Urban environmental problems Solid waste Hazardous waste Biomedical waste Water Pollution Pollution Air Solid Waste

Waste (MSW)

Solid waste Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)Rules, 2000 These rules shall apply to every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation,, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes "municipal solid waste" includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes Responsibility of municipal authority: Implementation of the rules, provision of infrastructure, apply for authorization and comply with implementation schedule, furnishing of annual returns Responsibility of state government: overall enforcement in metros and other areas Responsibility of state board: Grant of authorization, monitoring with respect to standards for ambient air, ground water, leachate quality and compost quality, grant of authorization Responsibility of central board: Co-ordinate with state boards particularly for implementation and review of standards and guidelines and compilation of monitoring data Management of MSW: Compliance criteria and procedures given in Schedule II (This schedule specifies the parameters and detailed compliance criteria for collection, segregation, storage, transport, processing and disposal of MSW) Specifications for waste processing and disposal facilities given in Schedule III (which provides detailed specs for landfill sites including site selection, facilities at site, specs for landfilling, pollution prevention, water quality monitoring, ambient air quality monitoring, plantations at landfill sites and closure and post closure care) and IV (Standards for composting, treated leachate and incineration) Solid waste Annual Reports SPCB by September 15 to CPCB, CPCB by December 15 to Central Government Accident Reporting : When an accident occurs at any municipal solid wastes collection, segregation, storage, processing, treatment and disposal facility or landfill site or during the transportation of such wastes, the municipal authority shall forthwith report the accident in Form-V to the Secretary incharge of the Urban Development Department in metropolitan cities, and to District Collector or Deputy Commissioner in all other cases.

Solid Waste Possible Waste Management Options (3Rs: Reduce, Recycle, Reuse always to be considered first) MSW in India typically has 30 to 55% organics, 40 to 55% inert matter and 5 to 15% recyclables Wealth from waste Waste to compost through anaerobic / aerobic composting and vermiculture Waste to energy through RDF/Pelletization or Biomethanation or pyrolysis or incineration Recycling of waste : plastics, paper, glass, metal etc., Sanitary landfilling Success of all these depends on segregation of waste at source Solid Waste Currently, cost of managing MSW in various ULBs varies from Rs 500/-to Rs 1500/-per ton to 70 % is spent on collection (including sweeping) 60 to 30 % on transportation 20 Less than 5 % on treatment and disposal Imminent changes in MSW management in Mumbai MSW (Prohibition of Littering and Regulation of segregation, storage, delivery and collection) Rules, 2006 for Mumbai Part implementation begun Responsibility for segregation on citizens Infrastructure to ensure effectiveness of segregation by MCGM Special situations like slums, poultry, vegetable waste etc. identified in rules and specs and responsibilities defined Pune, an Integrated Solid Waste Management Project is underway (joint effort by Pune In Municipal Corporation, UNEP and all other stakeholders (including citizens) in Pune) Deonar (132 ha, operating since 1927) MCGM has prepared a waste management strategy in compliance with the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000 as presented below: Improvement of existing conditions of the site by shifting the scattered waste to a defined footprint area. The relocated waste will be scientifically closed with an impermeable cover layer. Site infrastructure development such as construction of bund, access roads and boundary wall. Processing of Waste will be done using Composting technology Process rejects/inerts will be sent to sanitary Landfill with Landfill Gas collection and Leachate treatment system Mulund (25 ha, operating since 1968) MCGM has prepared a waste management strategy in compliance with the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000 as presented below: Improvement of existing conditions of the site by shifting the scattered waste to a defined footprint area followed by closure of the relocated waste with an impermeable cover layer. Processing of market/hotel/restaurant waste using biomethanation process. Site infrastructure development such as construction of bund, access roads and boundary wall.

 Gorai (Operating since 1972, smallest dumping ground) The MSW accumulated over the site has almost attained its highest capacity and therefore, closure ofthe site has been proposed in accordance with the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000. Laying of cover layer overthe compacted waste followed by developing landscape on it Landfill Gas collection, venting and flaring system Leachate collection system Surface water drainage for the storm water Sheet piling on the seaward side to prevent leachate from entering the creek Construction of bunds, access roads and compound walls on the landward side of site Presently, the closure of the Site is in process. MCGM has appointed a consortium of Van der Wiel and United Phosphorous Ltd. to carry outthe work Kanjur (Near future, 141 ha) The site was handed over to MCGM in 2003 with intervention of the Honorable Supreme Court followed by the subsequent directives of the Honorable High Court of Maharashtra in October 2005. The site management plan comprises of: Developing necessary infrastructure such as peripheral bunds and approach roads, drainage mechanism for rain water, construction of boundary wall, etc Composting facilities for processing of MSW. Development of sanitary landfill, with a provision for leachate collection and primary treatment, gas collection System Aerobic / anaerobic composting : Process of converting biodegradable waste into a stable mass by aerobic / anaerobic decomposition CO2, N2, P, K etc., useful for soil fertility Vermiculture: Stabilization of organic waste through consumption by earthworms into worm castings, known as vermicompost which is used as organic manure in agriculture RDF/Pelletization: Segregation of waste into low and high calorific value material, shredding to uniform size, reducing moisture content, mixing and converting to pellets which can be used for producing thermal energy Bio-methanation: Segregated garbage undergoes anaerobic digestion producing methane gas and effluent sludge. Gas is used for heating applications, dual fuel engines, steam turbines for power generation. Sludge can be used as soil conditioner after stabilization Incineration: Direct burning of waste in excess air at temp above 800 deg C liberating heat energy, ash and inert gases Pyrolysis/ plasma gasification: Thermal decomposition of organic waste for recovering energy using plasma arc torch and temperatures between 5000 and 14000 deg C for heating waste and converting into gaseous form Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste:hazardous waste means any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristicscauses danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include(a) wastes listed in column (3) of Schedule-1 (36 categories and subcategories) (b)wastes having constituents listed in Schedule-2 if their concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated in the said Schedule; and

(c) wastes listed in Lists A and B of Schedule-3 (Part-A) applicable only in case(s) of import or export of hazardous wastes in accordance with rules 12, 13 and 14 if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics listed in Part-B of Schedule 3. Explanation: For the purposes of this clause, (i) all wastes mentioned in column (3) of Schedule-1 are hazardous wastes irrespective of concentration limits given in Schedule-2 except as otherwise indicated and Schedule-2 shall be applicable only for wastes or waste constituents not covered under column (3) of Schedule-1; (ii)Schedule-3 shall be applicable only in case(s) of import or export; Hazardous Waste Rules (Salient features) Annual Returns : Used to prepare inventory at national level and reporting under Basel Convention Generation, storage and monitoring: Limits on generation, storage period and monitoring requirements Labeling : Specified format with information about person to be contacted and contact details Trem Card : Transport emergency card which contains relevant information about what should be done in case of an event like leakage or fire Manifest system : Six copies for distribution at appropriate stage between generator, authorised transporter, CHWTSDF and SPCB. Provides for tracking at various stages and precludes illegal dumping Criteria for recycling and reprocessing Records of selling / auctioning Remediation responsibilities : Occupier Authorized operators and transporters Possible options for hazardous waste management Reduction at source through various measures for P2 Recycling Secured landfill directly (Costs around Rs. 800/-per ton at CHWTSDF facility) Secured landfill after stabilization (Additional cost for stabilizing agents) Incineration (Could vary from 20 to 35 K per ton)

Biomedical Waste "Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals, and including categories mentioned in Schedule I These (The Biomedical waste (management and handling)) rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio medical waste in any form.

Biomedical waste rules

Occupier to ensure that biomedical waste is handled without any adverse effect to human health 4 and the environment 5(1)Biomedical waste to be disposed off in accordance with Sch.I and Sch. V (There are ten categories of biomedical waste and the recommended treatment/disposal options are outlined in Sch I, Sch V provides detailed specs w.r.t operational parameters of the treatment/disposal options) 5(2)Occupier to set up waste treatment facility by the date specified in Sch. VI

 6Occupier to follow segregation, packaging, transportation and storage procedures outlined in Sch. II,III and IV 10Occupier to submit annual report to the prescribed authority in Form II by January 31every year (1) and (2)Maintenance of records 11 12Accident reporting in form 3 Recommended treatment and disposal options for BMW (depending on category of waste) include Incineration Autoclaving Microwaving Hydroclaving Deep burial Biomedical waste Needle cutters or destroyers are of two types mechanical or electrically operated.This equipment can be fixed on the benchand are light and portable. Theycan be used at blood collection centres, nursing stations, clinics and at all locations where needles are used. The purpose of using these instruments is to avoid the reuse of disposable syringes Biomedical waste Shredders are used to destroy plastic and paper wasteto prevent their reuse. Only waste that isdisinfected should be used in a shredder. Biomedical waste Autoclaving is a time-tested process of sterilization of medical waste using high temperature and highpressure steam. Biomedical waste Microwave disinfection technology is relatively advanced and the latest in the field of medical waste management. The process uses microwave radiation to heat and destroy micro-organisms.The waste is normally shredded and moistened with steam prior to exposure to microwave to promote uniform heating and disinfection.Waste loaded from an automatic hoisting bucket into a hopper is treated with hightemperature steam treated and disinfected with microwave heat at 94C for a minimum exposure time of 25 minutes. Biomedical waste The hydroclave is an innovative combination of waste sterilization (similar to autoclaving),and waste fragmentation and dehydration. A hydroclave is a double-walled cylindrical vessel, horizontally mounted, with one or more top-loading doors, and a smaller unloading door at the bottom, The vessel is fitted with a motor-driven shaft, to which are attached powerful fragmenting/mixing arms that slowly rotate inside the vessel.When steam is introduced in the vessel jacket, it transmits heat rapidly to the fragmented waste, which in turn, produces steam of its own

Water Pollution Pollution of marine, inland surface waters and land Control measures include ETP, STP, Outfalls, CETP STPs for large residential complexes, hotels

Air Pollution
Sources : Industries, vehicles, open burning of waste and vegetation Control measures for industries : measures in industries to reduce air emissions P2 Control measures for particulates and gases like fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, low NOx burners, flue gas desulphurisation Control measures for vehicular pollution: Improvement of public transport system Phasing out old vehicles Control of adulteration of fuel Use of cleaner fuels like LPG, CNG Three way Catalytic converters to reduce CO and NOx emissions Improvement of road conditions and infrastructure