Lte Tutorial

LTE tutorial
- Looking forward beyond HSPA+
sppe12083@gmail.com RAN System Engineer
Outline
Beyond HSPA+ LTE: motivation and expectations E-UTRAN overview & initial performance evaluation OFDMA and SC-FDMA fundamentals LTE physical layer LTE transmission procedures
All rights reserved @ 2009
Beyond HSPA evolution 3GPP path

DL: 14.4 Mbps UL: 5.76Mbps DL: 28 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps DL: 100+ Mbps UL: 23+ Mbps
UTRAN
Rel-99 WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA
HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)
Rel-5
Rel-6
Rel-7
Rel-8
Rel-9 deployment & service enhancement
Beyond Rel-9
E-UTRAN
LTE specification process ~ 2007Q4

DL:300 Mbps UL: 75 Mbps
LTE-A
DL: 1 Gbps UL: 100 Mbps
LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274* commercial HSPA networks worldwide) Uptake of mobile data traffic upon cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency Higher user data rate Improved system capacity and coverage Cost-reduction per bit
Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 NGMN formally released requirements on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper **http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274* commercial HSPA networks worldwide) Uptake of mobile data traffic upon cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency Higher user data rate Improved system capacity and coverage Cost-reduction per bit
Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 NGMN formally released requirements on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper **http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
LTE feature overview

Flexible and expandable spectrum bandwidth Simplified network architecture High data throughput (Macro eNodeB & Home eNodeB) Support for multi-antenna scheme (up to 4x4 MIMO in Rel-8) Time-frequency scheduling on shared-channel Soft(fractional) frequency reuse Self-Organizing Network (SON)
LTE spectrum flexibility

Operating bands
Flexible carriers: from 700MHz to 2600MHz Extensible bandwidth: from 5MHz to 20MHz
FDD Pair uplink downlink
5 MHz
20 MHz Channel bandwidth (MHz) Transmission bandwidth configuration(RBs)
active RBs
LTE basic parameters

Frequency range channel bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 Transmission bandwidth NRB: (1 resource block = 180kHz in 1ms TTI) Modulation Schemes: Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional) downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) Multiple Access: uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) downlink: TxAA, spatial multiplexing, CDD ,max 4x4 array Multi-Antenna Technology Uplink: Multi-user collaborative MIMO Downlink: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth) 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth) Uplink: 75Mbps(20MHz bandwidth) 3 5 10 15 20 UMTS FDD bands and TDD bands defined in 36.101(v860) Table 5.5.1
15
25
50
75
100
Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Peak data rate
LTE Peak throughput w.r.t UE categories

Table 4.1-1: Downlink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Category Maximum number of DL-SCH transport block bits received within a TTI Maximum number of bits of a DL-SCH transport block received within a TTI 10296 51024 75376 75376 149776 Total number of soft channel bits 250368 1237248 1237248 1827072 3667200 Maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing in DL 1 2 2 2 4
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5
10296 51024 102048 150752 299552
Peak rate 150Mbps with 2x2 MIMO
Peak rate 300Mbps with 4x4 MIMO
Table 4.1-2: Uplink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Cate gory Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Maximum number of bits of an UL-SCH transport block transmitted within a TTI 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376 Support for 64QAM in UL No
Peak rate 75Mbps
No No No Yes
3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

LTE UE category
UE Category Peak rate (Mbps) DL UL 1 10 5 2 50 25 3 100 50 20 MHz QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 4 150 50 5 300 75
RF bandwidth DL Modulation UL
QPSK, 16QAM
2 Rx Diversity 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO Optional
Assumed in performance requirements Mandatory Not supported Mandatory
3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

Channel dependent scheduling

Time-frequency scheduling
UE #1
UE #2
Soft (fractional) frequency reuse

Soft Frequency Reuse(SFR):
inner part of cell uses all subbands with less power; Outer part of cell uses pre-served subbands with higher power;
b- s Su rier r ca
po w e rd en s ity
BS 2
subcarr ier
MS 22
BS 1
Pow er d e
MS 21
nsity
MS 12 MS 11
MS 31
MS 32
s ca ubrri er
n de er w Po
y sit
3GPP R1-050841 Further Analysis of Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme

BS 3
E-UTRAN overview
E-UTRAN architecture
X2
S1
S1
S1
S1
X2
E-UTRAN architecture
E-UTRAN radio protocol

notifications common dedicated
RRC radio bearers
Paging
System information SRB0
Dedicated Control and information transfer SRB1 Integrity and ciphering ARQ SRB2 Integrity and ciphering ARQ DCCH 2 DRB1 ciphering and ROHC ARQ DTCH 1 DRB2 ciphering and ROHC ARQ DTCH 2
PDCP RLC logical channels PCCH BCCH CCCH
DCCH 1
MAC transport channels PCH BCH RACH
Multiplexing and HARQ control
DL-SCH PHY layer functions
UL-SCH
physical channels
PBCH
PRACH
PDSCH
PUSCH
E-UTRAN radio channels

downlink
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
uplink
Logical channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
PCH
BCH
DL-SCH
MCH
Transport channels
RACH
UL-SCH
PDCCH
PBCH
PDSCH
PMCH
Physical channels
PRACH
PUCCH
PUSCH
Logical Channels Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels, control channels, system broadcast, etc. Transport Channels no per-user dedicated channels! Define how is something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding, interleaving options used to transmit data Physical Channels Define where is something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL frame
E-UTRAN bearers
SRB: internal E-UTRAN signalings such as RRC signalings, RB management signalings NAS signalings: such as tracking area update and mobility management messages data traffic: E-UTRAN radio bearer + S1 bearer +S5/S8 bearer L1/L2 control channel
RT U IP DP P H TC TT P P
IP -u TP G P UD S NA AP S1 TP SC
IP L2
PD CP
RR C PD CP
RR C
-u -u TP GTP G P DP UD U
IP L2 IP L2
u PGT P UD
IP L2
NA S
RL C
S1
AP
TP SC IP ye La r2
Y HY PH P
Y PH
RL C
M AC
M AC
L1
S-GW
LT E
LT E
L1
P-GW
Y PH
Y PH
eNodeB UE E-UTRAN radio bearer EPS bearer

MME S1 bearer
S5/S8 bearer
E-UTRAN Control plane stack

MME/ eNodeB NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY 36.331 36.323 36.322 36.321 36.211~36.214 RRC PDCP SCTP RLC IP MAC PHY L2 L1 S1-MME/X2-C 36.412 36.422 SCTP IP L2 L1 24.301 eNodeB S1AP X2AP 36.413 36.423 NAS S1AP X2AP
UE
LTE-Uu
E-UTRAN User Plane Stack

PDN/S-GW eNodeB
UE Application IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY 36.323 36.322 36.321 36.211~36.214 PDCP RLC MAC L2 PHY L1 S1-U/X2-u GTP-u UDP IP 29.274 eNodeB
IP GTP-u UDP IP L2 L1
LTE-Uu
Radio resource management

QoS management
L3
RRC Load control
Admission control
Interference management Semi-persistent scheduling
mobility management
PDCP
L2
RLC MAC
Hybrid ARQ manager
Dynamic scheduling
Link adaptation
L1
PHY
PDCCH adaptation
CQI manager
An overview of downlink radio resource management for LTE, Klaus Ingemann Pedersen, et al, IEEE communication magazine, 2009 July
E-UTRAN mobility
Simplified RRC states Idle-mode mobility (similar as HSPA) Connected-mode mobility
handover controlled by network
RRC-idle

RRC-connected
Cell reselection decided by UE Network controlled handovers Based on UE measurements Based on UE measurements Controlled by broadcasted parameters Different priorities assigned to frequency layers
MME/SGW HO decision
Source eNodeB
Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN

UTRAN Call Admission
target eNodeB
E-UTRAN Not relevant since no CS connections Tracking area No SHO No similar RRC states Core network sees every handover No need to provide cell-specific information, only carrier-frequency is required.
Location area (CS core) Routing area SHO Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH,URA_PCH RNC hides most of mobility
Target cell signal quality meets reporting threshold
Neighbour cell list required
Overview of a PS call control plane

UE activities after power-on
Power up
Initial cell search
Derive system information
Random Access
Data Tx/Rx
UE
paging
E-UTRAN
S /SS SS P
Radom Access procedure

H BC
RRC Connection Request
ICH /PH H H CC FIC PD PC
Connection establishment
m ado Rn
ss cce
H CC PU / CH US P
RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Setup Complete
H SC PD
Security procedures
RRC Connection Reconfiguration RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
Radio bearer establishment
Overview of a PS call control plane

UE activities after power-on
Power up
Initial cell search
Derive system information
Random Access
Data Tx/Rx
UE
ns tra k sch ta in da upl DL K & AC ss mi ion
E-UTRAN
paging
gr ing l ed u
ant
Radom Access procedure
& CK
nn cha
at Ld
tus sta el
rt epo r
n
RRC Connection Request RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Setup Complete
Connection establishment
a a tr
sio mis ns
Security procedures
RRC Connection Reconfiguration RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
Radio bearer establishment
Overview of a PS call user plane

Tx 1 resource block: 180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
PS data via S1 interface
to RF
eNodeB
PDCP
(Ciphering Header Compression,)
OFDM Signal Generation
1 resource block pair 1 TTI = 1ms = 2 slots

resource mapping
RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ) scheduling
data modulator
coding
UE
HARQ
Multiplexing per user
Overview of a PS call user plane

Tx 1 resource block: 180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
PS data via S1 interface
to RF
eNodeB
PDCP
(Ciphering Header Compression,)
OFDM Signal Generation
1 resource block pair 1 TTI = 1ms = 2 slots

resource mapping
RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ) scheduling
data modulator
coding
UE
Occupying different radio resources across TTIs adapts to time-varying radio channel condition!
HARQ
Multiplexing per user
LTE initial deployment scenario

Similar coverage as 3G HSPA on existing 3G frequency bands
LTE radio transmission technology itself does not provide coverage boost. Lower frequency (e.g, 900MHz) provides better coverage but demands largesize antennas.
Over-layed initial deployment on hot-spot area

Spectrum availability Backhaul capacity Handset maturity (multi-mode)
urban
(0.6 ~ 1.2km)
sub-urban
(1.5 ~ 3.4km)
Rural
(26 ~ 50 km)
LTE initial trial performance

LTE data rates
Peak rate measured in lab and trial align with 3GPP performance targets In reality, user throughputs are impacted by
RF conditions & UE speed Inter-cell interference & multiple users sharing the capacity Application overhead
Peak rate measured with a single user in unloaded, optimal radio condition Average: 10 active users with 3Mbps throughput per user
Top 5%, loaded Average Cell edge 1Mpbs throughput at cell edge
Active users per cell Source: www.lstiforum.org

Active users per cell
Macro Cellular network: peak rate Vs average rate

Unlike circuit-switched network design, live network throughput is not fixed any more, being dependent on many environmental factors such as CQI,Tx buffer status,etc. In macro cellular network, network average throughput falls behind peak rate by 10x. Cellular booster for Mobile broadband
Ubiquitous coverage High capacity & data rate Low cost
HSPA cell throughput
Tput (Mbps) G-factor (dB)
8 4 2
25 15 10 2
>> FemtoCell Home eNodeB!
-3
3GPP TS 25.101 Table 9.8D3, 9.8D4, 9.8F3 for PA3

LTE initial trial performance

User plane latency
3GPP RTT target is 10ms for short IP packet Field trial results: 10~13ms with pre-scheduled uplink <25ms with on-demand uplink
EPC air interface RTT End-to-End Ping
App Server
Control plane latency

Short latency helps to keep always on user experience Field trial results Measured idle to active latency: 70~ 100ms
Active (Cell_DCH) Less than 50msec Dormant (Cell_PCH)
Less than 100msec Camped-state (idle)
* Measurement taken with one UE in unloaded case * Source: www.lstiforum.org

OFDMA and SC-FDMA rationale
OFDM fundamentals frequency spectrum

FDM OFDM
f
f
f
sin(
No Inter-Carrier Interference!
2f f
2f
frequency domain
Tu =
1 f
Time domain
OFDM fundamentals multicarrier modulation

+1 -1 +1 f1
Modulated subcarriers
x (t ) =
Nc 1 k =0
(t ) =
Nc 1 k =0
e j 2 k ft
f2
Specifying system sampling rate:
f s = 1 / Ts = N f
Nc1 k =0
+
f3
We get:
xn = x(nTs) = ak e j 2kfnTs = ak e
Nc1 k =0 j 2k n N
= ak e
k =0
N 1
j 2k
n N
a0
e j 2f0t e
j 2f1t
x0 (t )
+
a0
a0 , a1 ,..., a N c 1 x(t )
S/P
a1
X0 X1
a0 , a1 ,..., a N c 1
S/P
a1
x1 (t )
Nc1
a Nc 1
e j 2xf Nc1t (t )
a Nc 1
0 0
IFFT
P/S
XN-1
OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix

Tu
directed path: reflected path:
ak 1
ak
Integration interval of direct path
ak +1
Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes
Tcp >
guard time
FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing OFDM symbol time
OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix

Tu
ak 1
ak
Integration interval of direct path
ak +1
Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes

a0 a1
a Nc 1
guard time FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing OFDM symbol time
Tcp >
add Cyclic Prefix
an OFDM symbol Tu+Tcp
IFFT
P/S
Tu
OFDM fundamentals general link level chains

Binary input data
Coding
Interleaving
5 MHz Bandwidth
QAM mapping
Pilot Insertion
S/P
IFFT
P/S
add CP
FFT
Guard Intervals Symbols
Sub-carriers
Frequency
RF Tx
DAC
Pulse shaping
Time
RF Rx
ADC
Timing and frequency Sync CP removal
Binary output data
de-coding
deinterleaving
QAM de-mapping
Equalizer
P/S
FFT
S/P
Digital communications: fundamentals and applications by Bernard Sklar, Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN: 0-13-212713-x OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications by Richard van Nee & Ramjee Prasad, Artech house,2000, ISBN: 0-89006-530-6 3GPP TR 25892-600 feasibility study for OFDM in UTRAN
OFDM fundamentals frequency domain equalizer *

MRC filter: Zero Forcing: MMSE:
transmitter
w( ) = h ( ) h( ) w( ) = 1 2
n(t )
= E{ s(t ) s(t ) }
receiver
Channel model
S (t )
h( )
r (t )
w( )
~ (t ) s
rn
W0
W0
D W1 + Time domain D D WL-1
R0
r (t )
DFT
WN 1
S0
sn
RN 1
frequency domain
S N 1
IDFT
s(t )
Frequency domain equalizer outperforms with much less complexity!

Frequency domain equalization for single carrier broadband wireless systems, David Falconer , et.al, IEEE Communication magazine, 2002 April
OFDM fundamentals
Advantages:
OFDM itself does not provide processing gains, but provides a degree of freedom in frequency domain by partitioning the wideband channel into multiple narrow flat-fading sub-channels. Channel coding is mandatory for OFDM to combat frequency-selective fading. Efficiently combating multi-path propagation in term of cyclic prefix OFDM receiver (frequency domain equalizer) has less complexity than that of Rake receiver on wideband channels. OFDM characterizes flexible spectrum expansion for cellular systems. f
Drawbacks:
high peak-to-average ratio. Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well
OFDM fundamentals downlink OFDMA

1 resource block: 180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
f
1 slot = 0.5 ms PDCCH PDSCH
OFDMA provides flexible scheduling in time-frequency domain. In case of multi-carrier transmission, OFDMA has larger PAPR than traditional single carrier transmission. Fortunately this is less concerned with downlink. Does OFDMA suits for uplink transmission?
Uplink being sensitive to PAPR due to UE implementation requirements With wider bandwidth in operation, OFDMA in uplink will have lower power per pilot symbol which in turn leads to deterioration of demodulation performance.
Wideband single carrier transmission frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE)

While time-domain discrete equalizer has effect of linear convolution on channel response; frequency domain equalizer actually serves as cyclic convolution thereof. The difference will make first L-1 symbols incorrect at the output of FDE. Solution could be either overlapped processing or cyclic prefix added in transmitter.
transmitter
block-wise generation
Single carrier Pulse signal CP Shaping generation N samples insertion N+Ncp samples
x(t)
Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications, M. V. Clark, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998 Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo Equalization, M. Tchler et al., Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2, May 2001 All rights reserved @ 2009 Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency Domain, F. Pancaldi et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE

Binary input data
Coding
Interleaving
QAM mapping
DFT (size M)
Subcarrier mapping
IFFT (size N)
P/S
add CP
FDMA: user multiplexing in frequency domain Single Carrier: sequential transmission of the symbols over a single frequency carrier
RF Tx
DAC
Pulse shaping
RF Rx
Binary output data
ADC
Timing and frequency Sync FFT (size N) CP removal
de-coding
deinterleaving
QAM de-mapping
IDFT (Size M)
Freq Domain Equalizer
P/S
S/P
Introduction to Single Carrier FDMA, Hyung G Myung, 2007 EURASIP

SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE

Multiple access in LTE uplink
Terminal A
data stream
DFT
0
OFDM
Pulse Shaping
Terminal B
0
data stream
DFT
OFDM
Pulse Shaping
Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!
SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE

Multiple access in LTE uplink
Terminal A
data stream
DFT
0
OFDM
Pulse Shaping
Terminal B
0
data stream
DFT
OFDM
Pulse Shaping
Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!
SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE

block-wise signals
DFT (M)
IFFT (N)
CP insertion
D/A conversion /pulse shaping
RF
Adopted by LTE uplink!
Also called DFTSpread OFDM!
Localized FDMA:
A B C D
DFT (M)
Distributed FDMA:
DFT (M)
IFFT (N)
A B C D
IFFT (N)
OverSampling in freq domain results in interpolation at time domain output time domain: A* * * B * * * C * * * D* * *
Upsampling in freq domain makes repeated sequence at time domain output ABCDABCDABCDABCD
frequency domain:
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Time domain: Frequency domain
- OFDM modulates each subcarrier with one data symbol - OFDM symbol is a sum of all data symbols by IFFT - SC-FDMA symbol is repeated sequence of data chips - SC-FDMA distributes all data symbols on each subcarrier.
Input data symbols
OFDM symbol
SC-FDMA symbol *
time domain
f
frequency domain
* Assuming bandwidth expansion factor Q=4 in distributed FDMA.

OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Similarities
Block-wise data processing and use of Cyclic Prefix Divides transmission bandwidth into smaller sub-carriers Channel inversion/equalization is done in frequency domain SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-Precoded or DFT-Spread OFDMA
Difference
Signal structure: In OFDMA each sub-carrier only carries information related to only one data symbol while in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of all data symbols. Equalization: Equalization for OFDMA is done on per-subcarrier basis while for SC-FDMA, equalization is done over the group of sub-carriers used by transmitter. PAPR: SC-FDMA presents much lower PAPR than OFDMA does. Sensitivity to freq offset: yes for OFDMA but tolerable to SC-FDMA.
LTE Physical layer and transmission procedures
LTE physical layer a vertical view

What kind of information is transmitted?
Upper layer SDUs plus additional L1 control information in transmission, e.g Reference Signals, Sync signals,CQI, HARQ,etc
control information or user data
PDCP RLC MAC
How is it transmitted?
Downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA Channel dependent scheduling, HARQ,etc multiple antenna support random access, power control, time alignment, etc
Scrambling modulation multiplex control information reference signals signals from other channels
Related L1 procedures
Transport blocks
coding
frequency
time
LTE physical layer - a horizontal view

PBCH: carries system broadcast information PCFICH: indicates resources used for PDCCH PHICH: carries ACK/NACK for HARQ operation. PDCCH: carriers scheduling assignments and other control information PDSCH: conveys data or control information PMCH: for MBMS data transmission Reference signal PUCCH: carries control information Synchronization signal (PSS,SSS) PRACH: to obtain uplink synchronization PUSCH: for data or control information Reference Signals (Demod RS & SRS)
Feedback C QIs, data transm ission PDCCH n otifies how to demodula te d
ata
Fundamental Downlink transmission scheme

1 radio frame = 10 sub-frames = 10 ms 1 sub-frame = 2 slot = 14 OFDM symbols*
1 sub-frame = 1 ms 1 resource element
1 slot = 0.5 ms = 7 OFDM symbols
1 resourrc block = 12 sub-carriers = 180KHz
1 radio frame = 10 ms
Tcp
66.7 us
5.2 s, Tcp = 4.7 s,

Tcp _ e = 16.7 s
for first OFDM symbol for remaining symbols
Tcp-e
66.7 us
*An alternative slot structure for MBMS is 6 OFDM symbols per slot where extended CP is in use.
System information broadcast

System information
MIB: transmitted on PBCH (40msTTI)
information about downlink bandwidth PHICH configuration SFN
One BCH transportation block CRC insertion 1/3 conv. coding scrambling modulation antenna mapping De-multiplexing
SIB: transmitted on PDSCH(DL-SCH)

SIB1: operator infor & access restriction infor SIB2: uplink cell bandwidth, random access parameters SIB3: cell-reselection SIB4~SIB8: neighbor cell infor
PBCH: the first 4 OFDM symbol in 2nd Slot per 10ms frame 10MHz 600 subcarriers
1.08 MHz
Synchronization signal
10ms frame
10ms frame
Downlink control channels PCFICH,PHICH

PCFICH:
tells about the size of the control region. Locates in the first OFDM symbol for each sub-frame.
2 bits
1/16 block code
32 bits
32 bits
16 symbols
Scrambling
QPSK mod
PHICH:
PCFICH-to-resource-element mapping depends on cell identity so as to avoid inter-cell interference.
One PHICH group contains 8 PHICHs
acknowledges uplink data transfer Locates in 1st OFDM symbol for each sub-frame inferior to PCFICH allocation
1 bit
3x repetition
3 bits
BPSK mod
I
12 symbols
1 bit
Orthogonal code 3x repetition

3 bits
Q
BPSK mod scrambling Orthogonal code
Downlink control channels - PDCCH

Downlink control information (DCIs)
Downlink scheduling assignments Uplink scheduling assignments Power control commands
Control region size indicated by PCFICH Blind decoded by UE in its search space and common search space allows UEs micro-sleep even in active state QPSK always used but channel coding rate is variable
control information
control region
reference signals
1 sub-frame = 1 ms
R1-073373 Search space definition ofr L1/L2 control channels. Downlink control channel design for 3GPP LTE, Robert Love, Amitava Ghosh, et,al. IEEE WCNC 2008.
Downlink control channels PDCCH

How to map DCIs to physical resource elements
Control Channel Elements(CCEs), consisting of 36 REs, are used to construct control channels. CCE aggregated at pre-defined level(1,2,4,8) to ease blind detections.
Usually 5MHz bandwidth system renders 6 UL/DL scheduling assignments within a sub-frame.
CCH candidate 2 CCH candidate 8 CCH candidate 10 CCH candidate 1 CCH candidate 3 CCH candidate 4 CCH candidate 5 CCH candidate 6 CCH candidate 7 CCH candidate 9
Control Channel Element 0 Control Channel Element 1 Control Channel Element 2 Control Channel Element 3 Control Channel Element 4 Control Channel Element 5
Control channel candidate set Or search space
R1-070787 Downlink L1/L2 CCH design
Control channel candidates on which the UE attempts to decode the information (10 decoding attempts in this example) All rights reserved @ 2009
Downlink control channels - PDCCH

Each PDCCH carries one DCI message.
Control information Control information Control information
RNTI
CRC attachment
RNTI
CRC attachment
RNTI
CRC attachment
1/3 Conv Coding
1/3 Conv Coding
1/3 Conv Coding
Rate mattching
Rate mattching
Rate mattching
CCE aggragation and PDCCH multiplexing

Scrambling
QPSK
Interleaving
Cell specific Cyclic shift

Downlink shared channel: PDSCH

Support up to 4 Tx antennas* Resource block allocation:
Localized: with less signaling overheads Distributed: benefits from frequency diversity
Transport block from MAC Transport block from MAC
CRC Segmentation FEC RM+HARQ Scrambling Modulation
Channelization (location):
control information reference signals
data region
User A User B User C unused Cell-specific, bit-level scrambling for interference randomization ** Antenna mapping RB mapping
1 sub-frame = 1 ms
To OFDM modulation for each antenna
* For MBSFN, antenna diversity scheme does not apply. ** For MBSFN, its MBSFN-area-specific scrambling.
Downlink reference signals

Cell-specific reference signals are length-31 Gold sequence, initialized based on cell ID and OFDM symbol location. Each antenna has a specific reference signal pattern, e.g 2 antennas frequency domain spacing is 6 sub-carriers
Time domain spacing is 4 OFDM symbols That is, 4 reference symbols per Resource Block per antenna
time
frequency
Antenna 0
Antenna 1
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation section 6.10.1.1
LTE Multiple antenna scheme

NodeB transmitter
WCDMA STTD scheme:

S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S3 S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S3
STTD S * , S * , S * , S * 1 0 3 2
UE
LTE SFBC (space frequency block coding):

eNodeB transmitter
LTE CDD (cyclic delay diversity):

eNodeB transmitter
a2
a1
a3
OFDM modulation
a0
a2
a1
a3
OFDM modulation
a0
* a0
* a1 * a3 * a2
UE
a0 a1e j 2f t a2 e j 2f 2 t a3e j 2f 3t
OFDM modulation
UE
OFDM modulation

Downlink SU-MIMO
Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over multiple antennas Codebook based pre-coding: signal is pre-coded at eNodeB before transmission while optimum pre-coding matrix is selected from pre-defined codebook based on r r UE feedback. S Open-loop mode possible for high speed r1 S1
S2
Precoding
H
r2
SIC receiver
eNodeB
UE PMI, RI, CQI
Uplink MU-MIMO: collaborative MIMO

Simultaneous transmission from 2UEs on same time-frequency resource Each UE with one Tx antenna Uplink reference signals are coordinated between UEs

LTE channels Multiple Antenna Schemes
open-loop spatial multiplexing closed-loop spatical multiplexing DL data channel PDSCH multi-user MIMO UE specific RS beam-forming PDCCH PHICH DL control channel PCFICH PBCH Sync Signals receiver diversity UL data channel PUSCH multi-user MIMO PUCCH UL control channel PRACH receiver diversity MRC receiver diversity MU-MIMO MRC open-loop transmit diversity MU-MIMO Applicable > 4 Antennas SFBC SFBC SFBC SFBC PVS MRC/IRC
comments
large delay CDD/ SFBC SU-MIMO
Synchronization and Cell Search

LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing low PAPR for coverage Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!
Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0 1 2 1 radio frame = 10 ms 3 4 5
SSS
6 7 8 9
PSS
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by Yingming Tsai etal, JUNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE

LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing low PAPR for coverage Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!
Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0 1 2 1 radio frame = 10 ms 3 4 5
SSS
6 7 8 9
PSS
62 Central Sub-carriers
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by Yingming Tsai etal, JUNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE

Hierarchical cell ID(1 out of 504):
Cell ID = 3* Cell group ID + PHY ID :
(n j un63 +1) e d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2 ) j 63 e
CELL (1 (2 N ID = 3 N ID) + N ID)
PSS structure
x0 pss
PSS sequences
n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61
= 25 = 29 = 34
(2 N ID) = 0 (2 N ID) = 1
(2 N ID) = 2
62 sub-carriers excluding DC carrier
x1 pss x
62 pss
IFFT
CP insertion
f
odd sub-carriers even sub-carriers
SSS structure
S 0m ( 0 )
The indices (m0, m1) define the cell group identity.
SSC1
S1m (1)
S1m (1)
SSC2 S 0m ( 0 )
C1
Z1m ( 0 )
C1
Z1m (1)
C0
+
C0
+ +
SSC1
SSC2
slot 0 slot 10
LTE Cell Search

PSS detection
Slot timing Physical layer ID (1 of 3)
Vs
WCDMA cell search

P-SCH detection
Slot boundary
S-SCH detection
frame timing code group ID
SSS detection
Radio frame timing Cell group ID (1 of 168) CP length
CPICH detection
Cell-specific scrambling code identified
PBCH decoding
PBCH timing System information access
BCH reading
cell searching in WCDMA,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003;
LTE uplink
SC-FDMA: fundamental uplink radio parameters are aligned with downlink scheme, e.g frame structure, sub-carrier spacing, RB size. Multiplexing of uplink data and control information
Combination of FDM and TDM are adopted in LTE uplink
Uplink transmission are well time-aligned to maintain orthogonality (no intra-cell interference) PRACH will not convey user data like WCDMA does, but serve to obtain uplink synchronization
Fundamental uplink transmission scheme

1 sub-frame = 1 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms = 7 OFDM symbols
1 radio frame = 10 ms
under eNodeB scheduling
f
Tcp 66.7 us
5.2s, Tcp = 4.7 s,

Tcp _ e = 16.7 s
for first OFDM symbol for remaining symbols
Tcp-e
66.7 us
Uplink transmission frame aligned with downlink parameterization to ease UE implementation.

Uplink reference signal
Uplink reference signals

Mostly based on Zadoff-Chu sequences (cyclic extensions) Pre-defined QPSK sequences for small RB allocation
Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in a cell
Each cell is assigned 1 out of 30 sequence groups Each sequence group contains 1(for less than 5 RB case) or 2 (6RB+ case) RS sequence across all possible RB allocations Sequence-group hopping is configurable in term of broadcasting information where the hopping pattern is decided by Cell ID Cyclic time shift hopping applies to both control channel and data channel
interference randomization across intra-cell and inter-cells
DRS on PUSCH
0 0
RS sequence
block of data symbols
DFT (size M)
OFDM modulator
add CP
Instantaneous bandwidth (M sub-carriers)
0 0
One DFTS-OFDM symbol
3GPP TS 36.101 physical channels and modulation section 5.5.1

Uplink reference signal

DRS on PUCCH
See next slides
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)

Not regularly but allows eNodeB to estimate uplink channel quality at alternative frequencies UEs SRS transmission is subject to network configuration Location: always on last OFDM symbol of a sub-frame if available
one sub-frame
wideband, non-frequency hopping SRS
narrowband, frequency hopping SRS
Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH

Uplink control signaling
Data associated: transport format, new data indicator, MIMO parameters Non-data associated: ACK/NACK, CQI, MIMO codeword feedback
Channelization
no explicit tranmission from UE as it follows eNodeB scheduling!
In the absence of uplink data transmission: in reserved frequency region on band edge In the presence of uplink data transmission: see multiplexing with data on PUSCH
Uplink control TDM with data
Control region 1 Control region 2
..
downlink data transmission
total uplink system bandwidth
f
downlink data transmission
1 ms sub-frame
standalone uplink control

Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH

To cater for multiple downlink transmission mode, while preserving single-carrier property in uplink, multiple PUCCH formats exist. PUCCH is thus mainly classified by PUCCH format 1 & 2
PUCCH format 1/1a/1b: 1 or 2 bits transmitted per 1ms, for ACK/NACK/SR PUCCH format 2/2a/2b: up to 20 bits transmitted per 1ms, for CQI/PMI/RI
ACK/NACK
reference signal
CQI
reference signal
1 ms sub-frame
..
1 ms sub-frame
..
Multiuser transmission on PUCCH

In PUCCH format 1, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic shift of ZACAC sequences plus orthogonal cover sequence In PUCCH format 2, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic shift of ZACAC sequences.
ACK/NACK bit
channel status report

BPSK/QPSK Length-12 phase rotated sequence Length-12 phase rotated sequence
QPSK
IFFT
Length-4 Walsh sequence
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
RS
RS
RS
RS
RS
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms
Uplink data transmission - PUSCH

In case of PUSCH available, control signaling is multiplexed with data on PUSCH.
To cater for radio channel variation, link adaptation applies to data part Control signaling does not adopt adaptive modulation but the size of REs (resource elements) can change w.r.t varying radio condition
DFTS-OFDM modulation
Turbo coding Conv coding Block coding Rate matching Rate matching Rate matching baseband modulation
CQI/PMI RS ACK/NACK RI PUSCH data
UL-SCH
CQI,/PMI
MUX
DFT
IFFT
RI
ACK/NACK
Block coding
QPSK
Uplink data transmission - PUSCH

UL-SCH processing chain
No Tx diversity/spatial multiplexing as downlink does PUSCH frequency hopping (on slot basis)
Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns Hopping based on explicit hopping information in scheduling grant
Transport block from MAC @UE
UE-specific, bit-level scrambling
To DFTS-OFDM and map to assigned frequency resorurce
Random Access
LTE random access serves to obtain uplink synchronization, not to carry data.
Contention-based random access: preambles based on ZC sequences Contention-free random access: faster with reserved preambles (e.g, for handover)
Random access resources

64 preambles classified into 3 parts:
Preamble set #0 Preamble set #1 reserved
NAS UE ID RRC Connection Request 1ms random access area
UE RA preambles
eNodeB temporary C-RNTI; timing advance; initial uplink grant
RA area:
6 RBs
RA response (timing adjustment, UL grant)
1 in every 1~20 ms(configurable)
UE terminal ID early contention resolution Contention resolution
10 ms frame
Random Access
PRACH structure
Preamble sequence: cyclic shifted sequences from multiple root ZC sequences CP: facilitates frequency-domain prcoessing at eNodeB Guard time: to handle timing uncertainty
near user Other users CP Preamble Sequence
Guard time Other users
far user
Other users
timing uncertainty
CP
Preamble Sequence
Other users
PRACH format options

preamble format RA window (ms) Tcp length (ms)
Tseq length (ms)
Typical usage
0 1 2 3
1 2 2 3
0.1 0.68 0.2 0.68
0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6
for small~medium cells (up to ~ 14 km) for larget cells(up to ~ 77km) without link budget problem for medium cells(up to ~ 29km) supporting low data rates for very large cells(up to ~ 100km)
Layer 1 procedures power control

Uplink power control
WCDMA power control is continuous at 1500Hz; while LTE runs power control slower at 200Hz Based on open-loop setting while assisted by close-loop adjustment Independent power control on PUCCH and PUSCH respectively
PUCCH power control

PT = min{Pmax , P0 + PLDL + format + }
To increase uplink data rate, LTE would increase users bandwidth rather than increase Tx power!
PUSCH power control

Independent of PUCCH power control UE Power Headroom in use to indicate the true desired Tx power
PT = min{Pmax , P0 + PLDL + 10 log10 ( M ) + MCS + }
Layer 1 procedures Timing Alignment

To maintain uplink intra-cell orthogonality, timing alignment is necessary.
The further away from eNodeB, the earlier the UE transmits. Configurable by eNodeB at granularity of 0.52us from 0 ~0.67 ms (corresponding to max cell radius of 100km)
Tx Rx
Tp1
Rx Tx
Ta1
Timing aligned uplink reception at eNodeB for different users
Tp2
Rx Tx
Ta2
Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

Channel equalizer:
OFDMA: divides wideband into multiple narrow flat-fading subbands hence equalization done on each sub-band is sufficient. SC-FDMA: frequency domain equalization on the whole group bandwidth of sub-carriers in use.
equalizer Detect Detect
OFDMA:
DFT
Sub-carrier de-mapping
equalizer equalizer
Detect
SC-FDMA:
DFT
Sub-carrier de-mapping
equalizer
IDFT
detect
Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

PAPR: PAPR = E ( s(t ) 2 ) CM: a better measure of UE PA back-off
s (t ) 2
3 (vn ) rms 20 log10 3 3 (vref ) rms 20 log10 (vn ) rms 1.5237 = CM = F 1.85
SC-FDMA has around 2dB CM gain against OFDMA!

3G evolution, HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband(2nd edition), ISBN: 978-0-12-374538-5, page.118,
Backup - Zadoff-Chu sequence characteristics

Zadoff-Chu sequences Property of ZC sequences:
j un ( n +1) 63 e d u ( n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2) e j 63 n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61
Constant amplitude, even after Nzc-point DFT. Ideal cyclic auto-correlation Constant cross-correlation[=sqrt(1/Nzc)], assuming Nzc is a prime number
Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties, J.D.C.Chu, IEEE trans on Informaiton theory, ,vol.18, pp.531-532, July 1972 Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation properties, R.Frank,S.Zadoff and R.Heimiller, IEEE Trans on Information Theory, Vol 8, pp 381-382, Oct 1962.
Backup mobility: intra-MME handover

UE Source eNodeB Target eNodeB EPC
Measurement reporting
Handover decision
Handover request
Admission control
Handover request Ack RRC Connection Reconfiguration

Detach from old cell Deliver packets to target eNodeB
Data forwarding
buffer packets From source eNodeB
RRC Connection Reconfiguration complete Path switch procedure UE context release

Flush buffer Release resource

Lte Tutorial

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lte Tutorial

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTE tutorial

- Looking forward beyond HSPA+

sppe12083@gmail.com RAN System Engineer

All rights reserved @ 2009

Beyond HSPA evolution 3GPP path

Rel-99 WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)

Rel-9 deployment & service enhancement

LTE specification process ~ 2007Q4

DL: 1 Gbps UL: 100 Mbps

All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE feature overview

All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE spectrum flexibility

20 MHz Channel bandwidth (MHz) Transmission bandwidth configuration(RBs)

LTE basic parameters

Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Peak data rate

All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE Peak throughput w.r.t UE categories

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5

10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Peak rate 150Mbps with 2x2 MIMO

Peak rate 300Mbps with 4x4 MIMO

Peak rate 75Mbps

3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

2 Rx Diversity 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO Optional

Assumed in performance requirements Mandatory Not supported Mandatory

3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

Channel dependent scheduling

All rights reserved @ 2009

Soft (fractional) frequency reuse

3GPP R1-050841 Further Analysis of Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme

All rights reserved @ 2009

All rights reserved @ 2009

All rights reserved @ 2009

All rights reserved @ 2009

E-UTRAN radio protocol

RRC radio bearers

System information SRB0

PDCP RLC logical channels PCCH BCCH CCCH

MAC transport channels PCH BCH RACH

Multiplexing and HARQ control

DL-SCH PHY layer functions

All rights reserved @ 2009

E-UTRAN radio channels

eNodeB UE E-UTRAN radio bearer EPS bearer

E-UTRAN Control plane stack

All rights reserved @ 2009

E-UTRAN User Plane Stack

All rights reserved @ 2009

Radio resource management

RRC Load control

Interference management Semi-persistent scheduling

Hybrid ARQ manager

Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN

Target cell signal quality meets reporting threshold

Neighbour cell list required

All rights reserved @ 2009

Overview of a PS call control plane

Initial cell search

Derive system information

Radom Access procedure