Wind and Seismic Design of Buildings by S.K.ghosh

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .. xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. 1-1
1.1 OVERVIEW.... 1-1
1.2 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN.. 1-2
1.2.1 Background 1-2
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.2
1.2.1.3
1.2.1.4
Nature of Earthquake Motion...1-2

Design Philosophy. 1-5
Evolution of U.S. Seismic Codes 1-6
Evolution of Seismic Design Criteria.... 1-10
1.2.2 Response of Concrete Buildings to Seismic Forces. 1-11

1.2.2.1
1.2.2.2
1.2.2.3
1.2.2.4
Diaphragm Response. 1-11

Seismic Response of Shear Walls1-14
Seismic Response of Frames1-15
Foundation Response.1-16
1.2.3 Seismic Design Requirements of the 2000 IBC. 1-16

1.2.3.1
1.2.3.2
1.2.3.3
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.5
1.2.3.6
1.2.3.7
1.2.3.8
1.2.3.9
General Requirements1-17
Site Ground Motion. 1-18
Seismic Design Category...1-22
Building Configuration.1-25
Analysis Procedures... 1-29
Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems 1-43
Seismic Force Effects.....1-47
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors. 1-51
Detailing Requirements.. 1-53
1.3 WIND-RESISTANT DESIGN.1-53

1.3.1 Wind Forces. 1-53
1.3.2 Response of Concrete Buildings to Wind Forces...1-55
1.3.3 Wind Design Requirements of the 2006 IBC.. 1-55
1.3.4 Wind Design Requirements of ASCE 7-05. 1-57
1.4 REFERENCES 1-65
iv
SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS
CHAPTER 2 OFFICE BUILDING WITH DUAL AND

MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME SYSTEMS2-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION... 2-1
2.2 DESIGN FOR SDC A... 2-1
2.2.1 Design Data 2-1
2.2.2 Seismic Load Analysis..2-3
2.2.3 Wind Load Analysis.. 2-4
2.2.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...2-10
2.2.4.1
2.2.4.2
2.2.4.3
2.2.4.4
Load Combinations. 2-13

Design of Beam C4-C5...2-14
Design of Column C4..2-22
Design of Shear Wall on Line 7.2-27
2.3 DESIGN FOR SDC C.....2-32

2.3.1 Design Data. 2-32
2.3.2 Seismic Load Analysis2-33
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.2.3
2.3.2.4
Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 2-33

Seismic Forces.... 2-34
Method of Analysis.. 2-38
Story Drift and P-delta Effects... 2-41
2.3.3 Wind Load Analysis 2-42

2.3.3.1 Wind Forces..... 2-42
2.3.3.2 Method of Analysis.. 2-43

2.3.4.1
2.3.4.2
2.3.4.3
2.3.4.4

Design of Beam C4-C5.. 2-45
2.4 DESIGN FOR SDC D.....2-60

2.4.2 Seismic Load Analysis2-61
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4
2.4.2.5

Soft Story.. 2-72
2.4.3 Wind Load Analysis 2-73

2.4.3.1 Wind Forces..... 2-73
TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.4.4.1
2.4.4.2
2.4.4.3
2.4.4.4
2.4.4.5

Design of Beam C4-C5.. 2-75
Design of Beam-Column Joint.. 2-92
Design of Shear Wall on Line 7.... 2-97
2.5 DESIGN FOR SDC E....2-106

2.5.1 Design Data2-106
2.5.2.1
2.5.2.2
2.5.2.3
2.5.2.4
2.5.2.5

Seismic Forces......2-108
Method of Analysis... 2-111
Story Drift and P-delta Effects.... 2-113
Soft Story....2-117
2.5.3 Wind Load Analysis...2-118

2.5.4 Design for Combined Load Effects.... 2-119
2.5.4.1
2.5.4.2
2.5.4.3
2.5.4.4
2.5.4.5
Load Combinations... 2-119

Design of Beam C4-C5.... 2-120
Design of Column C4... 2-129
Design of Beam-Column Joint.... 2-137
Design of Shear Wall on Line 7...... 2-142
2.6 REFERENCES.. 2-150

CHAPTER 3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH SHEAR WALL-FRAME
INTERACTIVE AND BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS
3-1
3.2.4.1
3.2.4.2
3.2.4.3
3.2.4.4

Slab Design.. 3-14
Design of Column B2.. 3-27
vi
3.3 DESIGN FOR SDC B..... 3-35

3.3.2 Seismic Load Analysis... 3-36
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.4

3.3.3 Wind Load Analysis.... 3-44

3.3.3.1 Wind Forces..... 3-44

3.3.4.1
3.3.4.2
3.3.4.3
3.3.4.4

Slab Design.. 3-46

3.4.2.1
3.4.2.2
3.4.2.3
3.4.2.4


3.4.3.1 Wind Forces.....3-60

3.4.4.1
3.4.4.2
3.4.4.3
3.4.4.4

Slab Design.. 3-62
3.5 DESIGN FOR SDC D SOUTHEASTERN U.S....3-65

3.5.2.1
3.5.2.2
3.5.2.3
3.5.2.4


3.5.3.1 Wind Forces.....3-72
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.5.4.1
3.5.4.2
3.5.4.3
3.5.4.4

Slab Design.. 3-75
3.6 DESIGN FOR SDC D CALIFORNIA.... 3-91

3.6.2 Seismic Load Analysis.. 3-92
3.6.2.1
3.6.2.2
3.6.2.3
3.6.2.4
Seismic Design Category (SDC).

Seismic Forces..
Method of Analysis...
Story Drift and P-delta Effects....
3-92
3-93
3-95
3-95

3.6.4.1
3.6.4.2
3.6.4.3
3.6.4.4
Load Combinations... 3-96

Slab Design.... 3-98
Design of Column B2... 3-100
Design of Shear Wall on Line 4.. 3-100
3.7 DESIGN FOR SDC E... 3-106

3.7.1 Design Data... 3-106
3.7.2 Seismic Load Analysis..... 3-107
3.7.2.1 Seismic Design Category (SDC).... 3-107
3.7.2.2 Seismic Forces......3-107
3.8 REFERENCES.. 3-107

CHAPTER 4 SCHOOL BUILDING WITH MOMENT-RESISTING
FRAME. 4-1
4.2 DESIGN FOR SDC B....... 4-1
4.2.1 Design Data....4-1
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4
Seismic Design Category (SDC).....4-3

Seismic Forces.. 4-4
Method of Analysis.... 4-6
Story Drift and P-delta Effects. 4-7
4.2.3 Wind Load Analysis...... 4-8

4.2.3.1 Wind Forces....... 4-8
viii
4.2.4 Design for Combined Load Effects.. 4-12

4.2.4.1 Load Combinations. 4-12
4.2.4.2 Design of Beam B3-C3...4-14
4.2.4.3 Design of Column C3..4-20

4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
4.3.2.3
4.3.2.4


4.3.3.1 Wind Forces.....4-29

4.3.4.2 Design of Beam B3-C3...4-32
4.3.4.3 Design of Column C3..4-37
4.4 DESIGN FOR SDC D SOUTHEASTERN U.S....4-41

4.4.2.1
4.4.2.2
4.4.2.3
4.4.2.4


4.4.3.1 Wind Forces.....4-48

4.4.4.1
4.4.4.2
4.4.4.3
4.4.4.4

Design of Beam B3-C3...4-51
4.5 DESIGN FOR SDC D CALIFORNIA.... 4-72

4.5.2.1 Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 4-73
4.5.2.2 Seismic Forces.... 4-74
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.5.2.3 Method of Analysis......4-76

4.5.2.4 Story Drift and P-delta Effects.......4-76

4.5.3.1 Wind Forces.....4-77
4.5.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...... 4-79

4.5.4.1
4.5.4.2
4.5.4.3
4.5.4.4
Load Combinations..... 4-79

Design of Beam B3-C3...... 4-80
Design of Column C3..... 4-87
4.6 REFERENCES....... 4-99

CHAPTER 5 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH BEARING WALL
SYSTEM... 5-1
5.2.4.2 Design of Shear Wall on Line 5.5-10
5.3 DESIGN FOR SDC B..... 5-16

5.3.2.1
5.3.2.2
5.3.2.3
5.3.2.4

Method of Analysis......... 5-19
Story Drift and P-delta Effects.......... 5-20

5.3.3.1 Wind Forces.....5-21


5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
5.4.2.3
5.4.2.4


5.4.3.1 Wind Forces.....5-32

5.5 DESIGN FOR SDC D.....5-38

5.5.2.1
5.5.2.2
5.5.2.3
5.5.2.4


5.5.3.1 Wind Forces.....5-44

5.6 DESIGN FOR SDC E..... 5-55

5.6.2.1
5.6.2.2
5.6.2.3
5.6.2.4


xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.7 REFERENCES.... 5-71

CHAPTER 6 PARKING STRUCTURE WITH BUILDING FRAME
SYSTEM... 6-1
6.2 DESIGN FOR SDC B....... 6-1
6.2.1 Design Data....6-1
6.2.2 Seismic Load Analysis..... 6-3
6.2.2.1
6.2.2.2
6.2.2.3
6.2.2.4
6.2.2.5
Seismic Design Category (SDC). 6-3

Seismic Forces...... 6-4
Method of Analysis........... 6-5
Story Drift and P-delta Effects............ 6-6
Overturning. 6-8
6.2.3 Wind Load Analysis...... 6-8

6.2.4.2 Design of Shear Wall No. 5... 6-14
6.3 DESIGN FOR SDC C........ 6-19

6.3.1 Seismic Load Analysis....... 6-19
6.3.1.1
6.3.1.2
6.3.1.3
6.3.1.4
6.3.1.5

Seismic Forces....... 6-20
Method of Analysis............ 6-22
Story Drift and P-delta Effects..............6-23
Overturning...6-24
6.3.2 Wind Load Analysis........6-25

6.4 DESIGN FOR SDC D........ 6-30

6.4.1 Design Data..... 6-31
6.4.2 Seismic Load Analysis....... 6-32
6.4.2.1
6.4.2.2
6.4.2.3
6.4.2.4
6.4.2.5

Seismic Forces....... 6-33
Method of Analysis............ 6-35
Story Drift and P-delta Effects..............6-36
Overturning...6-37
xii
6.4.3 Wind Load Analysis........6-38

6.5 REFERENCES.... 6-44
PREFACE
The landmark volume, Design of Multistory Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Motions
by Blume, Newmark, and Corning, published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA)
in 1961, gave major impetus to the design and construction of concrete buildings in
regions of high seismicity. In the decades since, significant strides have been made in the
earthquake-resistant design and construction of reinforced concrete buildings. Significant
developments have occurred in the building codes arena as well. However, a
comprehensive guide to aid the designer in the detailed seismic design of concrete
buildings was not available until PCA published Design of Concrete Buildings for
Earthquake and Wind Forces by S.K. Ghosh and August W. Domel, Jr. in 1992.
That design manual illustrated the detailed design of reinforced concrete buildings
utilizing the various structural systems recognized in U.S. seismic codes. All designs
were according to the provisions of the 1991 edition of the Uniform Building Code
(UBC), which had adopted, with modifications, the seismic detailing requirements of the
1989 edition of Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89).
Design of the same building was carried out for regions of high, moderate, and low
seismicity, and for wind, so that it would be apparent how design and detailing changed
with increased seismic risk at the site of the structure.
The above publication was updated to the 1994 edition of the UBC, in which ACI 31889, Revised 1992, was the reference standard for concrete design and construction.
Importantly, a new procedure for the design of reinforced concrete shear walls in
combined bending and axial compression was introduced in the UBC itself. The updated
publication by S.K. Ghosh, August W. Domel, Jr., and David A. Fanella was issued by
PCA in 1995.
A similar publication of more limited scope by David A. Fanella and Javeed A. Munshi
was issued by PCA in 1998. The detailed design of three reinforced concrete buildings in
high seismic zones utilizing the various structural systems recognized in the 1997 UBC
was illustrated. The designs for the combined effects of gravity, seismic, and wind loads
were by the 1997 edition of the UBC, which had adopted the 1995 edition of ACI 318.
In the ensuing years, the building code situation in the country changed drastically. In
1994, the three model building code organizations: BOCA, the Building Officials and
Code Administrators International, the publishers of The BOCA National Building Code
(BOCA/NBC); ICBO, the International Conference of Building Officials, the publishers
of the Uniform Building Code (UBC); and SBCCI, the Southern Building Code Congress
International, the publishers of the Standard Building Code (SBC), formed the
International Code Council (ICC) with the express purpose of developing a single set of
construction codes for the entire country. Included in this family of International Codes
is the International Building Code (IBC), which represents a major step in a cooperative
xiv
effort to bring unity to building codes. The first edition of the IBC was published in April
2000.
The seismic design provisions of the First (2000) Edition of the IBC represented
revolutionary changes from those of the model codes it was developed to replace. The
ground motion maps and parameters used in seismic design were completely different.
Also, since the inception of seismic design in this country, soils at the site of the structure
had not been given as much importance in seismic design, as it was given in the 2000
IBC. This resulted in a significant impact on the cost of construction in many parts of the
country, particularly if such construction was to be founded on softer soils. This created a
need for a publication similar to the volume first issued by PCA in 1992. The first edition
of this publication was developed to fill that need. The purpose of the first edition was to
assist the engineer in the proper application of the seismic and wind design provisions of
the 2000 edition of the International Building Code. This code had adopted, for concrete
design and construction, with some modifications, the 1999 edition of Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-99).
The second edition, issued in early 2005, updated this publication to the 2003 edition of
the International Building Code (IBC). Chapter 1 was updated to reflect the changes from
the 2000 to the 2003 edition of the IBC. For concrete design and construction, the 2003
IBC had adopted ACI 318-02 with some modifications.
The changes from the 2000 to the 2003 edition of the International Building Code were
incremental in nature, as compared with the revolutionary changes that took place from
the prior model codes, now called the legacy codes, to the first (2000) edition of the IBC.
However, many of the changes were substantive. And, the magnitude of the changes was
such that it was not possible to leave any one of the examples untouched from the first
edition of the publication.
One change in the 2003 IBC that must be singled out was the extensive use of ASCE 702 in the seismic provisions. The 2003 IBC, in fact, allowed seismic design to be carried
out in accordance with Sections 9.1 through 9.6, 9.13, and 9.14 of ASCE 7-02, rather
than by Sections 1613 through 1623 of the code. Even if this option was not followed,
much of the text of the seismic provisions of the code had been dropped in favor of
reference to ASCE 7-02. Dual references were therefore made to the 2003 IBC and
ASCE 7-02 section numbers throughout the text.
This third edition updates this publication to the 2006 edition of the International
Building Code (IBC). Chapter 1 has been updated to reflect the changes from the 2003 to
the 2006 edition of the IBC. For concrete design and construction, the 2006 IBC had
adopted ACI 318-05 with some modifications.
Major changes have been made to Chapter 16, Structural Loads, of the 2006 IBC. The
most significant of them has been the removal of large portions of the text that were
related to the determination of snow, wind, and seismic loads This has resulted in
substantial reduction in material actually contained in the 2006 IBC. Portions that are still
left in the IBC relate to local geology, terrain, or other environmental conditions that
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
xv
many building officials will wish to specify when adopting the model code by local
ordinance. Seismic provisions left in the 2006 IBC are now in a single section, Section
1613, as opposed to multiple sections from 1613 to 1623 in the 2003 IBC. There have
been other substantive changes. The magnitude of the changes, once again, is such that it
has not been possible to leave any one of the examples untouched from the second
edition of the publication.
In Chapter 1, an introduction to earthquake-resistant design is provided, along with
summaries of the seismic and wind design provisions of the 2006 IBC. Chapter 2 is
devoted to an office building utilizing a dual shear wall-frame interactive system in one
direction and a moment-resisting frame system in the orthogonal direction. Designs for
Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A, C, D, and E are illustrated in both directions.
Chapter 3 features a residential building, which utilizes a shear-wall frame interactive
system in SDC A and B and a building frame system for lateral resistance in SDC C, D,
and E. Chapter 4 presents the design of a school building with a moment-resisting frame
system in SDC B, C, and D. A residential building utilizing a bearing wall system is
treated in Chapter 5. Design is illustrated for SDC A, B, C, D, and E. The final (sixth)
chapter is devoted to design of a precast parking structure utilizing the building frame
system in SDC B, C, and D. The Seismic design Category represents a combination of
seismic risk at the site of the structure, occupancy category of the structure, and soil
characteristics at the site of the structure. While design is always for the combination of
gravity, wind, and seismic forces, wind forces typically govern the design in the low
seismic design categories (particularly A), and earthquake forces typically govern in the
high seismic design categories (particularly D and above). Detailing requirements depend
on the seismic design category, regardless of whether wind or seismic forces govern the
design. This publication is designed to provide an appreciation on how design and
detailing change with changes in the seismic design category. We have taken care to
include detailed results of structural analysis within the examples.
Although every attempt has been made to impart editorial consistency to the six chapters,
some inconsistencies probably still remain. In view of the extensive numerical
calculations presented, some errors, almost certainly, are also to be found. The authors
would be grateful to any reader who would bring such errors, misprints or inconsistencies
to their attention. Other suggestions for improvement would also be gratefully received.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer is deeply grateful to Dr. Prabuddha Dasgupta of S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
for his invaluable contributions to this update. Dr. Yi Bian of S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
also deserves many thanks for her help.
Palatine, IL
S.K. Ghosh

Wind and Seismic Design of Buildings by S.K.ghosh

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Nature of Earthquake Motion...1-2

1.2.2 Response of Concrete Buildings to Seismic Forces. 1-11

Diaphragm Response. 1-11

1.2.3 Seismic Design Requirements of the 2000 IBC. 1-16

1.3 WIND-RESISTANT DESIGN.1-53

SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS

CHAPTER 2 OFFICE BUILDING WITH DUAL AND

Load Combinations. 2-13

2.3 DESIGN FOR SDC C.....2-32

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 2-33

2.3.3 Wind Load Analysis 2-42

2.3.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...2-43

Load Combinations. 2-43

2.4 DESIGN FOR SDC D.....2-60

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 2-61

2.4.3 Wind Load Analysis 2-73

2.4.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...2-74

Load Combinations. 2-74

2.5 DESIGN FOR SDC E....2-106

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 2-107

2.5.3 Wind Load Analysis...2-118

Load Combinations... 2-119

2.6 REFERENCES.. 2-150

Load Combinations. 3-11

SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS

3.3 DESIGN FOR SDC B..... 3-35

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 3-36

3.3.3 Wind Load Analysis.... 3-44

3.3.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...3-45

Load Combinations. 3-45

3.4 DESIGN FOR SDC C.....3-54

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 3-56

3.4.3 Wind Load Analysis.... 3-60

3.4.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...3-61

Load Combinations. 3-61

3.5 DESIGN FOR SDC D SOUTHEASTERN U.S....3-65

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 3-66

3.5.3 Wind Load Analysis.... 3-72

3.5.3.2 Method of Analysis.. 3-72

3.5.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...3-72

Load Combinations. 3-72

3.6 DESIGN FOR SDC D CALIFORNIA.... 3-91

Seismic Design Category (SDC).

3.6.3 Wind Load Analysis.. 3-96

Load Combinations... 3-96

3.7 DESIGN FOR SDC E... 3-106

3.8 REFERENCES.. 3-107

Seismic Design Category (SDC).....4-3

4.2.3 Wind Load Analysis...... 4-8

SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS

4.2.3.2 Method of Analysis.. 4-11

4.2.4 Design for Combined Load Effects.. 4-12

4.3 DESIGN FOR SDC C.....4-24

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 4-25

4.3.3 Wind Load Analysis.... 4-29

4.3.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...4-30

4.4 DESIGN FOR SDC D SOUTHEASTERN U.S....4-41

Seismic Design Category (SDC).. 4-43

4.4.3 Wind Load Analysis.... 4-48

4.4.4 Design for Combined Load Effects...4-49

Load Combinations. 4-49

4.5 DESIGN FOR SDC D CALIFORNIA.... 4-72