INTERACTION PATTERNS

There are many types of interaction in a community. Each interaction shows how a particular organisms affect another organisms. A community will never exist without these different kinds of interaction. The interaction that occurs between two different species living together in an ecosystem is called symbiosis. These are the example :
1. MUTUALISM Mutualism is an interaction between two different species that live in a community and help each other. Both organisms get benefits in this interaction. For example : the interaction between a butterfly and a flower. If a butterfly perched on a flower, a butterfly can get some honey from a flower. While the butterfly can help the flower to put the pollen to the head of pistil. 2. COMENSALISM Comensalism is an interaction between two organisms living in a community, one organisms gets benefit while the other doesnt suffer any loss. For example : the interaction between sea anemone and a nemo. When suddenly there is a big fish that always eat a nemo, a nemo will directly hiding behind the sea anemone so the big fish will not see the nemo. The nemo get benefit but the sea anemone doesnt get anything. 3. PARASITISM Parasitism is an interaction between two organisms which one organism gets some advantages but the other gets disadvantages. Parasites live an another organism that called a host they always gnaw their host. For example : the interaction between lice and dogs. Lice are always suck dogs get disadvantage. 4. PREDATION Predation is an interaction between two organisms which one organism becomes a predator and the other organism becomes a prey. predators are animals that hunt, kill, and eat animal while the preys are animal that killed by predators. LAND AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

There are two kinds of aquatic ecosystem : 1. Fresh water 2. Marine water 1. Fresh water is only 3%of water on earth. While three fourts is covered by ice in the South and North pole. Fresh water is found in the lake, river, and other water drains. Various organisms which live in a fresh water ecosystem depends on the water

temperature, water flow, and also the organisms life in the water. Further more, they are also affected by other abiotic factors such as water PH and oxygen in the water. The biotic factor depends on the abiotic factors. Those factors determine the characteristics of a particular ecosystem. An ecosystem of a large area that is influenced by certain climate and type of soil is called biome. The main biomes on earth are tropical rain forest, desert, grassland, tundra, and many others. The greatest human population is found in a biome that has enormous source of plants and animals in temperate area such as the tropical area or an are with moderate climate. 2. Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately
97% of the planet's water. They generate 32% of the world's net primary production. They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are sodium and chlorine. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand (ppt) of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems. Marine ecosystems can be divided into the following zones: oceanic (the relatively shallow part of the ocean that lies over the continental shelf); profundal (bottom or deep water); benthic (bottom substrates); intertidal (the area between high and low tides); estuaries; salt marshes; coral reefs; and hydrothermal vents (where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the food base). Classes of organisms found in marine ecosystems include brown algae, dinoflagellates, corals, cephalopods, echinoderms, and sharks. Fish caught in marine ecosystems are the biggest source of commercial foods obtained from wild populations. Environmental problems concerning marine ecosystems include unsustainable exploitation of marine resources (for example overfishing of certain species), marine pollution, climate change, and building on coastal areas.