Biology Revision Notes Form 4

Food 1 2 3 4 contains Water Proteins carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & sometimes sulphur Carbohydrates carbon, oxygen, hydrogen Fats carbon, hydrogen, oxygen USES, ETC ENZYMES, HORMONES, BLOOD PROTEINS Used to supply the body with energy MONO SACCHARIDES DI SACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES Used to store energy, insulate against cold = blubber www.bioclix.org

GOOD SOURCES PROTEINS (CHONS) POULTRY, FISH, BEEF, MILK, CHEESE, LIVER, MILK CARBOHYDRATES MILK, SOFT DRINKS, JAM, HONEY, (CHO) FRUIT, STARCH = POTATOES, RICE FATS (CHO) DAIRY PRODUCTS, MARGARINE, LARD, COOKING OIL, FRIED FOOD

Amount of food we need per day depends on 1) body size 2) how active we are 3) Important chemicals

how fast we are growing

Glucose simple sugar C6H12O 6 Fructose simple sugar - C6H12O 6 Sucrose double sugar (fructose + glucose) C12H22O 11 Maltose double sugar (glucose + glucose) - C12H22O 11 Starch polysaccharide (maltose + maltose + maltose + .)

Food tests
FOOD Protein Glucose/ monosaccharides Starch Fat METHOD Copper sulphate + sodium hydroxide Few drops benedicts solution & heat in waterbath Add few drops iodine Ethanol + water & shake +VE RESULT Purple Orange precipitate Blue black Cloudy white

Vitamins and Minerals

VITAMIN A C D GOOD SOURCES Cod liver oil, carrots, spinach, milk Fresh fruit & vegetables Eggs, liver, white fish, sun, cheese, milk NEEDED FOR Growth, eyesight, good skin DEFICIENCY DISEASE Reduced growth, eye disorders

Healthy gums, healing of wounds Scurvy Build the minerals calcium & phosphorous into strong bones and teeth
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Rickets in children

Ms S Agius Darmanin B.Ed (Hons) Dip.Env.Sc.MSc

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MINERAL Nitrogen
Magnesium

GOOD SOURCES

NEEDED FOR To make proteins Make chlorophyll molecules

DEFICIENCY DISEASE Pale green leaves at top, dry yellow leaves at bottom Leaves turn yellow from bottom upwards, slow growth Rickets in children Muscular weakness, loss of minerals from bone Anaemia

Calcium Phosphoro us Iron

Milk, cheese, bread, flour products Most foods Bread, flour, meat, green vegetables

For strong bones & teeth, blood clotting, working of muscles Strong bones & teeth. Part of ATP To make haemoglobin

Enzymes
Breaker enzyme

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1. Enzyme approaches substrate Builder enzyme

2. Substrate fits in active site

3. Enzyme converts substrate into product

4. Products released

1. Enzyme approaches substrate

2. Substrate fits in active site

3. Enzyme converts substrate into product

4. Product released

REMEMBER - Enzymes are specific and affected by pH and Temperature

Respiration
There are 2 types of respiration 1 Aerobic respiration 2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 O +2898 kJ of energy Oxygen needed More energy released Glucose completely broken down Anaerobic respiration ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Glucosealcohol+carbon dioxide + energy No oxygen needed Less energy released Glucose not completely broken down
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Ms S Agius Darmanin B.Ed (Hons) Dip.Env.Sc.MSc

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Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells Glucose lactic acid C6H12O6 2CH3CHOHCO2H As the air enters our lungs it must be changed in 3 ways 1 warmed 2 moistened 3 filtered and cleaned Remember small animals like the hydra and amoeba need no special organs. Gas exchange takes place by diffusion through the body wall or across cell membrane.

Energy released = 0.83KJ/g of glucose

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Gas exchange takes place at the alveolus

Excretion
Water balance = balance between water lost and water gained Water lost = sweat, breath, faeces, urine, osmosis Water gained = food, drink, osmosis, respiration Osmoregulation = Methods used for controlling the osmotic potential of the liquids inside and outside their cells. Human urinary system

Responsible for osmoregulation and removing waste.

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Ms S Agius Darmanin B.Ed (Hons) Dip.Env.Sc.MSc

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The blood is cleaned by 2 processes 1 Filtration 2 Reabsorption Substances removed = water, urea, ammonia Substances reabsorbed = glucose, proteins, water
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The Skin
The skin is made up of mainly 2 layers outer epidermis and inner dermis Epidermis is divided into 3 layers 1 Cornified layer dead cells. Topmost layer 2 Granular layer - cells here have been produced by the malpighian layer 3 Malpighian layer innermost layer. Some cells contain melanin. Produces new cells. The dermis contains connective tissue, capillaries, sensory nerve endings, lymphatics, sweat glands and hair follicles.

Human circulatory system

Consists of a heart, blood and blood vessels. Blood vessels can be of two types = arteries and veins which are joined to each other by capillaries. ARTERIES Carry blood away from the heart Blood at high pressure Have a pulse Thick walls, smaller diameter VEINS Return blood to the heart Blood at low pressure Do not have a pulse Thin wall and large diameter
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Ms S Agius Darmanin B.Ed (Hons) Dip.Env.Sc.MSc

WWW.bioclix.org

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The heart is made up of cardiac muscle and is supplied by the coronary arteries. Blood is made up of 45% solid particles, 55% plasma Red blood cells No nucleus Biconcave shape for better diffusion Have haemoglobin to carry oxygen White blood cells Colourless Have nucleus Larger than red cells Lymphocytes (make antibodies) or phagocytes (engulf bacteria)

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Plant transport systems

Xylem vessels Dead when mature Transport water Form x-centre in dicot roots Provides support Phloem vessels Have companion cells No nucleus Cross-walls like a sieve Transport food

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Photosynthesis
Autotrophic plants manufacture food from simple substances using sunlight energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water Note : Photosynthesis affected by :Light intensity Temperature Carbon dioxide

glucose + oxygen

Leaf structure

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Glucose produced is used by the plant for many processes

Ms S Agius Darmanin B.Ed (Hons) Dip.Env.Sc.MSc

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