. She has been designated to organize the meeting. 2- to state officially that a place or thing has a particular character or purpose: This area of the park has been specially designated for children. They officially designated the area (as) unsuitable for human habitation. adjective [after noun] used after the title of a particular official job to refer to someone chosen to do that job, but who has not yet started doing it: the Secretary General/Managing Director designate
102. Designate
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103. Despair
noun [U] the feeling that there is no hope and that you can do nothing to improve a difficult or troubling situation: a mood/sense of despair They're in (the depths of) despair over/about the money they've lost. To her teacher's despair, Nicole never does the work that she's told to do. Their fourth year without rain drove many farmers to (= caused them to feel) despair. verb [I] to feel despair about something or someone: Don't despair! We'll find a way out! I despair at/over the policies of this government. They began to despair of ever being rescued. preposition without taking any notice of or being influenced by; not prevented by: I still enjoyed the week despite the weather. Despite repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it. [+ ing form of verb] He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast. despite yourself If you do something despite yourself, you do it although you do not want to or although you know you should not: He laughed despite himself. She took the money from her mother's purse, despite herself. noun [C] an object or machine which has been invented to fulfil a particular purpose: a contraceptive/electronic device Rescuers used a special device for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings. verb [T] to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually cleverly or imaginatively: He's good at devising language games that you can play with students in class. The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz. noun [C] a person who has an important position in a society:
104. Despite
105. Device
106. Devise
107. Dignitary
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108. Dilapidated
109. Dip
adjective describes something old and in poor condition: The hotel we stayed in was really dilapidated. a dilapidated old car/shed verb [T] 1- to put something briefly into a liquid: Dip the fish in the batter, then drop it into the hot oil. She dipped her toe into the pool to see how cold it was. 2- to put sheep briefly into a container of liquid containing chemicals which kill harmful insects on the sheep's bodies noun 1- [C or U] a cold thick creamy sauce which you eat by dipping pieces of raw vegetable or biscuits, etc. into it: cheese/salsa dip 2- [C usually singular] a quick swim: a dip in the sea/pool
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110. Disabled
H,M
adjective 1- lacking one or more of the physical or mental abilities that most people have: The accident left him severely disabled. 2- [before noun] specially relating to or intended for disabled people: The library does not have disabled access. the disabled plural noun people who are disabled: It is often very difficult for the disabled to find jobs. disable verb 1- [T often passive] to cause someone to have an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult for them to do the things that other people do: She was disabled in the accident. 2- [T] to stop something such as (part of) a machine, system or weapon from working: These guns will destroy or disable any incoming missile. Disable the alarm system and then enter the building. (REDUCTION) noun [C] a reduction in the usual price: They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies. They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students. verb [T often passive] discounted goods/rates (NOT CONSIDER) verb [T] to decide that something or someone is not worth consideration or attention: You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back.
111. Discount
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112. Discreet
113. Discrepant
adjective careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret: The family made discreet enquiries about his background. They are very good assistants, very discreet - they wouldn't go shouting to the press about anything they discovered while working for you. discrepancy noun [C or U] FORMAL (a) difference between two things that should be the same: There is some discrepancy between the two accounts. The committee is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in numbers. discrepant adjective discrepant figures discrepant opinions/views noun [U] strong feeling of disapproval and dislike at a situation or person's behaviour, etc: She walked out in disgust. We are demonstrating to show our anger and disgust at the treatment of refugees. He resigned from the committee in disgust at the corruption. Beresford, much to his disgust, was fined for illegal parking. verb [T not continuous] to make you feel extreme dislike or disapproval: Doesn't all this violence on TV disgust you?
114. Disgust
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115. Dispatch
verb [T] 1- to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purpose: Two loads of woollen cloth were dispatched to the factory on December 12th. 2- LITERARY OR OLD-FASHIONED to kill someone: In the film's last five minutes, our handsome hero manages to dispatch another five villains. noun 1- [U] when someone or something is sent somewhere: the dispatch of troops 2- [C] a newspaper report sent by someone in a foreign country, often communicating war news, or an official report, often on a military matter: In her latest dispatch, Clare Duggan, our war correspondent, reported an increase in fighting. noun [C or U] an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two bordering countries: a bitter/long-running dispute a border dispute a pay/legal/trade dispute They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions. The unions are in dispute with management over pay. verb [I or T] to disagree with something that someone says: Few would dispute his status as the finest artist of the period. The circumstances of her death have been hotly disputed. [+ (that)] I don't dispute (that) Lucas' films are entertaining, but they haven't got much depth. verb [T] to prevent something, especially a system, process or event, from continuing as usual or as expected: A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's transport system. The meeting was disrupted by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker.
116. Dispute
117. Disrupt
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118. Dissatisfaction
dissatisfied adjective not pleased with something; feeling that something is not as good as it should be: If you're dissatisfied with the service, why don't you complain to the hotel manager? dissatisfaction noun [U] At the moment she's experiencing a lot of dissatisfaction with her job. adjective LITERARY (of a person) living in a way that other people strongly disapprove of; immoral: He led a dissolute life, drinking and womanising till his death. verb [I or T] (of a solid) to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid: Dissolve two spoons of powder in warm water. verb 1- [T often passive] to end an official organization or a legal arrangement: Parliament has been dissolved. Their marriage was dissolved in 1968. 2- [I] to disappear: The tension in the office just dissolves when she walks out. Nitric acid will dissolve most animal tissue. noun [U] 1- SPECIALIZED a combination of sounds or musical notes that are not pleasant when heard together: the jarring dissonance of Klein's musical score 2- FORMAL disagreement
119. Dissolute 120. Dissolve
M M
121. Dissonant
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122. Dock
Pl
noun [C] 1- a specially enclosed area of water in a port that is used for loading and unloading or repairing ships 2- US a long platform built over water where passengers can get on or off a boat or where goods can be loaded and unloaded plural noun The strike has led to the cancellation of some ferry services and left hundreds of passengers stranded at the docks. verb [I or T] If a ship docks, it arrives at a dock and if someone docks a ship, they bring it into a dock: Hundreds of people turned up to see the ship dock at Southampton. The Russians and Americans docked (= joined together in space) (their spacecraft) just after one o'clock this morning. down (FEATHERS) noun 1- [U] small soft feathers, especially those from a young bird: goose/duck down a down jacket/pillow/sleeping bag (= a jacket/pillow/sleeping bag filled with down) adjective [before noun], adverb US in or to the central part of a city: downtown Los Angeles a downtown address I work downtown, but I live in the suburbs.
123. Down pillows
124. Downtown
Pl
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125. Drag
verb 1- [T] to move something by pulling it along a surface, usually the ground: Pick the chair up instead of dragging it behind you! She dragged the canoe down to the water. 2- [T + adverb or preposition] to make someone go somewhere they do not want to go: She had to drag her child away from the toy shop. I really had to drag myself out of bed this morning. 3- [T] to move something on a computer screen using a mouse (DEVICE) 4- [T] If you drag a subject into a conversation, etc. you begin to talk about it even if it is not connected with what you are talking about: She's always dragging sex into the conversation. 5- [T] to pull nets or hooks along the bottom of a river or lake in order to find something: They found the man's body after dragging the canal. noun [S or U] SPECIALIZED the force that acts against the forward movement of something which is passing through a gas or a liquid: Engineers are always looking for ways to minimize drag when they design new aircraft. plural noun (ALSO draperies) US heavy curtains made with thick cloth
126. Drapes
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127. Drill
M, O
(TOOL) noun [C] a tool or machine which makes holes: an electric/pneumatic drill a dentist's drill a drill bit (= the sharp part of the drill which cuts the hole) verb [I or T] Drill three holes in the wall for the screws. They are going to drill for oil nearby. (REGULAR ACTIVITY) noun [C] an activity which practises a particular skill and often involves repeating the same thing several times, especially a military exercise intended to train soldiers: In some of these schools, army-style drills are used to instil a sense of discipline. a spelling/pronunciation drill verb 1- [I or T] to practise something, especially military exercises, or to make someone do this: We watched the soldiers drilling on the parade ground. 2- [T usually + adverb or preposition] to tell someone something repeatedly to make them remember it: It was drilled into us at an early age that we should always say 'please' and 'thank you'. He drilled the children in what they should say. noun [C or U] a long period when there is little or no rain: noun [U] the length of time that something lasts: noun [U] the time before night when it is not yet dark: As dusk fell, bats began to fly between the trees.
128. Drought 129. Duration 130. Dusk
N M N
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131. Economic slump 132. Ecstatic
E F
noun (of prices, values or sales) to fall suddenly: The economic slump has slowed all growth. adjective extremely happy: The new president was greeted by an ecstatic crowd.
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133. Effect
(RESULT) noun [C or U] 1- the result of a particular influence: The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment. I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any effect. I think I'm suffering from the effects of too little sleep. She has a lot of confidence which she uses to good effect (= to her advantage) in interviews. 2- take effect to produce or achieve the results you want: They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect before they stitched up the cut. 3- MAINLY DISAPPROVING for effect If you say or do something for effect, you intentionally do it to shock people or attract their attention: I get the impression that she uses bad language in meetings for effect. 4- in effect in fact, or in practice: So in effect the government have lowered taxes for the rich and raised them for the poor. (USE) noun [U] use: The present system of payment will remain in effect (= be used) until the end of the rental agreement. When do the new driving laws come into effect? The new salary increases will take effect (= begin) from January onwards. (ACHIEVE) verb [T] FORMAL to achieve something and cause it to happen: As a political party they are trying to effect a change in the way that we think about our environment. adjective working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way: The city's transport system is one of the most efficient in Europe. We need someone really efficient who can organize the office and make it run smoothly.
134. Efficient
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135. Elaborate
(EXPLAIN) verb [I] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to add more information to or explain something that you have said: The minister said he was resigning, but refused to elaborate on his reasons for doing so. (DETAILED) adjective containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts: You want a plain blouse to go with that skirt - nothing too elaborate. They're making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I didn't quite believe him. adjective 1- having the necessary qualities or fulfilling the necessary conditions: Are you eligible for early retirement/maternity leave? You might be eligible for a grant. Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. 2- describes someone who is not married and is desirable as a marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive: I can think of several eligible bachelors of my acquaintance. verb 1- [T] to remove or take away: A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease. We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident. The police eliminated him from their enquiries. 2- [T often passive] to defeat someone so that they cannot continue in a competition: He was eliminated in the third round of the competition. 3- [T] SLANG to murder: A police officer was accused of helping a drug gang eliminate rivals
136. Eligible
137. Eliminate
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138. Embrace
(HOLD) verb [I or T] LITERARY to hold someone tightly with both arms to express love, liking or sympathy, or when greeting or leaving someone: She saw them embrace on the station platform. He leant over to embrace the child. (ACCEPT) verb [T] FORMAL to accept something enthusiastically: This was an opportunity that he would embrace. noun [U] the ability to share someone else's feelings or experiences by imagining what it would be like to be in their situation verb [T] 1- (UK USUALLY -ise) to show or state that something is particularly important or worth giving attention to: [+ question word] I'd just like to emphasize how important it is for people to learn foreign languages. [+ that] He emphasized that all the people taking part in the research were volunteers. You can use italics or capitals to emphasize a word in a piece of writing. 2- to make something more obvious: Tight jeans will only emphasize any extra weight that you are carrying. (SURROUND) verb [T] to surround: The park that encloses the monument has recently been enlarged. (SEND) verb [T] to send something in the same envelope or parcel as something else: Please enclose a curriculum vitae with your letter of application. FORMAL Please find enclosed a cheque in settlement of your invoice.
139. Empathy 140. Emphasize
F M
141. Enclose
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142. Enclosure
(SURROUND) noun 1- [C] an enclosed area: the members enclosure 2- [C or U] when people enclose land: An early example of privatisation was the enclosure of public land for private use by wealthy landlords. (SEND) noun [C] something that is put in the same envelope or parcel as something else verb [T] to improve the quality, amount or strength of something: These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation/image. verb 1- [I or T] to become bigger or to make something bigger: They've enlarged the kitchen by building over part of the garden. Symptoms of the disease include an enlarged spleen or liver. 2- [T] to print a bigger copy of a photograph or document verb [T] to make something certain to happen: The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft. [+ (that)] The role of the police is to ensure (that) the law is obeyed. [+ two objects] Their 2-0 victory today has ensured the Italian team a place in the Cup Final/ensured a place in the Cup Final for the Italian team adjective relating to the environment: People are becoming far more aware of environmental issues. noun [C] a person who is interested in or studies the environment and who tries to protect it from being damaged by human activities
143. Enhance 144. Enlarge
M M
145. Ensure
146. Environmental 147. Environmentalist
N Pr
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148. Erode
verb [I or T] 1- to rub or be rubbed away gradually: Wind and rain have eroded the statues into shapeless lumps of stone. The cliffs are eroding several feet a year. 2- to slowly reduce or destroy: His behaviour over the last few months has eroded my confidence in his judgement. verb [I] to explode or burst out suddenly: At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities. Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes. Two days after he'd been exposed to the substance, a painful rash erupted (= suddenly appeared) on his neck. Her back erupted in small red spots. verb [I or T] to make or become greater or more serious: The decision to escalate UN involvement has been taken in the hopes of a swift end to the hostilities. His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed. The escalating rate of inflation will almost certainly bring escalating prices. adverb (ALSO specially) very much; particularly; for a particular reason: She's not especially interested in sport. I chose this especially for your new house. They invited her to speak especially because of her experience in inner cities.
149. Erupt
150. Escalate
151. Especially
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152. Establish
(START) verb [T often passive] to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time: The brewery was established in 1822. These methods of working were established in the last century. (ACCEPT) verb [T] to cause to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc: His reputation for carelessness was established long before the latest problems arose. He's established himself as a dependable source of information. After three months we were well established in/at our new house/new jobs. (DISCOVER) verb [T] FORMAL to discover or get proof of something: Before we take any action we must establish the facts/truth. [+ question word] Can you establish what time she left home/whether she has left home. [+ (that)] We have established (that) she was born in 1900. verb [T] to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount or value of something: It's impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more about the research methods employed. [+ question word] We shall need to evaluate how the new material stands up to wear and tear. although: Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister. verb [T] to force someone to leave somewhere: Tenants who fall behind in their rent risk being evicted. He was evicted from the pub for drunken and violent behaviour.
153. Evaluate
154. Even though 155. Evict
M M
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156. Excavate
verb [I or T] 1- to remove earth that is covering very old objects buried in the ground in order to discover things about the past: Tintagel Castle, the reputed birthplace of King Arthur, is being excavated professionally for the first time in more than 50 years. 2- to dig a hole or channel in the ground, especially with a machine: In tin mining today, workers excavate tunnels horizontally from a vertical shaft. noun [S or U] an amount which is more than acceptable, expected or reasonable: An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing. They both eat to excess (= too much). There will be an increase in tax for those earning in excess of (= more than) twice the national average wage. adjective [before noun] extra: Cut off any excess pastry and put it to one side. adjective 1- limited to only one person or group of people: This room is for the exclusive use of guests. an exclusive interview 2- expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class: an exclusive private club an apartment in an exclusive part of town noun [C] a story which is printed in one newspaper or magazine and no others: The newspaper published an exclusive about the escape.
157. Excess
158. Exclusive
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159. Exhausted
verb [T] to make someone extremely tired: The long journey exhausted the children. I've exhausted myself with all that cleaning. adjective extremely tired: Exhausted, they fell asleep. By the time they reached the summit they were exhausted. verb [I or T] to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way: The air in the balloon expands when heated. They expanded their retail operations significantly during the 1980s. expand on something phrasal verb to give more details about something you have said or written: She mentioned a few ideas, but she didn't expand on them. broaden/expand/widen somebody's horizons to increase the range of things that someone knows about or has experienced: Travelling certainly expands your horizons. verb [T] FORMAL to cause to be done more quickly; to hurry: Something needs to be done to expedite the process.
160. Expand
161. Expedite
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162. Extend
(REACH) verb [T; I usually + adverb or preposition] to (cause something to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer: The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. Rain is expected to extend to (= reach) all parts of the country by this evening. The effects of this legislation will extend (= reach) further than the government intends. Parking restrictions do not extend to (= include) disabled people. We've extended a washing line (= made it reach) between two trees in the garden. We're planning to extend our publishing of children's books (= increase it). He extended his hand as a greeting (= held out his hand for someone to shake it). The government has produced a series of leaflets designed to extend (= increase) public awareness of the dangers of AIDS. We have plans to extend our house (= to make it bigger). The pub has recently extended its opening hours (= made them longer). I need to extend my visa (= make it last longer). (OFFER) verb [T] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to offer or give: I should like to extend my thanks to you for your kindness. The chairperson extended a warm welcome to the guest speaker. The government is extending (= giving) aid to people who have been affected by the earthquake. [+ two objects] The bank has agreed to extend us money/extend money to us (= lend us money) to buy our house. noun [C] any of two or more telephones in the same house which share the same number, or any of a number of telephones connected to a switchboard in a large building such as an office: We have an extension in our bedroom. When you call, ask for extension 3276.
163. Extension
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164. Factor
(FACT) noun [C] a fact or situation which influences the result of something: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors. Heavy snow was a contributing factor in the accident. Price will be a major/crucial factor in the success of this new product. The economy is regarded as the decisive/key factor which will determine the outcome of the general election. INFORMAL The film's success is largely due to its feel-good factor (= its ability to make people feel happy). (NUMBER) noun [C] SPECIALIZED 1- in mathematics, any whole number which is produced when you divide a larger number by another whole number: Two, three, four and six are all factors of twelve. 2- a particular level on some systems of measurement: a factor 20 suntan cream a wind chill factor of -20
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165. Fair
H,M
fair (RIGHT) adjective 1- treating someone in a way that is right or reasonable, or treating a group of people equally and not allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment: a fair trial Why should I have to do all the cleaning? It's not fair! It's not fair on Joe (= It is not right) to make him do all the work! It's not fair that she's allowed to go and I'm not! It's not fair to blame me for everything! She's scrupulously fair with all her employees (= she treats them all equally). She claims her article was a fair comment on (= a reasonable thing to say about) a matter of public interest. He offered to do all the cleaning if I did all the cooking, which seemed like a fair (= reasonable) deal. 2- If something, such as a price or share, is fair, it is reasonable and is what you expect or deserve: I thought it was a fair price that she was offering. I'm willing to do my fair (= equal) share of the work. All the workers want is a fair wage for the work that they do. 3- If a game or competition is fair, it is done according to the rules: It was a fair fight. (PALE) adjective (of skin) pale, or (of hair) pale yellow or golden: She's got fair hair and blue eyes. a fair complexion (AVERAGE) adjective [after verb] neither very good nor very bad: Films are rated on a scale of poor, fair, good and excellent. I was fair at science but it was never my thing.
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166. Fairway
167. Fall
M,N
noun [C] SPECIALIZED in golf, the area of short grass between the tee (= place where you first hit the ball) and the green (= place where the ball should enter a hole): He completely missed the fairway from his tee shot, and his ball ended up in the bushes. (autumn) noun [C or U] (UK autumn) the season of the year between summer and winter, lasting from September to November north of the equator and from March to May south of the equator, when fruits and crops become ripe and are gathered, and leaves fall: We like to travel in the autumn/fall when there are fewer tourists. We always clear out the garage in early fall/autumn. Last fall/autumn we went to Germany. autumn/fall colours/leaves (ACCIDENT) verb [I] fell, fallen to suddenly go down onto the ground or towards the ground unintentionally or accidentally: The path's very steep, so be careful you don't fall. He fell badly and broke his leg. Athletes have to learn how to fall without hurting themselves. She fell under a bus and was killed instantly. The horse fell at the first fence. I fell down the stairs and injured my back. She had fallen, it appeared, from a great height. The water's deep here, so don't fall in! He fell into the river and drowned. If you fell off the roof, you'd kill yourself. He was leaning out of the window and fell out. She fell five metres to the bottom of the ravine. He fell to his death climbing the Matterhorn. noun [C usually singular] when someone or something falls down to the ground, usually unintentionally or accidentally: He had/took a nasty fall and hurt his back. the fall of the Berlin Wall (= when the Berlin Wall was destroyed)
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168. Familiar
(EASY TO RECOGNIZE) adjective easy to recognize because of being seen, met, heard, etc. before: There were one or two familiar faces (= people I knew). The house looked strangely familiar, though she knew she'd never been there before. The street was familiar to me. (FRIENDLY) adjective informal and friendly, sometimes in a way that is not respectful to someone who is not a relative or close friend: "That'll be five pounds, dear", he said in an irritatingly familiar way. He doesn't like to be too familiar with his staff. (PAYMENT) noun [C] 1- the money that you pay for a journey on a vehicle such as a bus or train: Train fares are going up again. (MANAGE) verb [I usually + adverb or preposition] SLIGHTLY OLD-FASHIONED to succeed or be treated in the stated way: How did you fare in your exams? Low-paid workers will fare badly/well under this government.
169. Fare
170. Feasibility
171. Feat
2- someone who pays to be driven somewhere in a taxi feasibility study noun [C] an examination of a situation to decide whether a suggested method, plan, or piece of work is possible or reasonable: The local authority is to carry out a feasibility study into expanding the old stadium. The company agreed to conduct a feasibility study for a hydroelectric plant at Aimores. noun [C] something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, bravery, etc. to achieve it: The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering. She's performed remarkable feats of organization for the office. Page 62 of 147
172. Fee
173. Fiduciary 174. Flaw
M M
noun [C] an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or service: legal fees university fees an entrance/registration fee We couldn't afford to pay the lawyer's fee. adjective SPECIALIZED relating to the responsibility to look after someone else's money in a correct way: a breach of fiduciary duty noun [C] a fault, mistake or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or which causes something not to be perfect: I returned the material because it had a flaw in it. There's a fatal flaw in your reasoning. This report is full of flaws. a character flaw verb [T] to cause something to be not perfect: A flawed argument noun [C] a set of steps or stairs, usually between two floors of a building: We live up three flights of stairs. verb [I] to change or vary, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another: Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season. Her wages fluctuate between 150 and 200 a week. Her weight fluctuates wildly. fluctuating prices
175. Flight of stairs 176. Fluctuate
M M
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177. Fluid
fluid (LIQUID) noun [C or U] a substance which flows and is not solid: If you have a fever you should drink plenty of fluid(s). The virus is contracted through exchange of bodily fluids. fluid (MOVEMENT) adjective smooth and continuous: fluid movements follow something up phrasal verb (US ALSO follow up on something) to find out more about something, or take further action connected with it: The idea sounded interesting and I decided to follow it up. He decided to follow up on his initial research and write a book. noun [C] This meeting is a follow-up to the one we had last month. verb [T] forbidding, forbade or OLD USE forbad, forbidden to refuse to allow something, especially officially, or to prevent a particular plan of action by making it impossible: The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16. [+ to infinitive] He's obviously quite embarrassed about it because he forbade me to tell anyone. He is forbidden from leaving the country. heaven forbid (ALSO God forbid) a way of saying that you hope something does not happen: Heaven forbid (that) his parents should ever find out. verb [T] foreseeing, foresaw, foreseen to know about something before it happens: I don't foresee any difficulties so long as we keep within budget. fork-lift (truck) noun [C] a small vehicle which has two strong bars of metal fixed to the front used for lifting piles of goods
178. Follow-up
179. Forbid
180. Foresee 181. Forklift
M O
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182. Frown
verb [I] to bring your eyebrows together so that there are lines on your face above your eyes to show that you are annoyed or worried: She frowned at me, clearly annoyed. He frowned as he read the instructions, as if puzzled. noun [C] "Leave me alone, " she said with a frown. frustrate (DISCOURAGE) verb [T] to make someone feel annoyed or discouraged because they cannot achieve what they want: It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice. frustrated adjective Are you feeling frustrated in your present job? frustrate (PREVENT) verb [T] to prevent the plans or efforts of someone or something from being achieved: The continuing civil war is frustrating the efforts of relief agencies to feed thousands of famine victims. frustrated adjective 1- [before noun] describes a person who has not succeeded in a particular type of job: Frustrated writers often end up in publishing. noun [U] items such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, etc. which are put into a house or other building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or working in: They have a lot of antique furniture. The only piece/item of furniture he has in his bedroom is a bed. We've just bought some new garden furniture (= tables, chairs, etc. for use in the garden).
183. Frustrated
184. Furniture
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185. Global 186. Grassroots
M H
adjective relating to the whole world: a global catastrophe/problem the grassroots plural noun the ordinary people in a society or an organization, especially a political party: The feeling among the grassroots of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough. grassroots adjective [before noun] grassroots support a grassroots movement/campaign noun [C] (UK ALSO grocery shop, US ALSO grocery store) a shop selling food and small items for the home
187. Grocery
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188. Guarantee
E,M
noun 1- [C or U] a promise that something will be done or will happen, especially a written promise by a company to repair or change a product that develops a fault within a particular period of time: The system costs $99.95 including postage, packing and a 12-month guarantee. The video recorder comes with/has a two-year guarantee. a money-back guarantee [+ that] The United Nations has demanded a guarantee from the army that food convoys will not be attacked. [+ (that)] There is no guarantee (that) the discussions will lead to a deal. A product as good as that is a guarantee of commercial success (= It is certain to be successful). The shop said they would replace the television as it was still under guarantee. 2- [C] a formal acceptance of responsibility for something, such as the payment of someone else's debt 3- [C] SPECIALIZED something valuable which you give to someone temporarily while you do what you promised to do for them, and which they will keep if you fail to do it verb [T] 1- If a product is guaranteed, the company that made it promises to repair or change it if a fault develops within a particular period of time: The fridge is guaranteed for three years. 2- to promise that something will happen or exist: [+ two objects] European Airlines guarantees its customers top-quality service. The label on this bread says it is guaranteed free of/from preservatives (= it contains no preservatives). 3- If something guarantees something else, it makes certain that it will happen: [+ (that)] The 50 deposit guarantees (that) people return the boats after their hour has finished. 4- If something is guaranteed to happen or have a particular result, it is certain that it will happen or have that result: [+ to infinitive] Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick. 5- If you guarantee someone's debt, you formally promise to accept the responsibility for that debt if the person fails to pay it.
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189. Guarantor
noun [C] 1- FORMAL a person who makes certain that something happens or that something is protected: The armed forces see themselves as the guarantors of free elections in the country. 2- LEGAL someone who formally accepts responsibility for you or for something that belongs to you: You must have a guarantor in order to get a visa to enter the country. (PART) noun [C] a part of an object designed for holding, moving or carrying the object easily: a door handle the handle on a suitcase I can't pick the kettle up - the handle's too hot. She turned the handle and slowly opened the door. (TOUCH) verb [T] to pick something up and touch, hold or move it with your hands: Always wash your hands before handling food. Please don't handle the vases - they're very fragile. (DEAL WITH) verb [T] to deal with, have responsibility for, or be in charge of: I thought he handled the situation very well. Some people are brilliant with computers, but have no idea how to handle (= behave with) other people. If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it. Who handles the marketing in your company? adjective [before noun] Someone who has hands-on experience of something has done or used it rather than just read or learned about it: Many employers consider hands-on experience to be as useful as academic qualifications.
190. Handle
191. Hands-on experience
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192. Hazard
(DANGER) noun [C] something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage: a health/fire hazard The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians. (RISK) verb [T] 1- to risk doing something, especially making a guess, suggestion, etc: I wouldn't like to hazard a guess.
193. Hazy
(warning) light noun [C] one of the orange lights at the front and back of a car which turn on and off repeatedly to warn other drivers of danger M,W haze noun [C or U] when the air is not very clear because of something such as heat or smoke, making it difficult to see well: The road through the desert shimmered in the haze. I saw her through a haze of cigarette smoke. hazy adjective 1- hazy sunshine the hazy days of summer 2- not remembering things clearly: hazy memories of childhood noun [U] information you have heard, although you do not know whether it is true or not: The evidence against them is all hearsay. noun [C or U] a chemical which is used to destroy plants, especially weeds Compare insecticide; pesticide. Page 69 of 147
194. Hearsay 195. Herbicide
M O
196. Hitherto 197. Homemaker 198. Hospitality
M H M
adverb FORMAL until now or until a particular time: Mira revealed hitherto unsuspected talents on the cricket pitch. noun [C] MAINLY US a woman who manages a home and often raises children instead of earning money from employment noun [U] 1- when people are friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors: The local people showed me great hospitality. 2- the food, drink, etc. that an organization provides in order to keep its guests happy: The company's guests at Ascot are entertained in the corporate hospitality area. noun [C] a person, especially a woman, whose job is to organize another person's house and deal with cooking, cleaning, etc. (DEGREE) adverb despite whatever amount or degree: However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza. If Emma likes something she'll buy it however much it costs. I'll see you after the show and give you 20 for the tickets, or however much (= whatever) they cost. (WAY) adverb 1- in whatever way: However you look at it, it's still a mess. You can do it however you like, it really doesn't matter. 2- used to express surprise: However did you manage to get him to agree to that? (DESPITE) adverb despite this: This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others. There may, however, be other reasons that we don't know about.
199. Housekeeper 200. However
Pr M
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201. Human resources 202. Ignore
H M
203. Illustrate
plural noun the department of an organization that deals with finding new employees, keeping records about all the organization's employees, and helping them with any problems verb [T] to intentionally not listen or give attention to: She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her. Safety regulations are being ignored by company managers in the drive to increase profits. How can the government ignore the wishes of the majority? I smiled at her but she just ignored me. verb [T] to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples: The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard. This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN. [+ question word] The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water. verb [T] to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc: a beautifully illustrated book/old manuscript verb [T] to spoil or weaken something so that it is less effective: A recurring knee injury may have impaired his chances of winning the tournament. noun [U] The case depended upon his implication of his co-workers in the fraud. adjective Her threat to resign was implied rather than stated explicitly. I detected an implied criticism of the way he was treated. verb [T] 1- to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly: [+ (that)] Are you implying (that) I'm fat? I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight? 2- FORMAL to involve something or make it necessary: Socialism implies equality.
204. Impair 205. Implication 206. Implied 207. Imply
M M M M
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208. Impress 209. Impressive
M M
phrasal verb to make someone understand or be aware of the importance or value of something: Mr Simmons tried to impress on me how much easier my life would be if I were better organized. adjective 1- If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important or very large: That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player. an impressive collection of modern paintings There are some very impressive buildings in the town. NOTE: The opposite is unimpressive. 2- An impressive person causes you to admire or respect them for their special skills or abilities: She's a very impressive public speaker. verb [I or T] to (cause something to) get better: He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers. I thought the best way to improve my French was to live in France. Her health has improved dramatically since she started on this new diet. noun 1- [C or U] the act or process of moving, or a particular action or movement: The violent motion of the ship upset his stomach. He rocked the cradle with a gentle backwards and forwards motion. They showed the goal again in slow motion (= at a slower speed so that the action could be more clearly seen). 2- [C] UK a polite way of referring to the process of excretion of solid waste, or the waste itself: The nurse asked if her motions were regular. noun [C or U] something which encourages a person to do something: Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. [+ to infinitive] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive. Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder. adjective FORMAL describes weather which is unpleasant, especially cold or stormy Page 72 of 147
210. Improve
211. In motion
212. Incentive
213. Inclement
214. Income
215. Increase
noun [C or U] money that is earned from doing work or received from investments: Average incomes have risen by 4.5% over the past year. More help is needed for people on low incomes. I haven't had much income from my stocks and shares this year. verb [I or T] to (make something) become larger in amount or size: Incidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years. The cost of the project has increased dramatically/significantly since it began. Gradually increase the temperature to boiling point. Increased/Increasing efforts are being made to end the dispute. noun [C or U] price/tax increases There were 39,000 new cases last year - an increase of 7 per cent. Any increase in production would be helpful. noun [C] one of a series of increases: You will receive annual salary/pay increments every September.
216. Increment
E,M
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217. Indicate
(SHOW) verb [T] to show, point or make clear in another way: Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed. [+ question word] Please indicate which free gift you would like to receive. [+ (that)] She indicated to me (that) she didn't want me to say anything. (SIGNAL) verb 1- [I or T] UK to show other road users that you intend to turn left or right when you are driving a vehicle 2- [T] When a device indicates a value or change, it signals it: The gauge indicates a temperature below freezing point. (SUGGEST) verb [T] to suggest something as being suitable: SPECIALIZED Antihistamine is indicated for this patient as a treatment for her allergies. HUMOROUS I'm so hot and tired - I think a long cool drink is indicated! adjective naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place: Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area? The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand. adjective [before noun] happening, used or situated inside a building: indoor sports/activities an indoor racetrack/swimming pool adverb Come indoors, it's cold outside. adjective having the characteristic of regularly working hard: an industrious worker She's extremely competent and industrious. Page 74 of 147
218. Indigenous
219. Indoors
220. Industrious
221. Inexpensive 222. Inexperience 223. Infest 224. Instead
E M M M
225. Internment 226. Intersection
M M
adjective not costing a lot of money: It's an inexpensive perfume. noun [U] lack of knowledge or experience: As a leader, he's been criticized for his inexperience in foreign affairs. verb [T] (of animals and insects which carry disease) to cause a problem by being present in large numbers: The barn was infested with rats adverb in place of someone or something else: There's no coffee - would you like a cup of tea instead? You can go instead of me, if you want. noun [U] an internment camp noun 1- [C or U] when two lines cross, or the point where this happens: The intersection of the lines on the graph marks the point where we start to make a profit. 2- [C] MAINLY US the place where two or more roads join or cross each other: a busy intersection Turn right at the next intersection. noun [C] A New York investor offered to acquire the company's shares for $13 each. Small investors (= people who invest only a small amount of money) are hoping that the markets will improve. noun [C] a list of items provided or work done together with their cost, for payment at a later time: Invoices must be submitted by the 24th of every month. verb [T] to supply an invoice: We'll invoice you for parts and labour.
227. Investor 228. Invoice
E E
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229. Involve
230. Justification
231. Landscape
verb [T not continuous] to include someone or something in something, or to make them take part in or feel part of it: The second accident involved two cars and a lorry. I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning. [+ ing form of verb] The operation involves putting a small tube into your heart. Research involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive purposes. She's been involved with animal rights for many years. It would be difficult not to involve the child's father in the arrangements. noun [C or U] a good reason or explanation for something: There is no justification for treating people so badly. It can be said, with some justification, that she is one of the greatest actresses on the English stage today. noun 1- [C] a large area of countryside, especially in relation to its appearance: a rural/barren landscape The landscape is dotted with the tents of campers and hikers. The cathedral dominates the landscape for miles around. 2- [C or U] a view or picture of the countryside, or the art of making such pictures: a watercolour landscape. J.M.W. Turner is one of Britain's best-known landscape painters. verb [T] to make a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, a vehicle or a piece of equipment for an agreed period of time: The estate contains 300 new homes, about a third of which are leased to the council. [+ two objects] It was agreed they would lease the flat to him/lease him the flat. noun [C] a legal agreement in which you pay money in order to use a building, piece of land, vehicle, etc. for a period: He has the flat on a long lease. The lease runs out/expires in two years' time. We signed a three-year lease when we moved into the house.
232. Lease
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233. Legible
234. Levy
adjective describes writing or print that can be read easily: Her handwriting is barely legible. NOTE: The opposite is illegible. noun [C] an amount of money, such as a tax, that you have to pay to a government or organization: They imposed a 5% levy on alcohol. verb [T] A new tax was levied on consumers of luxury goods. noun [C or U] a piece of writing which contains bad and false things about a person: She threatened to sue the magazine for libel.
235. Libel
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236. Litter
O, M
(RUBBISH) noun [U] small pieces of rubbish that have been left lying on the ground in public places: About 2% of fast-food packaging ends up as litter. (SPREAD) verb [T] 1- to spread across an area or place untidily: The park was littered with bottles and cans after the concert. Dirty clothes littered the floor of her bedroom. 2- be littered with something A place, document or other object that is littered with something, has or contains a lot of that thing: The newspaper has a reputation for being littered with spelling mistakes. (BABY ANIMALS) group noun [C] a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the same mother: a litter of kittens (BED) noun [U] dried grass or plant stems used by animals as a bed
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237. Lobby
H,M
noun [C] the (large) room into which the main entrance door opens in a hotel or other large building verb [I or T] to try to persuade a politician, the government or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed: Small businesses have lobbied hard for/against changes in the tax laws. [+ to infinitive] Local residents lobbied to have the factory shut down. [+ object + to infinitive] They have been lobbying Congress to change the legislation concerning guns. noun [C] a group of people who try to persuade the government or an official group to do something: the anti-smoking lobby (WOOD) noun [C] a thick piece of tree trunk or branch, especially one cut for burning on a fire verb [I or T] to cut down trees so that you can use their wood: The forest has been so heavily logged that it is in danger of disappearing. (RECORD) noun [C] a full written record of a journey, a period of time, or an event: the ship's log verb [T] to officially record something: The Police Complaints Authority has logged more than 90 complaints.
238. Log
O, M
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239. Look at
(THINK) phrasal verb to think about a subject carefully so that you can make a decision about it: Management is looking at ways of cutting costs. (READ) phrasal verb to read something in order to check it or form an opinion about it: Can you look at my essay sometime? (EXAMINE) phrasal verb If someone, usually an expert, looks at something, they examine it: Did you get the doctor to look at your knee? (OPINION) phrasal verb to consider something in a particular way: If I'd had children I might have looked at things differently. phrasal verb [M] to quickly examine something or someone: I had a few minutes before the meeting to look over what he'd written. Would you quickly look over these figures for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?
240. Look over
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241. Loose
(NOT FIXED) adjective 1- not firmly fixed in place: There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall. The nails in the bridge had worked themselves loose. The prisoners were so thin that their skin hung loose. 2- describes hair that is not tied back: Her hair was hanging loose about her shoulders. 3- describes items which are not fixed or held together or to anything else: A few loose sheets of paper were lying around. (NOT TIGHT) adjective (of clothes) not fitting closely to the body: Wear comfortable, loose clothing to your exercise class. Loose cannon noun [C] DISAPPROVING someone who behaves in an uncontrolled or unexpected way and is likely to cause problems for other people: He's seen as something of a loose cannon by other team members.
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242. Lose
(NOT HAVE) verb [T] lost, lost 1- to no longer possess something because you do not know where it is, or because it has been taken away from you: I've lost my ticket. He's always losing his car keys. At least 600 staff will lose their jobs if the firm closes. He lost his leg in a car accident. She lost her mother (= Her mother died) last year. 2- to stop feeling something: to lose confidence/faith I lost interest halfway through the book. He kept on crying and I lost my patience. 3- to have less of something than you had before: I'm trying to lose weight. He's losing his hair. She lost a lot of blood in the accident. to lose your memory/sight 4- If you lose time, you waste it: Four million hours were lost last year through stress-related illnesses. We lost valuable time stuck in traffic. 5- If a clock loses time, it goes more slowly than it should: My watch loses ten minutes every day. 6- lose money/pounds/dollars, etc. A business that is losing money is spending more money than it is receiving: Banks will lose millions of pounds because of new legislation.
(BE DEFEATED) verb [I or T] lost, lost to fail to succeed in a game, competition, etc: If we lose this game, we're out of the championship. TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass
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243. Mail
O,M
(POST) noun [S or U] 1- (MAINLY UK post) the letters and parcels which are transported and delivered by post, or the postal system itself: She spent the morning reading and answering her mail. All of our customers will be contacted by mail. The book came in yesterday's mail. Some strange things get sent through the mail. 2- Mail used in the name of some newspapers: the Daily Mail the Hull Mail mail MAINLY US verb [T] (MAINLY UK post) to send a letter or parcel or email something: She mailed it last week but it still hasn't arrived. [+ two objects] I promised to mail him the article/mail the article to him. verb [I] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to fail to work or operate correctly noun [C] Shortly before the crash the pilot had reported a malfunction of the aircraft's navigation system.
244. Malfunction
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245. Match
O,M
(COMPETITION) MAINLY UK noun [C] (US USUALLY game) a sports competition or event in which two people or teams compete against each other: a football/cricket/tennis match We won/lost the match. Liverpool have a match with (= against) Blackburn next week. (STICK) noun [C] a short thin stick made of wood or cardboard and covered with a special chemical at one end which burns when rubbed firmly against a rough surface: a box of matches You should always strike a match away from you. (SUITABLE) noun [S] 1- something which is similar to or combines well with something else: The curtains look great - they're a perfect match for the sofa. 2- OLD-FASHIONED If two people who are having a relationship are a good match, they are very suitable for each other: Theirs is a match made in heaven (= a very good relationship). verb [I or T] If two colours, designs or objects match, they are similar or look attractive together: Do you think these two colours match? Does this shirt match these trousers? a sofa with curtains to match (EQUAL) noun [S] a person or thing which is equal to another person or thing in strength, speed or quality
verb [T] to be as good as someone or something else: TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass
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246. Meantime 247. Middle management 248. Miscellaneous 249. Mischievous
M H
M H
noun in the meantime until something expected happens, or while something else is happening: Your computer won't be arriving till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's. group noun [U] the people within a company who are in charge of departments or groups, but who are below those in charge of the whole company: He cut hundreds of jobs in middle management. adjective consisting of a mixture of various things which are not usually connected with each other: miscellaneous household items adjective 1- behaving in a way, or describing behaviour, which is slightly bad but is not intended to cause serious harm or damage: She has a mischievous sense of humour. a book about the mischievous antics of his ten-year-old daughter 2- expressing or suggesting mischief: a mischievous grin 3- describes behaviour or words that are intended to cause harm or trouble: I think these rumours are mischievous. noun [U] travel sick noun [U] 1- great sadness felt because someone has died: Shops will be closed today as a sign of mourning for the king. He was in mourning for his wife. 2- the usually black clothes that are worn in some countries as an expression of sadness about someone's death 3- a loud crying that people in some countries make when someone dies: The mourning could be heard all day and all night.
250. Motion sick 251. Mourning
H M
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252. Mutual
253. Nab
254. Negotiate
adjective (of two or more people or groups) feeling the same emotion, or doing the same thing to or for each other: Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. Both countries are acting to their mutual advantage. The agreement was terminated by mutual consent. verb [T] INFORMAL to take something suddenly, or to catch or arrest a criminal: Undercover police officers nabbed (= caught) the men at the airport. Someone nabbed my apple when I wasn't looking! (DISCUSS) verb [I or T] to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with them: The government has refused to negotiate with the strikers. I'm negotiating for a new contract. I've managed to negotiate (= obtain by discussion) a five per cent pay increase with my boss. (TRAVEL) verb [T] 1- to manage to travel along a difficult route: The only way to negotiate the muddy hillside is on foot. 2- to deal with something difficult: The company's had some tricky problems to negotiate in its first year in business. noun [C] 1- UK (US neighbor) someone who lives very near to you: Some of the neighbours have complained about the noise from our party. Have you met Pat, my next-door neighbour? 2- A country's neighbour is one that is next to it: The relationship between Scotland and its southern neighbour has not always been peaceful. adverb (SLIGHTLY FORMAL nonetheless) despite what has just been said or referred to: I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless
255. Neighbour
H,M
256. Nevertheless
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257. Nonetheless 258. Notify
M M
259. Nourish
adverb (ALSO nevertheless) despite what has just been said or done: There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return. verb [T] to tell someone officially about something: The school is required to notify parents if their children fail to come to school. Has everyone been notified of the decision? [+ that] We notified the police that the bicycle had been stolen. verb [T] 1- to provide people or living things with food in order to make them grow and keep them healthy: Children need plenty of good fresh food to nourish them. She looks happy and well nourished. This cream is supposed to help nourish your skin. 2- FORMAL If you nourish a feeling, belief or plan, you think about it a lot and encourage it: Lisa has long nourished the hope of becoming a famous writer.
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260. Obscure
(UNKNOWN) adjective not known to many people: an obscure island in the Pacific an obscure 12th-century mystic (UNCLEAR) adjective unclear and difficult to understand or see: Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure. His answers were obscure and confusing. verb [T] 1- to prevent something from being seen or heard: Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window. The sun was obscured by clouds. 2- to make something difficult to discover and understand: Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators. verb [T] -ttto fail to include or do something: She was omitted from the list of contributors to the report. The Prince's tour conveniently omitted the most deprived areas of the city. [+ to infinitive] FORMAL She omitted to mention that she was going to Yorkshire next week. noun [U] 1- a situation in which people welcome visitors at any time: We keep open house, so come and see us any time. 2- US a time when a house or apartment that is being sold can be looked at by the public
261. Omit
262. Open house
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263. Operation
(WORK) noun 1- [U] the fact of operating or being active: There are several reactors of the type in operation (= working) at the moment. We expect the new scheme for assessing claims to come into operation (= start working) early next year. 2- [U] the way that parts of a machine or system work together, or the process of making parts of a machine or system work together 3- [C] a business organization: Less profitable business operations will have difficulty in finding financial support. 4- [C] an activity which is planned to achieve something: a military/peacekeeping operation. Following the earthquake, a large-scale rescue operation was launched. [+ to infinitive] The operation to fly in supplies will begin as soon as possible. 5- [C] SPECIALIZED a mathematical process, such as addition, in which one set of numbers is produced from another (MEDICAL PROCESS) noun [C] (UK INFORMAL op) when a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part: a major/minor/routine operation an abdominal/cataract/transplant operation He's got to have an operation on his shoulder. [+ to infinitive] We will know in a couple of days if the operation to restore her sight was successful.
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264. Operational
(WORK) adjective 1- relating to a particular activity: There are operational advantages in putting sales and admin in the same building. 2- If a system is operational, it is working: Repairs have already begun and we expect the factory to be fully operational again with six months. operational research UK noun [U] (US operations research) SPECIALIZED the systematic study of how best to solve problems in business and industry noun [C] 1- someone whose job is to use and control a machine or vehicle: a computer operator 2- a company that does a particular type of business: a tour operator 3- a person who helps to connect people on a telephone system 4- smooth/clever, etc. operator a person who deals with people or problems cleverly, especially for their own advantage: He has shown himself to be a canny operator in wage negotiations. switchboard operator noun [C] a person whose job is to receive telephone calls and connect them to other numbers verb [T often passive] to arrange something carefully, and sometimes unfairly, so as to achieve a desired result: Their victory was largely a result of their brilliantly orchestrated election campaign. verb [T often passive] to arrange or write a piece of music so that it can be played by an orchestra
265. Operator
Pr
266. Orchestrate
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267. Outcome 268. Outdated
M M
269. Outlaw
H,L
noun [C usually singular] a result or effect of an action, situation, etc: It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting. adjective old-fashioned and therefore not as good or as fashionable as something modern: outdated weapons/ideas Nowadays this technique is rather outdated. noun [C] (especially in the past) a person who has broken the law and who lives separately from the other parts of society because they want to escape legal punishment: Robin Hood was an outlaw who lived in the forest and stole from the rich to give to the poor. verb [T] to make something illegal or unacceptable: The new law will outlaw smoking in public places.
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270. Outlet
(WAY OUT) noun [C] 1- a way, especially a pipe or hole, for liquid or gas to go out: a waste water outlet an outlet pipe 2- a way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use of: Her work provided no outlet for her energies and talents. Writing poetry was his only form of emotional outlet. (SHOP) noun [C] a shop that is one of many owned by a particular company and that sells the goods which the company has produced: a fast-food outlet a retail outlet (ELECTRICITY) noun [C] US FOR power point
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271. Outlook
(FUTURE SITUATION) noun [C usually singular] the likely future situation: The outlook for the economy is bleak. The outlook for today is cloudy and dry at first with showers later. (OPINION) noun [C usually singular] a person's way of understanding and thinking about something: He has a fairly positive outlook on life. (VIEW) noun [C] FORMAL a view: From the top of the tower, the outlook over the city was breathtaking. adjective [before noun] when an organization brings medical or similar services to people at home or to where they spend time: an outreach worker/centre An AIDS outreach program for prostitutes on the streets. verb [I or T] to charge someone either more than the real price or more than the value of the product or service: The shop overcharged me (by $10). [+ two objects] They overcharged her $45 adjective, adverb 1- for or during the night: an overnight stop in Paris You can stay overnight if you want to. Don't forget to pack an overnight bag (= a bag for things that you need when you stay away from home for a night). 2- suddenly and unexpectedly: She became a star overnight. The book was an overnight success.
272. Outreach
273. Overcharge
274. Overnight
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275. Overtime
noun [U], adverb 1- (time spent working) beyond the usual time needed or expected in a job: They're doing/working overtime to get the job finished on time. Everyone is on overtime (= being paid extra for working beyond the usual time) this weekend. 2- US FOR extra time noun [U] extra payment for working beyond the usual time: I earn overtime for working after 6.00 p.m. noun [C] MAINLY US a bucket: Fill the pail with sand. It took several pails of water (= the amount a pail contains) to put out the fire verb [I] to breathe quickly and loudly through your mouth, usually because you have been doing something very energetic: Matteo arrived at the top of the hill, panting and covered in sweat. [+ speech] "Hurry! They're almost here, " she panted (= said while panting). pant for/after somebody/something phrasal verb UK to want someone or something very much: The newspapers are panting for details of the scandal.
276. Pail
277. Pant
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278. Patron
(SUPPORTER) noun [C] a person or group that supports an activity or organization, especially by giving money: The Princess Royal is a well-known patron of several charities. (CUSTOMER) noun [C] FORMAL a person who uses a particular shop, restaurant, hotel, etc., especially regularly; a customer: Will patrons kindly note that this shop will be closed on 17th July. patron saint noun [C] a Christian saint who is believed to give special help to a particular place, activity, person or type of object: St. John Bosco is the patron saint of Turin. (HIGHEST POINT) noun [C] the highest, strongest or best point, value or level of skill: Holiday flights reach a peak during August. Beat the egg whites until they are stiff enough to form firm peaks. We saw a victory by an athlete at the very peak of her fitness and career. verb [I] to reach the highest, strongest or best point, value or level of skill: Official figures show that unemployment peaked in November. adjective [before noun] Traffic congestion is really bad at peak (= the most busy) periods. It is most expensive to advertise at peak viewing times (= those with the most people watching). Don't go there in the peak (= busiest) season - it'll be hot and crowded. (MOUNTAIN TOP) noun [C] the pointed top of a mountain, or the mountain itself: It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.
279. Peak
M,N
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280. Peer
H,M
(LOOK) verb [I usually + adverb or preposition] to look carefully or with difficulty: When no one answered the door, she peered through the window to see if anyone was there. The driver was peering into the distance trying to read the road sign. (HIGH RANK) noun [C] in Britain, a person who has a high social position and any of a range of titles, including baron, earl and duke, or a life peer: a hereditary peer a Conservative peer (EQUAL) noun [C] a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group: Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers? He wasn't a great scholar, but as a teacher he had few peers (= not as many people had the same ability as him). peer pressure noun [U] (UK peer group pressure) the strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everyone else does: There is tremendous peer pressure to wear fashionable clothes.
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281. Penalty
(PUNISHING) adjective [before noun] of or connected with punishment given by law: Many people believe that execution has no place in the penal system of a civilized society. He had been in and out of penal institutions (= prison) from the age of 16. penalty noun [C] 1- a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law: The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. They asked for the maximum penalty for hoax calls to be increased to one year. The protesters were told to clear the area around the building, on penalty of (= the punishment would be) arrest if they did not. 2- a type of punishment, often involving paying money, that is given to you if you break an agreement or do not follow rules: Currently, ticket holders pay a penalty equal to 25% of the ticket price when they change their flight plans. There was a penalty clause which said you had to pay half the cost if you cancelled your booking. 3- an advantage given in some sports to a team or player when the opposing team or player breaks a rule: The referee awarded (= gave) a penalty kick. Hysen handled the ball and conceded the penalty that gave Manchester United the lead. (CAUSING DISADVANTAGE) adjective UK having a harmful effect; causing disadvantage: They complained about the penal and counter-productive tax rates. Employees regarded the childcare charges as penal. penalty noun [C] Loss of privacy is one of the penalties (= disadvantages) of success. She has paid a heavy penalty (= suffered serious disadvantages) for speaking the truth.
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282. Persist
verb [I] 1- If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist: If the pain persists, consult a doctor. The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week. 2- to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way: If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss. The government is persisting with its ambitious public works programme. group noun [U] 1- the people who are employed in a company, organization or one of the armed forces: The new director is likely to make major changes in personnel. military personnel 2- the department of a company or organization that deals with its employees when they first join, when they need training or when they have any problems: Personnel will help you find a flat to rent. For more information about the job, please contact the personnel manager. noun [C] (UK USUALLY doctor) a medical doctor, especially one who has general skill and is not a surgeon (PLAN) noun [C] a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government or a political party: They believe that the European Community needs a common foreign and security policy. What is your party's policy on immigration? (DOCUMENT) noun [C] a document showing an agreement you have made with an insurance company: You should check your policy to see if you're covered for flood damage. noun [C] a substance that pollutes: Sulphur dioxide is one of several pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations.
283. Personnel
284. Physician 285. Policy
Pr L,M
286. Pollutant
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287. Ponder
verb [I or T] FORMAL to think carefully about something, especially for a noticeable length of time: She sat back for a minute to ponder her next move in the game. [+ question word] Journalists pondered why the leading goal-scorer of the World Cup had not scored all season.
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288. Pool
O,M
(LIQUID) noun [C] 1- a small area of usually still water: We looked for crabs in the rock pools along the seashore. 2- a small amount of liquid on a surface: a pool of blood/oil FIGURATIVE a pool of light 3- a swimming pool: I spent most of my holiday lying/sunbathing by the pool. (COLLECTION) noun [C] 1- a number of people or a quantity of a particular thing, such as money, collected together for shared use by several people or organizations: Patrick crashed a Ford that he'd borrowed from the car pool at work. As unemployment rises, the pool of cheap labour increases. 2- in some card games, an amount of money which is collected from all the players and received by the player who wins the game 3- US the money risked by a number of people on the result of a game or event: a baseball/football/hockey pool the office pool Who won the pool? (GAME) noun [U] a game in which two people use cues (= long thin poles) to hit 16 coloured balls into six holes around the edge of a large cloth-covered table: a pool table/room/hall MAINLY US INFORMAL Do you want to shoot (= play) some pool?
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289. Postpone
290. Premises
Pl
291. Proclaim
verb [T] to delay an event and plan or decide that it should happen at a later date or time: They decided to postpone their holiday until next year. [+ ing form of verb] We've had to postpone going to France because the children are ill. plural noun the land and buildings owned by someone, especially by a company or organization: The company is relocating to new premises. There is no smoking allowed anywhere on school premises. The ice cream is made on the premises (= in the building where it is sold). The security guards escorted the protesters off (= away from) the premises. (ANNOUNCE) verb [T] FORMAL to announce something publicly or officially, especially something positive: All the countries have proclaimed their loyalty to the alliance. Republican party members were confidently proclaiming victory even as the first few votes came in. [+ that] It was the famous speech in which he proclaimed that socialism was dead. [+ two objects] She was proclaimed Queen at the age of thirteen after the sudden death of her father. (SHOW) verb [T] LITERARY to show something or make it clear: Wearing scarves and hats which proclaimed their allegiance, the football fans flooded into the bar. verb FORMAL 1- [T] to obtain something, especially after an effort: She's managed somehow to procure his telephone number. [+ two objects] He'd procured us seats in the front row. 2- [I or T] to obtain a prostitute for someone else to have sex with verb [T] to claim something, sometimes in a way which is not sincere: [+ to infinitive] She professes not to be interested in money. I don't profess to know all the details about the case. She professes ignorance of the whole affair, though I'm not sure I believe her.
292. Procure
293. Profess
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294. Prohibit
verb 1- [T often passive] to officially forbid something: Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre. The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV. Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates. 2- [T] to prevent a particular activity by making it impossible: The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in most nightclubs. (ENCOURAGE) verb [T] to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of something: Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the Arab world. Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today. It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health. (RAISE) verb [T often passive] 1- to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank: If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs. She's just been promoted to senior sales rep. If Coventry City win this match, they'll be promoted to the Premier League. NOTE: The opposite is demote.
295. Promote
296. Promotional
297. Proofread
2- US If a student is promoted, they go up to the next higher grade (= level in school). adjective intended to advertise something: a promotional campaign/video The writer recently went on a promotional tour of his homeland. verb [I or T] to find and correct mistakes in proofs (= copies of printed text) before the final copies are printed
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298. Prosecution
Prosecute (LEGAL) verb [I or T] to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a court of law, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime: Shoplifters will be prosecuted. He was prosecuted for fraud. Any manufacturer who does not conform to the standards could be prosecuted under the Consumers Protection Act, 1987. The victim has said that she will not prosecute. prosecution noun [C or U] when someone is prosecuted: A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution. Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution. the prosecution group noun [S] the lawyers in a trial who try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime: His plea of guilty to manslaughter was not accepted by the prosecution. The prosecution alleged that he lured the officer to his death by making an emergency call. (CONTINUE) verb [T] FORMAL to continue to take part in a planned group of activities, especially a war: He seemed convinced that the US would prosecute the war to its end. prosecution noun [U] FORMAL verb [I] (of a person or a business) to be or become successful, especially financially: A lot of microchip manufacturing companies prospered at that time.
299. Prosper
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300. Prosperity
301. Prosthesis 302. Protest
O M
noun [U] the state of being successful and having a lot of money: A country's future prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people. The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity. noun [C] plural prostheses SPECIALIZED an artificial body part, such as an arm, foot or tooth, which replaces a missing part noun 1- [C or U] a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval or opposition: Protests have been made/registered by many people who would be affected by the proposed changes. A formal protest was made by the German team about their disqualification from the relay final. Conservation groups have united in protest against the planned new road. 2- [C] an occasion when people show that they disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc: a public protest against the war a peaceful/violent protest verb [I or T] 1- to show that you disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc: A big crowd of demonstrators were protesting against cuts in health spending. US Outside, a group of students were protesting research cuts. 2- to say something forcefully or complain about something: A lot of people protested about the new working hours. They protested bitterly to their employers, but to no avail. [+ that] A young girl was crying, protesting that she didn't want to leave her mother. All through the trial he protested his innocence (= strongly said he was not guilty).
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303. Provide
304. Publicity
305. Publish
verb [T] to give someone something that they need: This booklet provides useful information about local services. All meals are provided throughout the course. The author provides no documentary references to support her assertions. We have concerns about whether the government will be able to provide viable social services for poorer families/provide poorer families with viable social services. Putting more police on patrol doesn't provide a real solution to the problem of increasing violence. noun [U] the activity of making certain that someone or something attracts a lot of interest or attention from many people, or the attention received as a result of this activity: He attracted a lot of adverse/bad publicity with his speech about unmarried mothers. Her first novel was published last year in a blaze of (= with a lot of) publicity. We have planned an exciting publicity campaign with our advertisers. The publicity generated by the court case has given a welcome boost to our sales. The normally publicity-shy director will be making several public appearances for the launch of the movie. The enormous publicity surrounding the case will make it very difficult to hold a fair trial. The pop group's arrival by hot-air balloon was just a publicity stunt (= an unusual way of attracting the public's attention). verb [T] to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book, magazine or newspaper: She's just had an article published in their weekend supplement. The Government publishes figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed. The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June. She was only 19 when her first novel was published.
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306. Query
noun [C] a question, often expressing doubt about something or looking for an answer from an authority: If you have any queries about your treatment, the doctor will answer them. verb [T] to ask questions, especially in order to check if something is true: A few students have queried their marks. [+ question word] She queried whether three months was long enough. [+ speech] "Any chance of a cup of tea?" he queried hopefully adjective 1- making very little noise: She spoke in a quiet voice so as not to wake him. It's so quiet without the kids here. Please be quiet (= stop talking)! Could you keep quiet while I'm on the phone, please? NOTE: Do not confuse with quite. 2- having little activity or excitement and few people: a quiet, peaceful little village It was a quiet wedding, with just a few friends and relations. Business is quiet during the holidays. 3- A quiet person is one who does not talk much: He was a quiet, almost taciturn, young man. 4- keep (something) quiet to try to stop other people from finding out about a fact: She managed to keep the operation quiet for a while. Davies kept quiet about the amount of money being spent.
307. Quiet
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308. Quote
(SAY) verb [T] 1- to repeat the words that someone else has said or written: He's always quoting from the Bible. "If they're flexible, we're flexible", the official was quoted as saying. She worked, to quote her daughter, "as if there was no tomorrow". Can I quote you on that (= Can I repeat to other people what you have just said)? 2- If you quote a fact or example, you refer to it in order to add emphasis to what you are saying: [+ two objects] Quote me one organization that doesn't have some bad managers (PRICE) verb [T] to give a price, especially one that will be charged for doing a piece of work: The architect has quoted 3000 to build an extension.
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309. Rack
O,M
(FRAME) noun [C] 1- a frame or shelf, often formed of bars, which is used to hold things: a vegetable rack a plate rack a luggage rack (CAUSE PAIN) verb [T often passive] to cause physical or mental pain, or trouble, to someone or something: Even at the end, when cancer racked his body, he was calm and cheerful. The dog was already racked by/with the pains of old age. He was racked by/with doubts/guilt. (MEAT) noun [C or U] a large piece of meat cut from the neck of a sheep: The butcher prepared a rack of pork. We're having rack of lamb for dinner. (MACHINE) noun [C] a bar with tooth-like parts along one edge which fits into a pinion (= a wheel with tooth-like parts), allowing change between circular and straight-line movement (DECAY), MAINLY US wrack noun rack and ruin a bad state; decay: The whole farm was going to rack and ruin. noun [C] 1- an artificial slope: I pushed the wheelchair up the ramp and into the supermarket. 2- UK a raised strip built into a road to make vehicles drive more slowly
310. Ramp
O,M
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311. Ran into
(MEET) phrasal verb to meet someone you know when you are not expecting to: Graham ran into someone he used to know at school the other day. (EXPERIENCE PROBLEMS) phrasal verb If you run into problems, you begin to experience them: We ran into bad weather/debt/trouble. (REACH) phrasal verb to reach a particular cost or amount, as a total: The repairs will probably run into thousands of pounds. (FINISH) phrasal verb 1- to finish, use or sell all of something, so that there is none left: I've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience. "Have you got any milk?" "Sorry, I've run out." 2- If a supply of something runs out, all of it has been used or it is completely finished: The milk has run out. My patience is beginning to run out. 3- If a document or official agreement runs out, the period of time for which it lasts finishes: My passport runs out next month - I must get it renewed. phrasal verb to leave someone you are having a relationship with or something you are responsible for, without warning and usually causing problems: She ran out on him two months ago, leaving him to look after their two children.
312. Ran out of
313. Ran out on
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314. Range
(SET) noun [C] 1- a set of similar things: I offered her a range of options. There is a wide/whole range of opinions on this issue. 2- (US ALSO line) the goods made by one company or goods of one particular type that are sold in a shop: We stock the full range of model railway accessories. This jacket is part of our autumn/spring range. 3- a group of hills or mountains: a mountain range the Pennine Range We could see a low range of hills in the distance. (LIMIT) noun 1- [S] the amount, number or type of something between an upper and a lower limit: The price range is from $100 to $500. The product is aimed at young people in the 18-25 age range. The coat was in/out of my price range. This type of work is outside/beyond/out of my range (of experience). 2- [S or U] the distance within which you can see, hear or hit someone: The ship was in/out of range of our guns. He was shot at point blank/at close range (= from very near). 3- [S] the period of time in the future within which something is planned or expected to happen: long-range plans short-/medium-/long-range weather forecasting 4- [S] the distance that a vehicle or aircraft can travel without having to stop for more fuel: short-/medium-/long-range airliners
5- [C] all the musical notes that a singer can sing or a musical instrument is able to produce TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass Page 110 of 147
315. Rare
(NOT COMMON) adjective 1- not common; very unusual: a rare disease/species The museum is full of rare and precious treasures. a rare occasion/opportunity/visit/treat, etc. [+ to infinitive] It's very rare to find these birds in England in winter. 2- describes the atmosphere or air at the top of a mountain which contains less oxygen, making it harder to breathe (COOKED) ] adjective (of meat) not cooked for very long; still red: I'd like my steak rare, please. verb [T] to change the order, position or time of arrangements already made: The new sofa was bigger than the old one, so they had to rearrange the rest of the furniture. I'm busy tomorrow - could we rearrange the meeting for Monday (= have it on Monday instead)? noun [C] an amount of money which is returned to you, especially by the government, for example when you have paid too much tax: a tax rebate noun [C] (US ALSO sales slip) a piece of paper which proves that money, goods or information have been received: Make sure you are given a receipt for everything you buy. adjective happening or starting from a short time ago: Is that a recent photo? Have you been following recent political events? noun [C or U] a period when the economy of a country is not successful and conditions for business are bad: The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession.
316. Rearrange
317. Rebate
318. Receipt 319. Recent
E M
320. Recession
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321. Recognize
(KNOW), UK USUALLY recognise verb [T] to know someone or something because you have seen, heard or experienced them before: I hadn't seen her for 20 years, but I recognized her immediately. "Do you recognize this song?" Doctors are trained to recognize the symptoms of different diseases. (ACCEPT), UK USUALLY recognise verb 1- [T] to accept that something is legal, true or important: The international community has refused to recognize (= officially accept the existence of) the newly independent nation state. [+ (that)] He sadly recognized (that) he would die childless. You must recognize the seriousness of the problems we are facing. 2- [T often passive] If a person's achievements are recognized, official appreciation is shown for them: The Prime Minister recognized her services to her country by awarding her an MBE. noun [U] FORMAL a present given to someone to thank them for their help, or payment given to someone because of inconvenience or because of the loss of or damage to their property: I received 500 from the local council in recompense for the damage to my garden. verb [T] FORMAL The court awarded the women $100 000 each to recompense them for nine years of lost wages. verb [T] 1- to change food that has been dried back into its original form by adding water: The powdered milk/egg can be reconstituted by adding water. 2- to change an organization so that it has a different form: The Health Education Council has been reconstituted as the Health Education Authority.
322. Recompense
323. Reconstitute
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324. Refund
noun [C] an amount of money that is given back to you, especially because you are not happy with a product or service that you have bought: I took the radio back to the shop and asked for/demanded/got/was given a refund. verb [T] to give someone a refund: When I went on business to Peru, the office refunded my expenses. [+ two objects] The holiday was cancelled so the travel agency had to refund everybody the price of the tickets. verb [T] When you register a letter or parcel, you send it using a special postal service, so that it will be dealt with in a special way and not be lost: a registered mail verb [T] FORMAL to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you: The airline reimbursed me for the amount they had overcharged me. She was reimbursed by the gas company for the damage to her house. verb [T] 1- to put someone or something into a lower or less important rank or position: She resigned when she was relegated to a desk job. The story was relegated to the middle pages of the paper. 2- UK If a football team is relegated, it is moved down to a lower division: If Southampton lose again they may be relegated from the Premier League to the First Division. verb [T] FORMAL 1- to give up something such as a responsibility or claim: He has relinquished his claim to the throne. She relinquished control of the family investments to her son. 2- to unwillingly stop holding or keeping something: She relinquished her hold/grip on the steering wheel.
325. Register mail
326. Reimburse
327. Relegate
328. Relinquish
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329. Reorganize
330. Repair
UK ALSO reorganise verb [I or T] to organize something again in order to improve it: I've reorganized my files so that I can easily find what I'm looking for. The new managing director plans to completely reorganize this department. verb [T] 1- to put something that is damaged, broken or not working correctly, back into good condition or make it work again: to repair (the surface of) the road to repair a roof after a storm The garage said the car was so old it wasn't worth repairing. I really must get my bike repaired this weekend. 2- If you repair something wrong or harmful that has been done, you do something to make it right: to repair a broken friendship Is it too late to repair the damage we have done to our planet? noun [C or U] when something is done to fix something that is broken or damaged: My car is in the garage for repairs. The repairs to the roof will be expensive. The mechanic pointed out the repair (= repaired place) on the front of my car.
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331. Replace
(CHANGE FOR) verb [T] 1- to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else: The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. Tourism has replaced agriculture as the nation's main industry. 2- If you replace something broken, damaged or lost, you provide a new one: I promised to replace the plate that I'd dropped. (PUT BACK) verb [T] to put something back where it was before: The librarian replaced the books correctly on the shelves. verb [I or T] 1- to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving: He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job. She resigned as director. She resigned the directorship. 2- In the game of chess, you resign when you cannot see any way to avoid being beaten: Timman resigned a hopeless position. After she had taken my rook, there was nothing I could really do except resign. resign yourself to something verb [R] to make yourself accept something that you do not like because you cannot change it: [+ ing form of verb] He resigned himself to living alone.
332. Resign
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333. Resource
E,H, M
noun [C usually plural] a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization or person: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers. Britain's mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits. verb [T] to provide an organization or department with money or equipment: The school must be properly resourced with musical instruments and audio equipment. verb [T] 1- to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position: The badly neglected paintings have all been carefully restored. After a week in bed, she was fully restored to health (= she felt healthy again). The former leader was today restored to power in the first free elections for twenty years. 2- If you restore a quality or ability that someone has not had for a long time, you make it possible for them to have that quality or ability again: Doctors have restored his sight. The government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the economy. 3- to bring back into use something that has been absent for a period of time: Some people are in favour of restoring capital punishment for murderers. 4- FORMAL to give something that has been lost or stolen back to the person it belongs to: The painting was restored to its rightful owner. noun [C] MAINLY US a room with toilets that is in a public place, for example in a restaurant
334. Restore
335. Restroom
Pl
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336. Retention
verb [T] 1- SLIGHTLY FORMAL to keep or continue to have something: She has lost her battle to retain control of the company. He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance. She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race. I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily. 2- SLIGHTLY FORMAL If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it: The sea retains the sun's warmth longer than the land.
337. Retiree 338. Retrieve
H M
3- LEGAL to obtain the services of a lawyer by paying them in advance noun [C] US a person who has stopped working: The neighborhood is a mixture of young couples, retirees and single professionals. verb [T] to find and bring back something: We taught our dog to retrieve a ball. Computers are used to store and retrieve information efficiently.
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339. Reverse
verb [I or T] to (cause something to) go backwards, or to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite: MAINLY UK She reversed (US USUALLY backed) (the car) into the parking space. The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company's fortunes. Now that you have a job and I don't, our situations are reversed. The Court of Appeal reversed the earlier judgment and set him free. noun 1- the reverse the opposite of what has been suggested: The teachers say my son is slow, but I believe the reverse (is true). 2- the reverse the back of a coin, medal, etc: The English 1 coin has a royal coat of arms on the reverse. 3- [U] (ALSO reverse gear) the method of controlling a vehicle that makes it go backwards: To go backwards, you must put the car in/into reverse (gear). 4- [C] FORMAL a defeat or failure: They suffered a serious military/political reverse.
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340. Review
verb [T] 1- to consider something in order to make changes to it, give an opinion on it or study it: The committee is reviewing the current arrangement/situation. Let's review (= talk about) what has happened so far. He reviewed (= thought about) his options before making a final decision. 2- If critics review a book, play, film, etc. they write their opinion of it: I only go to see films that are reviewed favourably. 3- When an important person reviews a large group of military forces, they formally visit and look at them: The Queen reviewed the troops on her recent visit. 4- US FOR revise (STUDY) noun 1- [C or U] when you consider something again in order to make changes to it, give an opinion of it or study it: an annual review of company performance a review of the year's top news stories Salary levels are under review at the moment. Your licence will come up for review every July. 2- [C] a report in a newspaper, magazine, or programme that gives an opinion about a new book, film, etc: Derek writes film/theatre/book reviews for the newspapers. The play got excellent reviews when it was first seen. 3- [C usually singular] a (part of a) newspaper or magazine that has articles on films, books, travel, famous people, etc: Could you pass me the review (section of the paper), please? 4- [C] a formal military ceremony in which forces are reviewed by an important person: Many diplomats attended a naval review to mark the anniversary of the end of the war. 5- [C] US information or a practice exercise about a subject to be studied: Their teacher distributed a review for the exam.
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341. Revolve
342. Rite
verb [I or T] to move or cause something to move round a central point or line: The Earth revolves around the sun. The gun turret revolved until the gun was aimed at the advancing soldiers. noun [C usually plural] (a usually religious ceremony with) a set of fixed words and actions: funeral/marriage/fertility rites You have to go through an initiation rite before you become a full member. rite of passage noun [C] an official ceremony or informal activity which marks an important stage or occasion in a person's life, especially becoming an adult noun 1- [U] an elastic substance made either from the juice of particular tropical trees or artificially: Tyres are almost always made of rubber. 2- [C] UK an eraser 3- [C] US SLANG FOR a condom
343. Rubber
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344. Seal
O,M
(ANIMAL) noun [C] a large fish-eating mammal which lives partly in the sea and partly on land or ice (MARK) noun [C] an official mark on a document, sometimes made with wax, which shows that it is legal or has been officially approved: The lawyer stamped the certificate with her seal. verb [T] to make an agreement more certain or to approve it formally: The two leaders sealed their agreement with a handshake. (COVERING) noun [C] 1- something fixed around the edge of an opening to prevent liquid or gas flowing through it: Clean the seal on/around the fridge door regularly so that it remains airtight. 2- a thin piece of material such as paper or plastic that covers the opening of a container and has to be broken in order to open the container and use the contents verb [T] 1- to close an entrance or container so that nothing can enter or leave it 2- to cover a surface with a special liquid to protect it: This floor has just been sealed (with varnish), so don't walk on it! 3- to close a letter or parcel by sticking the edges together: Seal the package (up) with sticky tape. He sealed (down) the envelope and put a stamp on it.
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345. Sediment
346. Shade
N,M
noun [C or U] a soft substance that is like a wet powder and consists of very small pieces of a solid material which have fallen to the bottom of a liquid: There was a brown sediment in the bottom of the bottle. (SLIGHT DARKNESS) noun 1- [U] slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun: The sun was hot, and there were no trees to offer us shade. The children played in/under the shade of a large beach umbrella. 2- [C] a covering that is put over an electric light in order to make it less bright: The lamps all had matching purple shades. 3- [U] (ALSO shading) SPECIALIZED the parts of a picture or painting that the artist has made slightly darker than the other parts: A good artist can produce a very realistic effect using only light and shade. 4- [C] US FOR roller blind verb [T] to prevent direct light from shining on something: I shaded my eyes from the glare of the sun. The broad avenues are shaded by splendid trees. shaded adjective Nothing will grow in the shaded part of the garden. The shaded areas of the plans show where the houses will be built. noun [C] (MAINLY US stockholder) a person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided: Shareholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week.
347. Shareholder
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348. Shift
verb [I or T] (US USUALLY shift) to put a vehicle into a different gear, usually in order to change the speed at which it is moving: to change gear I changed into fourth (gear). UK Change down (US Downshift) to go round the corner. (MOVE OR CHANGE) verb 1- [I or T] to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly: She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow. Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues. 2- [T] MAINLY US to move the gears of a vehicle into different positions in order to make it go faster or slower: In cars that are automatics, you don't have to bother with shifting gears. noun [C] a change in position or direction: a shift in the wind/temperature The shift in the balance of power in the region has had far-reaching consequences. There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations. (GROUP) group noun [C] a group of workers who do a job for a period of time during the day or night, or the period of time itself: As the night shift leave/leaves, the day shift arrive/arrives. Are you on the night shift or the day shift (= Do you work during the night period or the day period)? (DRESS) noun [C] a simple dress that hangs straight from the shoulders
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349. Short-haul 350. Shuttle
M O
adjective [before noun] travelling a short distance: short-haul flights (VEHICLE) noun [C] a vehicle or aircraft that travels regularly between two places: To get across town, you can take the shuttle from Times Square to Grand Central. The American (space) shuttle can be used many times to put payloads in space. verb [I or T; usually + adverb or preposition] to travel or take people regularly between the same two places: A small train shuttles constantly between the concourse and the runways. (THREAD) noun [C] SPECIALIZED in weaving, a device which is used to carry the thread that goes across the cloth between the threads that go down the cloth (IMPORTANT) adjective important or noticeable: There has been a significant increase in the number of women students in recent years. The talks between the USA and the USSR were very significant for the relationship between the two countries. (SPECIAL MEANING) adjective having a special meaning: She looked at him across the table and gave him a significant smile. Do you think it's significant that he hasn't replied to my letter yet?
351. Significant
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352. Site
Pl
noun [C] 1- a place where something is, was, or will be built, or where something happened, is happening, or will happen: a building site The council haven't yet chosen the site for the new hospital. This is the site of the accident. 2- a website verb [T usually + adverb or preposition] FORMAL to exist or be built in a particular place: The company head office is sited in Rome. noun [C] a very tall modern building, usually in a city noun [U] wet, partly melted falling snow: Driving snow and sleet brought more problems to the county's roads last night. verb [I] It's sleeting. noun [S or U] air pollution, especially in cities, that is caused by a mixture of smoke, gases and chemicals: Smog is a major problem in Athens. As we flew into the airport, we could see a murky yellow smog hovering over the city. noun [C] a device that makes a loud noise when there is smoke present to tell people that there is a fire
353. Skyscraper 354. Sleet
B W
355. Smog
356. Smoke detector
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357. Sore
(PAINFUL) adjective painful and uncomfortable because of injury, infection or too much use: All the dust has made my eyes sore. I've got a sore throat. My feet were sore with all the walking. noun [C] a painful area on the surface of a body, especially an infected area: The poor dog's back was covered with sores (ANGRY) adjective US INFORMAL angry because you feel you have been unfairly treated: He accused me of being a sore loser (= someone who does not accept defeat well). cold sore noun [C] a painful red swelling on especially the lips or nose which is caused by a virus noun [C or U] (INFORMAL spec) a detailed description of how something should be done, made, etc: All products are made exactly to the customer's specifications. A specification has been drawn up for the new military aircraft. a job specification The cars have been built to a high specification (= a high standard). adjective unable to speak because you are so angry, shocked, surprised, etc: The news left us speechless. She was speechless with indignation. noun [C] 1- a piece of equipment for scattering water onto fires to put them out
358. Specification
359. Speechless
360. Sprinkler
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361. Stake
O,M
(STICK) noun [C] a strong stick or metal bar with a pointed end: The stakes are pushed or hammered into the ground and can be used for marking an area, supporting a plant or forming part of a fence. verb [T] to hold up and support something by attaching it to stakes: Tomato plants should be staked. (SHARE) noun [C] a share or a financial involvement in something such as a business: He holds (= owns) a 40% stake in/of the company. (RISK) noun [C] the amount of money which you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition: She spent two weeks in Las Vegas playing high-stakes blackjack at the casinos.
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362. Stall
O,M
(SHOP) noun [C] a large table or a small shop with an open front from which goods are sold in a public place: In the village market, the stalls are piled high with local vegetables. (ENCLOSURE) noun [C] 1- a small enclosure within a farm building in which there is space for one animal to be kept 2- a small area of a room which is separated from the main part of the room by walls or curtains: There was one bathroom with a shower stall in the corner. (ENGINE) verb [I or T] If an engine stalls, or if you stall it, it stops working suddenly and without you intending it to happen: A car may stall due to the driver braking too suddenly. I stalled the car twice during my driving test but still managed to pass. (DELAY) verb 1- [I] to delay taking action or avoid giving an answer in order to have more time to make a decision or obtain an advantage: She says she'll give me the money next week but I think she's just stalling (for time). 2- [T] If you stall a person, you delay them or prevent them from doing something for a period of time: I managed to stall him for a few days until I'd got enough money to pay back the loan. MAINLY US The thief broke into the office while his accomplice stalled off the security guard. 3- [T] If you stall an event, you delay it or prevent it from happening for a period of time: Commandoes stalled the enemy attack by destroying three bridges. Fears are growing that a tax increase may stall economic recovery.
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363. Stated
364. Steadily
(EXPRESS) verb [T] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to say or write something, especially clearly and carefully: Our warranty clearly states the limits of our liability. [+ (that)] Union members stated (that) they were unhappy with the proposal. [+ question word] Please state why you wish to apply for this grant. Children in the stated (= named) areas were at risk from a lack of food, the report said. adverb gradually: Prices have risen steadily. adverb calmly and in a controlled way: She returned his gaze steadily. (SHOP) noun [C] 1- UK a large shop where you can buy many different types of goods: a department store a DIY/furniture store 2- US any type of shop: a clothing/liquor store a convenience store (KEEP) verb [T usually + adverb or preposition] to put or keep things in a special place for use in the future: The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on a floppy disk. I stored my possessions in my mother's house while I was living in Spain. I've stored my thick sweaters and jackets (away) until next winter. Squirrels store (up) nuts for the winter.
365. Store
Pl, M
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366. Streamline
(SHAPE) verb [T] to shape something so that it can move as effectively and quickly as possible through a liquid or gas: Streamlining cars increases their fuel efficiency. The bodies of dolphins are more streamlined than those of porpoises. (IMPROVE) verb [T] to improve the effectiveness of an organization such as a business or government, often by making the way activities are performed simpler: The cost-cutting measures include streamlining administrative procedures in the company. The government recently announced details of its plan to streamline the taxation system. Streamlining management could save at least 10 percent in costs.
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367. Struggle
(EFFORT) verb [I] 1- to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something: [+ to infinitive] The dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose. I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon. Fish struggle for survival when the water level drops in the lake. 2- struggle along/through/out, etc. to move somewhere with great effort: He struggled along the rough road holding his son. By this time he'd managed to struggle out of bed. 3- INFORMAL to be in danger of failing or being defeated: After the first half, United were really struggling at 1-3 down. noun [C] It was a terrible struggle for him to accept her death. The people of this country will continue in their struggle for independence. [+ to infinitive] She never gave up the struggle to have her son freed from prison. It's going to be an uphill struggle (= very difficult) to get your ideas accepted. (FIGHT) verb 1- [I] to fight, especially with your hands: He struggled with his attacker who then ran off. 2- [I usually + adverb or preposition] to use a lot of effort to defeat someone, prevent something, or achieve something: For years she struggled with/against the establishment to get her theories accepted. noun [C] a struggle with an armed robber the struggle between good and evil Clearly there will be a power struggle within the party.
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368. Subordinate
adjective having a lower or less important position: a subordinate role subordinate status The individual's needs are subordinate to those of the group. noun [C] a person who has a less important position than you in an organization: He left the routine checks to one of his subordinates. verb [T] to put someone or something into a less important position: Her personal life has been subordinated to her career. UK USUALLY subsidise verb [T] to pay part of the cost of something: 50 would help to subsidize the training of an unemployed teenager. The refugees live in subsidized housing provided by the authorities. verb [T] 1- to use something or someone instead of another thing or person: You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe. Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the match. 2- substitute for something to perform the same job as another thing or to take its place: Gas-fired power stations will substitute for less efficient coal-fired equipment. noun [C] 1- a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person: Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes. Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet. 2- (INFORMAL sub) in sports, a player who is used for part of a game instead of another player: Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the match. The manager brought on (US ALSO sent in) another substitute in the final minutes of the game.
369. Subsidize
370. Substitute
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371. Subway
Pl
(UNDERGROUND PASSAGE) noun [C] UK an underground passage which allows people on foot to cross a busy road (UNDERGROUND RAILWAY) noun [C] MAINLY US a railway system in which electric trains travel along passages below ground: We took the subway uptown to Yankee Stadium. (SET OF ROOMS) noun [C] a set of connected rooms, especially in a hotel: The singer was interviewed in his 1500 a night hotel suite. They've got a whole suite of offices on the 34th floor. (SET OF FURNITURE) noun [C] a set of furniture for one room, of matching design and colour: We're having a new bathroom/bedroom suite fitted at the weekend. I've just ordered a new three-piece suite for the living-room. (MUSIC) noun [C] a piece of music with several parts, usually all in the same key noun [C] 1- a person who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc., or who is responsible for keeping a building or place in good condition: In the US, a school superintendent is in charge of the schools in a particular area. We asked the superintendent (ALSO US INFORMAL super) to fix the broken window in our apartment. UK USUALLY symbolise verb [T] to represent something: The lighting of the Olympic torch symbolizes peace and friendship among the nations of the world.
372. Suite
M,Pl
373. Superintendent
374. Symbolize
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375. Tale
376. Tamper
377. Tanker 378. Tear
T F,M
noun [C] a story, especially one which might be invented or difficult to believe: He told some fascinating tales about his life in India. She told me/invented/concocted a tale about missing the bus to explain her lateness. tamper with something phrasal verb to touch or make changes to something which you should not, usually without enough knowledge of how it works or when you are trying to damage it: I could see at once that the lock had been tampered with. noun [C] a ship or vehicle which is built to carry liquid or gas: an oil tanker (CRY) noun [C usually plural] a drop of salty liquid which flows from the eye, as a result of strong emotion, especially unhappiness, or pain: tears of remorse/regret/happiness/joy/laughter Did you notice the tears in his eyes when he talked about Diane? Why do arguments with you always reduce me to tears (= make me cry)? I won't shed (any) tears (= I will not be unhappy) when he goes, I can tell you! (SEPARATE) verb [I or T] tore, torn to pull or be pulled apart, or to pull pieces off: You have to be very careful with books this old because the paper tends to tear very easily. I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up. A couple of pages had been torn out of/from the book. (HURRY) verb [I + adverb or preposition] tore, torn INFORMAL to move very quickly: He went tearing along the road after the bus
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379. Temporary
380. Tenant 381. Therefore 382. Thief 383. Threw
H M H M
adjective not lasting or needed for very long: The ceasefire will only provide a temporary solution to the crisis. temporary staff noun [C] a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building adverb for that reason: We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project. noun [C] plural thieves a person who steals: A post office was broken into last night, and the thieves got away with $120 000. past participle of throw (SEND THROUGH AIR) verb [I or T] threw, thrown to send something through the air with force, especially by a sudden movement of the arm: My friend threw the ball back over the fence. The coat was thrown over the back of the chair. [R] She threw herself into a chair, exhausted. The rider was thrown as the horse jumped the fence. He threw a punch at (= hit) his attacker. throw (MOVE QUICKLY) verb [T] threw, thrown to (cause to) move/act quickly or carelessly: She threw back her hair. David threw open the window to get some air. throw (CONFUSE) verb [T] threw, thrown to confuse or shock someone or cause difficulty for them: I wasn't expecting a visitor. I was really thrown. The news of the coup threw them into a state of panic.
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384. Through
(PLACE), US NOT STANDARD thru preposition, adverb from one end or side of something to the other: They walked slowly through the woods. The boy waded through the water to reach his boat. He struggled through the crowd till he reached the front. How long the journey takes will depend on how long it takes to get through the traffic. Her words kept running through my mind/head (= I kept hearing her words in my imagination). We drove through the tunnel. I saw him drive through a red light (= he did not stop at the red traffic light). I'll put you through (= connect you by telephone) (to the sales department). (FINISHED) adjective to have finished using or doing something: I've got some work to do but I should be through in an hour if you can wait. Are you through with that atlas? (TIME) preposition, adverb from the beginning to the end of a period of time: It rained all/right through June and into the first half of July. We sat through two lectures and then left. She had just enough energy to get through the day. US She works Monday through Thursday (= from Monday to Thursday). (RESULT) preposition as a result of: The company lost the order through production delays.
(USING) preposition by; using: I got my car through my brother who works in a garage. TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass
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385. Track
Pl,M
(PATH) noun 1- [C] a path or rough road which is made of earth rather than having a surface covered with stone or other material: The house is at the end of a dirt/an unmade track. 2- [C or U] the pair of long metal bars fixed on the ground at an equal distance from each other, along which trains travel: a 10-mile stretch of track Passengers are requested not to walk across the tracks. See picture . 3- [C or U] the direction in which someone's job or education develops: She was a lawyer, but then she changed track completely and became a doctor. (MARKS) noun [C usually plural] 1- a mark or line of marks left on the ground or on another surface by an animal, person or vehicle which has moved over it, showing the direction they moved in: Police found tyre tracks in the mud. The hunters followed the tracks of the deer for hours. The burglars were careful not to leave any tracks behind them. 2- the direction which something has taken or will take through the air: People living in the track of the hurricane have been advised to leave their homes until it has passed. 3- the way in which a thought or idea has developed or might develop: I found it difficult to follow the track of his argument. verb 1- [T] to follow a person or animal by looking for proof that they have been somewhere, or by using electronic equipment: It's difficult to track an animal over stony ground. The military use radar satellites to track targets through clouds and at night. The terrorists were tracked to (= found in) Amsterdam.
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386. Trainer 387. Trash
Pr O,M
UK noun [C] (UK ALSO training shoe, US sneaker) a type of light comfortable shoe that is suitable for playing sport noun [U] 1- INFORMAL something that is worthless and of low quality: I can't believe that someone of his intelligence can read such trash! There's only trash on the television tonight. 2- US FOR rubbish: The trash really stinks - why don't you take it out? group noun [U] US INFORMAL an insulting way of referring to a group of people you consider worthless: We don't have anything to do with the people in the apartment below us - they're trash. verb [T] INFORMAL 1- to throw away, destroy or severely damage something: I simply trash that sort of mail. The guys got angry and trashed the bar. 2- to criticize something or someone severely: The boss completely trashed her work, in front of everyone. adjective very great in amount or level, or extremely good: They were making the most tremendous amount of noise last night. She's been a tremendous (= very great) help to me over the last few months. You won? That's tremendous!
388. Tremendous
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389. Trend
noun [C] 1- a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are behaving: Surveys show a trend away from home-ownership and towards rented accommodation. There's been a downward/upward trend in sales in the last few years. 2- a new development in clothing, make-up, etc: Whatever the latest fashion trend, you can be sure Nicki will be wearing it. The trend at the moment is towards a more natural and less made-up look. (LEGAL PROCESS) noun [C or U] the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a court of law to judge whether a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter: trial proceedings Trial by jury is a fundamental right. It was a very complicated trial that went on for months. She's going on/standing trial for fraud. (TEST) noun [C or U] a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable something or someone is: They're doing clinical trials on a new drug. They've employed her for a six-month trial (period). MAINLY UK You can buy any of their garden equipment on trial/US USUALLY on a trial basis, and if you don't like it you can give it back. (PROBLEM) noun [C] a person or thing that is annoying and causes a lot of problems: She was a real trial to her parents when she was younger. The book is all about the trials of growing up.
390. Trial lawyer
L,Pr
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391. Turbulence
noun [U] 1- a state of confusion and lack of order: The era was characterized by political and cultural turbulence. There are signs of turbulence ahead for the economy. 2- strong sudden movements within air or water: We might be experiencing some turbulence on this flight due to an approaching electrical storm. noun [C usually singular] the time at which a situation starts to change in an important way: ASH, the anti-smoking group, called the new regulations a turning point in the campaign against smoking. The turning point in her political career came when she was chosen to fight a crucial by-election. noun [C] a machine with keys that you press to produce letters and numbers on paper: He still uses an old typewriter. adjective If a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about one particular matter or vote the same way, and if a decision or judgment is unanimous, it is formed or supported by everyone in a group: The jury returned a unanimous verdict of guilty after a short deliberation. After a lengthy discussion we reached a unanimous decision on the proposal. The new format has unanimous support and could be introduced next season.
392. Turning point
393. Typewriter 394. Unanimous
O M
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395. Under
(LOWER POSITION) preposition 1- in or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the other: He hid under the bed. In AD 79, the city of Pompei was buried under a layer of ash seven metres deep. She put the thermometer under my tongue. She was holding a file under her arm (= between her upper arm and the side of her chest). They stood under a tree (= below its branches) to avoid getting wet. 2- SPECIALIZED If a piece of land is under a particular type of plant, that plant is growing on the whole of that area: The main fields are under wheat. 3- If a book, article, or piece of information is under a particular title, you can find it below or following that title in a list, book, library, etc: Books on Cecil Beaton will probably be under Art or Photography rather than Drama. Trifle? That comes under Puddings and Desserts. adverb below the surface of something: Because I'm a bad swimmer, I often go under and swallow a lot of water. (LESS THAN) preposition less than: All items cost/are under a pound. The discount applies only to children under (the age of) ten (= younger than ten). If you get under 50%, you've failed the exam. NOTE: The opposite is over.
underprefix used before a word to mean 'not enough' or 'not done as well or as much as is necessary': These potatoes are undercooked. We're all overworked and underpaid. TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass
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396. Underneath
397. Unique
398. Unrest 399. Unusual
M M
400. Update
preposition, adverb under or below: The tunnel goes right underneath the city. They found a bomb underneath the car. Underneath that shy exterior, she's actually a very warm person. He was wearing a garish T-shirt underneath his shirt. adjective being the only existing one of its type or, more generally, unusual or special in some way: Each person's genetic code is unique except in the case of identical twins. I'd recognise your handwriting anywhere - it's unique. Do not miss this unique opportunity to buy all six pans at half the recommended price. noun [U] disagreements or fighting between different groups of people: It is feared that the civil unrest we are now witnessing in this country could lead to full-scale civil war. adjective different from others of the same type in a way that is surprising, interesting or attractive: "Do you like the new settee?" "Very much, it's most unusual." [+ to infinitive] It's unusual to have adult conversation like that with such a young child. I was actually on time, which is unusual for me. verb [T] 1- to make something more modern or suitable for use now by adding new information or changing its design: an updated version of the software 2- to give someone the most recent information: We'll update you on this news story throughout the day. noun [C] 1- when you update something or someone with new information: Jo's just doing an update on the mailing list. I'll need regular updates on your progress. 2- a new form of something which existed at an earlier time: It's an update of an old 60's movie.
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401. Upset
(WORRY) verb [T] upsetting, upset, upset to make someone worried, unhappy or angry: It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident. [R] Don't upset yourself by thinking about what might have been. adjective [after verb] Don't get upset about the dress - there's only a little stain on it. [+ to infinitive] She was very upset to hear that the holiday had been cancelled. [+ that] He was very upset that you didn't reply to his letters. (CHANGE) verb [T] upsetting, upset, upset to change the usual or expected state or order of something, especially in a way which stops it from happening or working: Any mechanical problems would upset our plans of driving across the desert. noun 1- [U] confusion and problems: How much upset will the new monitoring procedures cause? 2- [C] when someone beats the team or player that was expected to win: It would be quite an upset if the favourite didn't win. (KNOCK) verb [T] upsetting, upset, upset to push or knock something out of its usual position, usually accidentally, especially causing it to fall: Our dog upset the picnic table, spilling food everywhere. (ILLNESS) noun [C] INFORMAL a slight illness of the stomach: Melanie's got a stomach/tummy upset so she won't be going to school today.
adjective INFORMAL TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets Document proposed to you by a very helpful Kunal Mass
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402. Up-to-date 403. Utility
M M
adjective modern, recent, or containing the latest information: Great trouble is taken to keep our database up-to-date. noun 1- [U] FORMAL the usefulness of something, especially in a practical way 2- [C] SLIGHTLY FORMAL a service which is used by the public, such as an electricity or gas supply or a train service: utility bills noun 1- [C or U] a space from which most or all of the air, gas or other material has been removed or is not present 2- [S] a lack of something: The withdrawal of troops from the area has created a security vacuum which will need to be filled. 3- in a vacuum kept separate from other people and activities: No artist works in a vacuum - we are all of us influenced by others. verb [I or T] (UK ALSO hoover) to use a vacuum cleaner to collect dust, dirt, etc: Vacuum (up) the cake crumbs, would you? verb [T] 1- to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle or something that should be treated with respect: They were charged with violating federal law. It seems that the planes deliberately violated the cease-fire agreement. The doctor has been accused of violating professional ethics. 2- to go, especially forcefully, into a place or situation which should be treated with respect and in which you are not wanted or not expected to be: The fishermen claimed that ships from another country had violated their territorial waters. Questions of this kind violate my privacy and I am not willing to answer them. 3- FORMAL rape (FORCE):
404. Vacuum
405. Violate
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406. Waiter 407. Wander
Pr M
noun [C] a man whose job is to bring the food to customers at their tables in a restaurant (WALK) verb [I or T] to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction: We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city. She was found several hours later, wandering the streets, lost. He was here a moment ago but he's wandered off somewhere. noun [C usually singular] INFORMAL While you're in your meeting I can go for/have/take a wander around the city. (SUBJECT) verb [I] 1- to start talking about a different subject from the one you were originally discussing: We've wandered off/from the point somewhat. 2- If your mind or your thoughts wander, you stop thinking about the subject that you should be giving your attention to and start thinking about other matters: Halfway through the meeting my mind started to wander. 3- If you say that an old person's mind is beginning to wander, you mean that they are starting to get very confused because of their age: Her mind is beginning to wander and she doesn't always know who I am. noun [C] (US storehouse) a large building for storing items before they are sold, used or sent out to shops, or a large shop selling a large number of a particular items at a cheap rate: The goods have been sitting in a warehouse for months because a strike has prevented distribution. We bought both sofas from a big furniture warehouse that's just off the motorway.
408. Warehouse
Pl
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409. Warn
410. Warp
verb [I or T] to make someone aware of a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future: [+ object + to infinitive] We were warned not to eat the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset. [+ object + (that)] Have you warned them (that) there will be an extra person for dinner? I was warned against/off going to the east coast because it was so full of tourists. There were signs warning of fog as soon as we got onto the motorway. This particular curry is extremely hot - be warned! Put that ball down and come over here, Laura - I'm warning you (= I will punish you if you do not)! (BEND) verb [I or T] (especially of wood) to become damaged by bending or twisting, usually as a result of the presence of water or heat, or (of water or heat) to cause this to happen: Left in the garage where it was damp, the wooden frame had warped. If I put the shelves near the radiator, the heat might warp them. (STRANGE) verb [T] to make a person or their behaviour strange, in an unpleasant or harmful way: Prison warps people. Had it warped Kelley enough that he would kill a stranger? noun [C] a narrow area of water, such as a river or canal, which ships or boats can sail along verb [I] 1- to close one eye briefly as a way of greeting someone or showing friendliness, affection, sexual attraction etc., or of showing that you are not serious about something you have said: She winked at me as he turned his back. For a moment I thought he was being serious, but then he winked at me. 2- When lights wink, they keep flashing on and off quickly: Reflected in the water, the lights winked at us from the other side of the lake. The light was winking on the answering machine. noun [C] when you wink at someone: He gave me a conspiratorial wink as they left the room.
411. Waterway 412. Wink
G M
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413. Work ethic 414. Workload
M M
415. Wrap
noun [C] the belief that work is morally good: The work ethic was never very strong in Simon. noun [C] the amount of work to be done, especially by a particular person or machine in a period of time: Teachers are always complaining about their heavy workloads. Students do find that their workload increases throughout the course. verb [T] 1- to cover or enclose something with paper, cloth or other material: She wrapped the present and tied it with ribbon. Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours. 2- to cover someone with material in order to protect them: She wrapped the baby in a blanket. He wrapped a towel around his shoulders. noun 1- [C] (US ALSO wrapper) a loose piece of clothing which is worn tied around the body: a towelling wrap a beach wrap 2- [C] a long piece of cloth which a woman wears around her shoulders to keep her warm or for decoration: a chiffon/silk wrap 3- [U] material which is used to cover or protect objects: plastic wrap gift wrap wrap something up (FINISH) phrasal verb [M] INFORMAL to complete something successfully: That just about wraps it up for today.
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TOEIC Practice tests and the Revision Booklets

past simple past participle phrasal verb [M]

[+ infinitive without to] A verb followed by the infinitive without to.

prefix suffix exclamation [+ v-ing] [+ to infinitive] [+ that clause] [+ wh- word]

69. 70. 71.

Chastise Cigarette butt Clue

119. Dissolute 120. Dissolve

123. Down pillows

128. Drought 129. Duration 130. Dusk

131. Economic slump 132. Ecstatic

139. Empathy 140. Emphasize

143. Enhance 144. Enlarge

146. Environmental 147. Environmentalist

154. Even though 155. Evict

173. Fiduciary 174. Flaw

175. Flight of stairs 176. Fluctuate

180. Foresee 181. Forklift

185. Global 186. Grassroots

191. Hands-on experience

194. Hearsay 195. Herbicide

196. Hitherto 197. Homemaker 198. Hospitality

199. Housekeeper 200. However

201. Human resources 202. Ignore

204. Impair 205. Implication 206. Implied 207. Imply

208. Impress 209. Impressive

221. Inexpensive 222. Inexperience 223. Infest 224. Instead

225. Internment 226. Intersection

227. Investor 228. Invoice

240. Look over

246. Meantime 247. Middle management 248. Miscellaneous 249. Mischievous

250. Motion sick 251. Mourning

257. Nonetheless 258. Notify

262. Open house

267. Outcome 268. Outdated

284. Physician 285. Policy

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301. Prosthesis 302. Protest

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311. Ran into

312. Ran out of

313. Ran out on

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318. Receipt 319. Recent

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325. Register mail

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337. Retiree 338. Retrieve

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