2010 JC1 H1/2 Chemistry Tutorial Booklet

H1/2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE (Suggested Solutions)

Section A: Structured / Free Response Questions
[A] Additional Practice 1 (a) Lithium atom is a Group I metal and has a relative atomic mass of 7 and atomic number of 3. It has 3 protons and 4 neutrons in its nucleus. It has 3 electrons arranged in 2 subshells and has an electronic configuration of 1s22s1. (i) Radius of fluoride ion is bigger than the neon atom. Flouride ion has weaker nuclear charge than neon atom due to lesser protons. Hence the valence shell of fluoride ion is attracted less strongly and further away from the nucleus. Magnesium ion is smaller than neon atom. Magnesium ion has stronger nuclear charge than neon atom due to more protons. Hence the valence shell of magnesium is attracted more strongly and closer to the nucleus.

(b)

(ii)

(a) (b)

Fe+ (g) Fe2+ (g) + e ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6

(c)

(i)

From Na to Ar, - nuclear charge increases - number of inner shell electrons remains the same, screening effect remains constant - effective nuclear charge increases - more energy required to remove the first valence electron - hence first I.E. generally increases Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

(ii)

First electron removed from Mg comes from the 3s orbital, whereas first electron removed from Al comes from the 3p orbital, which is further from the nucleus. Less energy is required to remove the 3p electron, resulting in a lower first I.E. for Al. P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

First electron removed from P comes from unpaired electrons in 3p orbitals,

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whereas first electron removed from S comes from paired electrons in 3p orbitals, which experiences interelectronic repulsion. Less energy is required to remove one of the paired 3p electron, resulting in a lower first I.E. for S. (iii) Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 K: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

First electron removed from Na comes from 3s orbital, whereas first electron removed from K comes from 4s orbital, which is further from the nucleus. Less energy required to remove the 4s electron, resulting in a lower first I.E. for K. (d) potential difference needed = 24 (i)

2080 = 21.1 V 2370

(a)

(ii) (iii)

N (g) N+ (g) + e N: 1s2 2s2 2p3 O: 1s2 2s2 2p4

First electron removed from N comes from unpaired electrons in 2p orbitals, whereas first electron removed from O comes from paired electrons in 2p orbitals, which experiences interelectronic repulsion. Less energy is required to remove one of the paired 2p electron, resulting in a lower first I.E. for O. (b) (i) (ii) s-orbital 4 (a) p-orbital 1s2 2s2 2p3

Down a group, - atomic radius increases - valence electrons further away from the nucleus - attraction of positive nucleus for the negative electrons decrease - less energy required to remove the valence electron Hence first I.E. decreases. (i) (ii) V3, X2, Z V3, X2, Y

(b)

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(iii) (c) (d) 5 (c) V3 Z (i) (ii) 6 (a) (i)

V3, W2, Y

Ga3+; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 N3 ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 relative charge relative mass direction of deflection of particle in an electric field proton +1 1 towards negative plate neutron 0 1 not deflected electron 1 1/1840 towards positive plate

(ii) (b)

electron

n=3 (5 electrons) nucleus (15 protons, 16 neutrons) n=2 (8 electrons) n=1 (2 electrons)

(a)

Element A. For element A, the first big increase is between the 1st and 2nd I.E. 2nd electron must have been removed from the next inner shell. 1 valence electron in the outermost shell. Element is in group I (most likely to form an ion of +1 charge). Elements B and E. Group II. Element D. It has the largest 1st I.E. Based on trend across a period, effective nuclear charge increases and hence the last element in each period should have the highest 1st I.E. Element B. (note: energy required for an atom to form an ion with +2 charge = 1st I.E. + 2nd I.E.) Both the 2nd and 3rd electrons are removed from the outermost shell. Thus the difference between the 2nd and 3rd I.E. is relatively smaller. The 4th electron is removed from the next inner shell and is nearer to the nucleus and hence experiences a larger attraction to the nucleus. Thus the difference between the 3rd and 4th I.E. is relatively larger.

(b) (c)

(d)

(e)

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[C] Challenging Question 1 (a) (i) (ii) Lu : [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 La: La3+ : [Xe] 4f0 5d1 6s2 [Xe] 4f0 Lu: Lu3+: [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 [Xe] 4f14

In the +3 oxidation state, both ions have fully filled orbitals. This electronic configuration is stable (similar to idea of octet configuration) and is hence a favoured oxidation state. (iii) Gd : [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 Gd3+: [Xe] 4f7

In the +3 oxidation state, the 4f orbitals are all half-filled. Hence the interelectronic repulsion is minimised, giving rise to a stable electronic configuration. (b) Going across the period, the nuclear charge increases while the screening effect remains relatively unchanged. More energy is required to overcome the stronger attraction between nucleus and the valence electrons, resulting in increasing ionisation energy.

Section B: Multiple Choice Questions

1 C 11 D 2 D 12 D 3 D 13 B 4 D 14 B 5 D 15 C 6 A 16 A 7 A 17 B 8 C 18 A 9 C 19 D 10 C 20 B

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