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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance, support and encouragement crowned all the efforts with success. We are indebted to Sri. Pradeep G. Siddeshwar (Coordinator, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Bangalore University) and Mr. Hanumanthappa (Reader, Department of Computer Science and applications), for useful suggestions, guidance and encouragement during the course of this project. Finally, we whole heartedly thank one and all who helped us directly or indirectly to make this project a great success.

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CONTENTS 1. SYNOPSIS 2. PREFACE 3. SRS 4. KEY FEATURES OF VB 6.0 5. KEY FEATURES OF ORACLE 6. DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS 7. TABLE STRUCTURES 8. SAMPLE FORMS 9. SAMPLE REPORTS 10. CONCLUSION 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 2 4 9 17 22 24 30 40 46 47 48

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SYNOPSIS Todays world is very dynamic in nature .Change is the order of the day . The concept of todays hospital form its evolution through the centuries, contrasts fundamentally from the old idea of a hospital as no more than a place for treatment. The need for computerization of manual system has always been felt in the modern industry . The current project entitled HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT aims to computerize the maintenance of records related to patients, doctor availability, ward status, billing, discharge information, lab and etc.. This project is dedicated to the saying, A Theoretical man knows why A Practical man knows how and A Programmer knows how & why

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PREFACE This software is useful in making the hospital management system computerized. The need for computerization of manual system has always thrives on change, not in past. In todays world everyone and everything should have the ability to shift gears. The software developed by us incorporates all the features that are required in maintaining and organizing the hospital. We hope this project turns out to be time saving, economical and easily accessible by the user.

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

I NT RO DUCT I O N PURPO S E :

Software requirement specification [SRS] is the starting point

and basis of software development. SRS is a means of translating the ideas in minds of clients (the input) into a formal document (the output).The purpose of the software requirements document is to describe all the external requirements of a hospital scheduling i.e., management system.
S CO PE :

An SRS establishes the basis for agreement between the client and the supplier on what the software product will do. A high-quality SRS pre-requisite to high quality software and reduces the development cost providing a reference for the validation of the final product. Writing SRS is the most challenging part of the project development phase. Its basic purpose is to bridge the communication gap between the customer and the developer. Another important purpose of developing an SRS is helping the clients understand their own needs. SRS establishes the basis for agreement between client and supplier on what the software product will do.
DE FI NI T I O N

SRS is a document that completely describes what the proposed system should do without describing how the software will do it. It is completely responsible for describing the external behavior of the proposed software. REFERENCES AND OVERVIEWS:

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE:

A hospital fundamental purpose is the delivery of health, treatment , care and diagnosis as well as health promotion and preventive services . It is committed to the creation of an environment and the circumstances in which education and research in the health sciences and allied areas is possible and flourishes. Along the lines of a hospitals purpose and commitments , our project entitled HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT aims to computerize the functioning of a typical hospital management system.

PRO DUCT FUNCT I O N:

The project deals with the automation of typical activities in a hospital by considering different entities like patients (inpatient and outpatient) , staff members , ward and room status facilities , doctor availability , billing and results with discharge information including pharmacy and lab details. We are taking as a reference Bangalore Hospital.
US E R CH ARACT E RI S T I CS :

The user must be able to generate the patient details , test (reports) details , doctor , billing details report etc at a given point of time .The user must be able to save the generated reports to disk or print them .The user must be provided an option to modify or delete the details of the patient , test reports , billing details and other details .

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G E NE RAL CO NST RAI NT S :

The

system

should

be

operated

by

staff

of

the

department as well as by other authorized staff .Login must be provided with user name and password to avoid unauthorized access to the system .The system should generate the required details by just click of a button .The data secured and requires login name and password before using the application. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS:
E XT E RNAL I NTE RFACE RE Q UI RE ME NTS :

US E R RE Q UI RE ME NTS :

The user requires login name and password before

using the application. HARDWARE and SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

A system development environment is a set of hardware and software tools that act in combination in an integrated way to provide support for the whole of the software process form initial specification through to testing and delivery.

The minimum hardware requirements for system to work efficiently are:

Processor : Preferable Pentium III and above

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Memory

: 128 MB RAM

Hard disk: 20GB

The minimum software requirements for system the are: Operating System Front End Back End Reporting Tool : Windows 98 or higher : Visual Basic 6.0 or Visual Basic Run time : MS SQL Server 2000 : Crystal Reports 8.0

NETWORK REQUIREMENTS: All the systems of the hospital should be interconnected. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: Login must be provided with user name and pass ward to avoid unauthorized access to the system .The system should be operated by staff of the department as well as by other authorized user .The system must validate the input given by the user to ensure consistent and error free data .The user must be able to generate the patient details reports , test report , doctor ,billing details report etc at a given point of time .The user must be able to save the generated reports to disk or print them .The user must be provided an option to modify or delete the details of patient , test , report ,billing details and other details. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT (DOMAIN REQUIREMENT ): The domain requirement of system is that the users of the system should be the staff of the hospital and should have an authorized access to the system .
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SYSTEM DESIGN CONSTRAINTS: Hospital management system fully atomizes using VB as front end and oracle as back end .The user who will be using the automated system needs to enter only the doctor, patient , ward , test , billing details . The details will be stored in database and can be accessed easily by selecting patient name , doctor name , ward number , test id , bill number like keys from the combo box .The data is secured and requires login name and password before using the application .The user can easily find the patient details, doctor , ward , bill details etc and generate reports by just click of a button . Reduces stress , work load and gives proper and accurate result in no time.

SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES: SECURITY : Only authorized users having user name and password can access the system. AVAILABILITY: SOFTWARE SUPPORT : Hospital management system fully atomizes using VB as front end and oracle as back end. VERSION CONTROL : Windows 98 or more. RELIABILITY : Hospital management system is user friendly. It emphasis on scalability options, code protection, error trapping, junk/garbage data handling, less update time , time loss minimized , etc.

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KEY FEATURES OF VISUAL BASIC 6 The HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM has been developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The main advantage is that Visual Basic provides appropriate tools for the different aspects of Graphical User Interface development. Properties are modified on these objects to refine their appearance and behavior. The interface is then made to react to user commands by code and thus has got the name event driven programming. Thus, in Visual Basic all the activities in a program are triggered by one event or the other. Each object has its own properties, determining its position, size, color, nature of its text and much more design reflects the nature of the system. First the screen layout (the user interface) is developed, after which the code that will run in response to specific events is added and then any code necessary to co-ordinate the whole program. In applications with many commands, Visual Basic lets us group the commands under a menu bar. Powerful, full-featured applications which exploit the key features of Microsoft Windows, including Multiple Document Interface (MDI), Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), ActiveX Control etc., can be created using VB. Working Environment Visual Basic Script has been implemented which will be connected to Oracle Database using ODBC(Open Data Base Connectivity). Visual Basic Terminology

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Project : A project is a collection of forms, modules and custom controls that make up an application. The project window lists all the files in an application. It makes Visual Basic more convenient because instead of opening a number of files and modules, one project file can be opened. Form : The form is the central unit in Visual Basic. It is a window, initially blank, on which controls are pasted to create a screen or a printer display. The form can be of any size or color, and the code can be attached to it that will run when the form is loaded, closed or when the mouse is clicked and so on. The form includes controls and codes associated with it. Forms serve as an interface to the application.

Controls : These are the objects which can be pasted on a form. There are the tools
such as command button, check boxes, labels, etc which can be inserted in the form for input/output purposes. Modules : Code in a form can be accessed only within that form. When a code is required to be shared throughout the project i.e., across more than one form, it is coded as a module. They are invisible at run-time. They are saved as separate files marked by BAS extension. Procedure : All the code in a program is written in the form of procedures or subroutines. When a large program is divided into several smaller modules called as procedures. Procedures tell each object on the form to react to something the user does (based on events). All the procedures begin with the keyword SUB and end with END SUB. The General Declaration section is always located at the top of a code window, before any procedure contained in the code module. The General Declaration section contains declarations, which are non-executable code statements that name external procedures, constants, or variable and define their attributes ( such as data type ). The general declaration section also lists certain options that apply to all procedures contained in the code module.

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Function procedures are used in Visual Basic for performing calculation and checking for errors. The major difference between function procedure and sub procedure is that former will have a return value while the latter does not have a return value. The default value returned by a function procedure is of variant data type. Scope : Scope defines the visibility of a variable, procedure, or object. There are three scope levels in Visual Basic. Local : A variable defined at the procedure level that is visible only to the procedure. Module : A variable declared at the module or form that is visible to all procedures within the module or form where declared. Public : A variable declared at the module or the form level that is visible procedures within the project. to all

Toolbox : The User Interface is what someone sees when ones program is running. Every program has a user interface in one form or another. Some programs have elaborate, colorful windows while others have sparse appearance. A VB user interface consists of forms and objects. A Form is window that appears on the screen. Every VB Program has at least one form, although most programs use several forms. VISUAL BASIC ERROR CHECKING Programming errors are of three types : Syntax Errors, Run-time errors and logical errors. VB when code statement is entered or when the application is being run catches the first two types of errors . VB displays a message to assist debug since the program might run without generating an error. To assist in debugging the errors, VB provides extensive debugging tools. Five most common VB debugging functions are:

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Toggle Breakpoints, Instant watch, Calls, Step Into, Step over.

SALIENT FEATURES If..then..else Blocks : Programs essentially contain instructions that tell the computer what to do next. Simple programs just contain a list of instruction that the computer follows one after another. But for complex programs which require to make decisions the if-then-else blocks are used on certain conditions. A condition must represent a value that is either true or false. If a particular condition is satisfied a particular set of instructions are performed. If the condition is not satisfied then the set of instructions in the else block are performed. Conditional compilation is typically used to compile the same program for different platforms. It can also be used to prevent debugging code from appearing in an executable file. Code executed during conditional compilation is completely omitted from the final executable file, so it has no size or performance effect. Select case : The select case structure works with a single test expression that is evaluated once. The result of the expression is then compared against multiple values. The same can be achieved with if..else statements also. Loops : Most of the programs require certain instructions to be executed again and again. Instead of writing the instructions multiple times, they are put in loops which tell the computer to repeat the instructions a certain number of times or until some conditions are satisfied. Data type : Variables can be hold numbers and strings. To restrict the type of information a variable can hold, data types were introduced. A string data type can hold only strings are not integers or any other type. Similarly, each data type can hold only a

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particular type of data for which they are declared. The data type available are Boolean, Byte, Integer, Long, Single, Double, Variant, Currency, Date and String.

For quick review of code, VB provides Automatic Syntax checking Debugging Tools A debug Window File Management: Most of the VB programs consist of following files .VBP project files. .FRM (form) files. .BAS (module) files. Class modules .RES (resource files) Recordset Object, Recordset Collection: A Recordset object represents the records in a base table or the records that result from running a query. The Recordsets Collection contains all open Recordset objects in Database object. When we use data access objects, you interact with data almost entirely using Recordset objects. All Recordset objects are constructed using Records (rows) and fields (columns). There are three types of Recordset objects:
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Table-type Recordset : A representation in code of a base table that you can use to add, change or delete records from a single database table. Dynaset-type Recordset : The result of a query that can have updateable records. A dynaset-type Recordset is a dynamic set of records that you a use to add, change, or delete Recordset can contain fields from one or more tables in a database. Snapshot-type Recordset: A static copy of a set or records that you can use to find data or generate reports. A snapshot-type Recordset can contain fields from one or more tables in a database but cant be updated. Accessing External Databases: The application can access data from external databases, which can include other Microsoft Jet databases, ODBC based databases, or installable ISAM databases. The most efficient way to access external data is to attach and external table to an existing Microsoft Jet database. Attaching a table creates a reference to the external table and saves it in the Jet databases. This stored link keeps a record of the database tables structure. None of the external database date is stored in the MDB file. DATA REPORT In data reports we can generate the report of any Query / Table. Data reports come under Designers. To connect the report with the tables, first we should establish the connection in Data Environment. In Data Environment, for each Query different commands are added which will be linked to the data reports. ACTIVE X DATA OBJECTS (ADO) Active X Data Objects (ADO) are the components that allow us to interact with data stores. ADO is a fairly simple idea the idea that there should be only one way to access data.

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Active X Control Active X Control were formerly known as OLE Controls. With Visual Basic we can create Active X Controls for use in any Active X host, including VB and Internet Explorer. Controls are reusable objects that include visual elements and code. With VB, we can use controls to quickly create form or an application. A control we create in VB is known as a control class, which acts as a template for that control. When we place a control form, we create an instance of the control. Controls can be compiled into control components, also known as .ocx files. A control component can provide more than one kind of control. A VB Active X control project contains one or more .ctl files, each of which defines a separate control class. When we compile a control project, an .ocx file is created for the control component. ODBC in VB The Microsoft Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) standard is a program interface that allows a single application such as Data Reports to access data stored in various Database Management Systems (DBMS) using common language. The ODBC system serves as translator between an application and the data it is trying to access. ODBC is an application programming interface to allow access to relational databases, such as Access, SQL Server, Oracle etc. ODBC is the under lying technology that interfaces between the programs and the source of data. Active X Data Objects sit on top of ODBC, giving all of the facilities of ODBC, but in an easy to use form. The ODBC translation is a two step process. First, an application such as Data Reports must be able to talk to ODBC. Second, ODBC must be able to talk to the DBMS. To talk to ODBC, the application uses a Dynamic Link Library specially designed for the task. This DLL is called a Front end ODBC driver. The ODBC system sits between the
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drivers as a common standard by which they can communicate using the Structured Query Language (SQL). To talk to the DBMS, the DBMS must also provide a DLL to allow ODBC to talk to its database files. The DLL provided by the DBMS is called a Back end ODBC driver. ADO Object Module Connection Object : It enables us to connect to data stores. Command Object : It is designed for running commands against a data store. Record set Object : It is probably the most commonly used object in ADO, since it is this object that contains the sets of Data extracted from the data stores. There are several collections in ADO object library, each of which holds zero or more copies of their associated object. Field Collection : Fields collection holds field objects associated with a record set. Parameters Collection : Parameters collection is used solely by the command object and identifies the parameters in stored commands. Errors Collection : Errors collection contains details of the last ADO or OLEDB provider error that was generated by a Command and can only be accessed through the Connection object.

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KEY FEATURES OF ORACLE 8i Oracle is the most prevalent Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) in the world. The Oracle database runs on every major machine and under every prominent operating system available. Versions of Oracle exist for platforms from modestly equipped portable computers up to powerful database servers accommodating thousands of concurrent users. ADO is a key component of Microsofts drive for Universal Data Access (UDA) : it can be used for accessing data wherever it may be stored, either in Oracle / SQL Server databases. ADO is the friendly face of OLE DB. MSADASQL effectively acts as a conversion layer, mapping OLE DB interfaces to ODBC APIs. It is the default provider for ADO and, since ODBC is still the only driver that provides access to all Oracle functionality, it is very useful in many circumstances. SQL and relational data modeling gives a strong reliable paradigm for data access. The data base manager provides interfaces and tools that we can use. The application data is independent of the conceptual model. SQL gives many tools need to maintain referential integrity in the CREATE TABLE Statement. SECURITY

Security is the protection of the database against unauthorized access od\r change of the data. Oracle 8i provides high level of security to the application. Oracle 8i has extensive models in protecting. The First Level of Security: Passwords

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The first level of security is the Oracle 8i user. Every user has a password. The Second Level of Security: Privileges The second level of security is the scheme authorization system. Oracle 8i adds the role which makes granting privileges even more flexible. A role is grouping of privileges. We can grant privilege for an object to a role, thus all the users assigned the role those privileges. Relational Databases and SQL In a Relational database, data is stored in tables. A table is a collection of rows and Columns. Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to retrieve or update data by specifying columns, tables and various relationships between them. SQL is a standardized language for defining and manipulating data in a relational data-base. SQL statements are executed by a database manager. A database manager is a computer program that manages the data. A partitioned relational database is a relational database where the data is managed across multiple partitions (also called nodes). In this book we will focus our attention on single partition databases. You can access the sample database and try out all the examples in this book through interactive SQL by using an interface like the command line processor (CLP) or the command centre. STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

SQL is a set of commands that all programmers and users must use to access data with in ORACLE database. The Oracle 8i server provides full SQL commands to level 2 and full implementation of the integrity enhancement features. The SQL consists of facilities for defining accessing and managing relational database.

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Advantages of SQL: SQL has become a database language of choice because it is flexible, powerful and easy to learn. SQL is non procedural language it o Process sets of records rather than just one at a time. o Provides automatic navigation to the data. SQL Provides commands for a variety of tasks including querying data, creating, updating and replacing objects and inserting, updating and deleting rows. All major RDBMS supports SQL. Thus one can transfer all the skills gained with SQL from one RDBMS to another. Programs written in SQL are portable; they can often be moved from one database system to another with little modification. SQL Commands

The SQL Commands are divided into three categories: Data Definition Language Commands (DDL) Data Manipulation Language Commands (DML) Transaction Control Commands. TYPES OF SQL OPERATORS Query data. Updating, Inserting and Deleting database Objects. Controlling access to the database. Providing for data integrity and consistency.

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Integrity Constraints

Oracle provides automatic ways to ensure data integrity. Oracle ensures data integrity by providing declarative integrity constraints. The constraint declared automatically validates data against correction. Not Null Constraints

The NOT NULL constraint specifies that a column cannot contain nulls. To satisfy this constraint every row in the table must contain a value for the corresponding column for which it is specified as null. Unique Constraints

The Unique constraints designate a column or combination of columns as Unique Key. To satisfy a Unique Constraints, no two rows in the table can have the same value fro the unique key. Primary Key Constraints

A Primary Key constraint designates a column or combination of columns as the tables primary key. To satisfy a primary key, both the following conditions must be true:o No Primary key value can appear in more than one row in the table. o No column that is part of the primary key can contain null value A table can have only one primary key.

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Referential Integrity Constraint A referential integrity constraint designates a column or combination of columns as a foreign key and establishes a relationship between that foreign key and a specified primary or unique key called the referential key. The table that contains the foreign key is called the Child table and the table containing the referential key is called Parent Table.

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Dataflow diagrams 1.Data Flow Diagram for Staff Module

2.Data flow diagram for patient module

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TABLE STRUCTURES

Table Structures

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Doctor details:
Attribute Doc_code Doc_name Dept_no Specialist Sex DOB Qualification Address Phone Type Number Varchar Number Varchar char Date Varchar Varchar Number Length 4 35 5 25 1 25 75 8

Patient details:
IP_no. Name Adm_date Address Age Diagnosis Advance Number Varchar Date Varchar Number Varchar Number 6 30 75 3 40 10

Ward details:
Attribute Ward_code Ward_type Dept_no. Total_beds Empty_beds Type Number Varchar Number Number Number Length 5 15 5 5 4

Department details:

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Attributes Dept_no. Dept_name

Types Number Varchar

Length 5 25

Test details:
Attributes IP_no. Pat_name Test_code Test_date Test_amt Report Types Number Varchar Number Date Number Varchar Length 6 30 2 10 30

Discharge_alive details:
Attribute Time Date Report Type Varchar Date Varchar Length 15 20

Discharge_dead details:
Attribute Time Date Cause Report Type Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Length 15 30 500

Bill details:
Attribute Bill_no. Bill_date Ward_rent Type Number Date Number Length 6 10

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Adm_fee Total_amt Advance Net_amt

Number Number Number Number

10 14 10 12

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SAMPLE FORMS

SAMPLE SNAP SHOTS

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Login Form

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MDI FORM

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IENT BILLING

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OUT PATIENT BILLING

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SAMPLE REPORTS

EMPLOYEE DETAILS REPORT

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CURRENT STAFF DETAILS REPORT

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WARD DETAILS REPORT

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USER LIST REPORT

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OUT PATIENT DETAILS REPORT

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CONCLUSION

Hospital Management is designed for hospital and nursing homes to ease the day to day work and to systematically maintain the related work without any ambiguity. Finally reports are generated for the required details so that the top management could get the clear idea of the system.

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT : The user should have the knowledge of computer basics. The user should be authorized. It does not include complete details of the hospital.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

VISUAL BASIC 6.0 EDITION ORACLE 8i

TATA McGraw-HILLS

TATA INFOTECH EDUCATION

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