Introduction: One of the most important applications of neutralization is in titration.

Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. Titration involves a reagent of known concentration and volume ( titrant or titrator) with a solution of the titrand, whose concentration is unknown. There are various type of titration, but the most common types of titrations in qualitative work are acid base titrations and redox titrations. This experiment involves acid- base titrations. In this experiment both hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide are strong acid and alkali respectively. Hence, the preferred indicator used to determine the end point is either phenolphthalein or methyl orange. Visual indicator such as phenolphthalein and methyl orange are used to determine the end-point of the neutralisation. The indicator used in the experiment is methyl orange, which will turn from orange to red when the end- point is reached. This experiment is carried out to determine the volume of 0.1M hydrochloric acid needed to neutralize standard potassium hydroxide by titration.The hypothesis for this experiment is that the volume of standard hydrochloric acid needed to neutralize a solution of potassium hydroxide by titration is the same.

Objectives: To analyze a solution of potassium hydroxide using standard hydrochloric acid.

Material : 1. 50cm3 burette 2. 250cm3 volumetric flask 3. 25cm3 pipette 4. 250cm3 conical flask 5. Pipette filler 6. 100cm3 beaker 7. 40.00cm3 of 0.1M potassium hydroxide solution 8. Deionized water 9. Hydrochloric acid 10. Methyl orange

Methods : 1. By using a burette, 40.00cm3 of 0.1M potassium hydroxide solution is placed into a 250cm3 volumetric flask. 2. Deionized water is added to make up to the mark of the volumetric flask and shaken well to obtain a homogenous solution. 3. 25.0cm3 of the diluted potassium hydroxide solution is pipette into a conical flask. 1 to 2 drops of methyl orange or screened methyl orange is added 4. The solution is titrated with the hydrochloric acid provided. 5. The titration is repeated for a consistent results.

Results : Dilution of KOH Final burette reading / cm3 Initial burette reading / cm3 Volume of KOH used / cm3 Volume of pipette used = 25 cm3 Burette reading
Titration number Final reading / cm3 Initial reading / cm3 Volume of HCl used / cm3 Rough 43.2 22 21.2 Accurate 1 2 43 22 21 46.2 25 21.2 3 46 25 21 Mean 135.2 = 45.07 3 72 = 24 3 63.2 = 21.07 3

45 5 40

Summary : 25cm3 of the diluted potassium hydroxide solution required 21.07cm 3 of the hydrochloric acid for complete reaction. The result used to obtain the value of hydrochloric acid is calculated as the table below :
43+46.2+46 3 Final reading / cm
3

= 135.2 3 = 45.07 22+25+25 3

Initial reading / cm3

= 72 3 = 24

21+21.2+21 3 Volume of HCl used / cm

3

= 63.2 3 = 21.07

The concentration of the hydrochloric acid used is 3.65 g dm-3. Concentration of the hydrochloric acid = molarity(mol dm-3) x molar mass = 0.1 x (1+35.5) = 3.65 g dm-3

Calculation ; 1. Calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide in 1dm3 of diluted solution. No of moles of HCl = MV 1000 = 0.1 mol dm-3 x 21.07cm3 1000 = 0.002107 mol

No of moles of KOH = No of moles of HCl (mol) Volume of KOH (dm3) = 0.002107 25 1000 = 0.008428 mol 2. Calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide in the original undiluted solution. No of moles of HCl = MV 1000 = 0.1 mol dm-3 x 21.07cm3 1000 = 0.002107 mol 3. Calculate the mass of potassium hydroxide in 1dm3 of the original solution. Mass of KOH = No of moles(mol) x molar mass = 0.002107 x (39.1+16+1) = 0.1182 g 4. Calculate the mass of the potassium ions, K+, in 1dm3 of the original solution. Mass of K+ = No of moles(mol) x molar mass = 0.002107 x 39.1 = 0.08238 g = 0.1182 g

Discussion: From the equation there is a 1:1 molar ratio between HCl and KOH. When potassium hydroxide solution is added to hydrochloric acid solution, water and KCl salt is produced. Based on the result, titrating 25.00cm3 of KOH solution requires 21.07cm3 of 0.1M of HCl. With this, the concentration of KOH can be calculated based on the molar ratio between HCl and KOH at the equivalence point whereby number of moles of HCl will be equal to the number of moles of KOH . As the volume of hydrochloric acid needed to neutralize potassium hydroxide is unknown, an indicator is used to determine the end point of the neutralization, an indicator is used, which is methyl orange. It changes from orange to red when the solution is neutralized. So, the volume of hydrochloric acid needed can be determine by observing the color change of the methyl orange. When the color change to red, the addition of hydrochloric is stopped and the volume of acid is observed and recorded.

Precaution: When measuring the volume of hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution by burette and pipette, eye level should be on the meniscus to prevent parallax error. The burette and pipette should be rinsed with hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution respectively to prevent diluting of acid and alkali when being measured. Distilled water is added slowly to the volumetric flask when near calibration mark to prevent the addition of excess distilled water.

Conclusion :

Reference : 1.