<topic>General info Basic compiler editor is composed of editor panel (for user program editing) and source explorer

(for easy navigation through all elements of user program - var iables, symbols, constants, subroutines, procedures and functions). Editor forma ts and colorizes entered lines of user program, that simplifies the debugging pr ocess. The primary output of the compiler is an assembler source file. However, with an appropriate command from the menu it can be assembled and even loaded in the si mulator with a single click. Menu commands and options are rich, as well as the commands from the right-click popup menus for the editor and source explorer. Ba sic compiler's assembler output contains many useful comment lines, that makes i t very helpful for educational purposes, also. <subtopic>Show Warnings If Show Warnings option is enabled, in the Warnings window Basic compiler will s how information about unused declarations, subroutines, procedures and functions in the user basic program. <subtopic>Do Not Compile Unused Code If this option is enabled, Basic compiler will not compile unused declarations, subroutines, procedures and functions, in order to save memory resources. <subtopic>Initialize Variables On Declaration If this option is enabled, Basic compiler will reset to zero all memory location s allocated for variables, at the position of their declaration in the basic pro gram. This option is useful for beginners, because RAM memory is filled with ran dom values at device power-up, and it is easy to make a mistake to assume that a ll variables are reset to zero at power-up. Experienced users can save some prog ram memory, by disabling this option and taking control of variable initial valu es by user program where necessary. <subtopic>Optimize Variables Declaration This option will turn on the compiler internal routine that will optimize the va riables declaration order based on the usage frequency of the variables. In this way, the most frequently used variables will be stored in higher RAM memory loc ations, resulting in possibly smaller size of the generated code. <topic>About variables <keywords1>Dim,As,Boolean,Short,Integer, Three data types are supported: <style3>Boolean - 1-byte, True or False <style3>Short - 1-byte integers in the range -128 to 127 <style3>Integer - 2-byte integers in the range -32,768 to 32,767 Variables can be global (declared in the main program, before the End statement) or local (declared in subroutines, procedures and functions). Variable name use d for a variable with global scope can be used again for local variable names. T he compiler will reserve separate memory locations for them. There are no other limits for the total number of variables, but 64K RAM memory. Variables are decl ared using DIM statement: <style1>Dim a As Boolean <style1>Dim b As Short <style1>Dim c As Integer It is possible to use one-dimensional arrays for all variable types. For example : <style1>Dim a(100) As Integer

declares an array of 100 Integer variables with array index in the range [0-99]. It is possible to make conversions between Short and Integer data type by simple assignment statements: <style1>Dim a As Short <style1>Dim b As Integer <style1>a = 123 <style1>b = a This will result in variable B holding integer value 123. <keywords2>True,False, Constants can be used in decimal number system with no special marks, in hexadec imal number system with leading 0x or leading $ notation (or with H at the end) and in binary system with leading % mark (or with B at the end). ASCII value of a character can be expressed in string format (e.g. "A"). Keywords True and Fals e are also available for Boolean type constants. For example: <style1>Dim a As Boolean <style1>Dim b As Short <style1>Dim c As Integer <style1>a = True <style1>b = %01010101 <style1>c = 0x55aa <style1>c = "C" <keywords2>Const, Constants can be assigned to symbolic names using CONST directive. Constants can be global or local. One example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>Const high = 1023 <style1>a = high It is possible to use comments in basic source programs. The comments must begin with single quote symbol (') and may be placed anywhere in the program. <keywords2>ASM, Lines of assembler source code may be placed anywhere in basic source program an d must begin with ASM: prefix. For example: <style1>ASM: NOP <style1>ASM:LABEL1: LDAX B Symbolic names of global declared variables can be used in assembler routines be cause proper variable address will be assigned to those names by EQU directive: <style1>Dim varname As Short <style1>varname = 0 <style1>ASM: MVI A,55H <style1>ASM: STA VARNAME <topic>Mathematical and logical operations <keywords1>Mod, Five arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /, MOD) are available for integer data type s. The compiler is able to compile all possible complex arithmetic expressions, including those containing math functions and user defined functions. Arithmetic operations are allowed only in assignment statements and all variables in one s uch statement must be of the same data type. For example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>Dim b As Integer <style1>Dim c As Integer <style1>a = 123 <style1>b = 234

<style1>b = a * b <style1>c = a * 100 - (a + b) <keywords2>Not,And,Or,Xor,Nand,Nor,Nxor, For Boolean and Short data type variables seven basic logical operations are sup ported. It is possible to make only one logical operation in one single statemen t. Logical operations are allowed only in assignment statements. For example: <style2>Example 1: <style1>Dim a As Boolean <style1>Dim b As Boolean <style1>Dim c As Boolean <style1>a = True <style1>b = False <style1>c = Not a <style1>c = a And b <style1>c = a Or b <style1>c = a Xor b <style1>c = a Nand b <style1>c = a Nor b <style1>c = a Nxor b <style2>Example 2: <style1>Dim a As Short <style1>a = 0x55 <style1>a = Not a <topic>Standard Basic language elements <keywords1>Goto, Unconditional jumps are performed by GOTO statement. It uses line label name as argument. Line labels can be global or local. Line labels must be followed by co lon mark ':'. Here is one example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>a = 0 <style1>loop: a = a + 1 <style1>Goto loop <keywords2>For,To,Step,Next,Exit For,While,Wend,If,Then,Else,Endif, Three standard BASIC statements are supported: FOR-TO-STEP-NEXT, WHILE-WEND and IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF. In FOR-TO-STEP-NEXT statement all variables must be Integer data type. Here are several examples: <style2>Example 1: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>Dim b(100) As Integer <style1>For a = 0 To 99 <style1> b(a) = a <style1>Next a <style2>Example 2: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>a = 10000 <style1>While a > 0 <style1> a = a - 1 <style1>Wend <style2>Example 3: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>Dim b As Integer <style1>For a = 0 To 10000 <style1> If a < 1000 Then

<style1> <style1> Else <style1> <style1> Endif <style1>Next a

b = a b = 1000

For statement will accept all available variable types for the running variable. Exit For statement provides a way to exit a For-Next loop. It transfers control to the statement following the Next statement. After IF-THEN statement in the same line can be placed almost every other possib le statement and then ENDIF is not used. Six standard comparison operators are a vailable: =, <>, >, >=, <, <=. There are no limits for the number of nested stat ements of any kind. <topic>Memory access <keywords1>Poke,Peek, Standard BASIC elements for accessing memory are available: POKE statement and P EEK function. They can be used with integer constants and also with variables of Short or Integer data type. For example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>Dim b As Integer <style1>Dim c As Integer <style1>For a = 0 To 15 <style1> b = Peek(a) <style1> c = 240 + a <style1> Poke c, b <style1>Next a <topic>Subroutines <keywords1>End,Gosub,Return, Structured programs can be written using subroutine calls with GOSUB statement t hat uses line label name as argument. Return from a subroutine is performed by R ETURN statement. User need to take care that the program structure is consistent . When using subroutines, main routine need to be ended with END statement. Here is an example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>Dim b As Integer <style1>b = 100 <style1>Gosub fillmemory <style1>b = 101 <style1>Gosub fillmemory <style1>End <style1>fillmemory: <style1>For a = 20000 To 21000 <style1> Poke a, b <style1>Next a <style1>Return <topic>Bit-oriented language elements <keywords1>SetBit,ResetBit, SETBIT and RESETBIT statements can be used to set or reset the individual bits i n Short data type variables. The first argument is a Short variable that will be the target of the operation, and the second argument is target bit number and i t must be a constant in the range 0-7.

<style1>Dim a As Short <style1>a = 0xf0 <style1>SetBit a, 0 <style1>ResetBit a, 7 <topic>Communication with I/O ports <keywords1>Get, The communication with the outside world is done using GET function and PUT and PRINT statements. The argument of the GET function is port number and must be a constant value in the range [0-255]. It can be used to assign the value received on the port to a variable of Short or Integer data type. For example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>a = Get(10) <keywords2>Put, PUT statement can be used to send data to the specified port. The data can be a constant value in the range [0-255] or contained in a variable of Short or Integ er data type. Only the lowest byte of the variable is sent to the port. For exam ple: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>a = 200 <style1>Put 10, a <keywords2>Print,CrLf,Lf, PRINT statement can be used in three different ways. It is possible to use it to send a constant string , to send a variable of any supported data type or to se nd the LF (Line Feed) character or CRLF (Carriage Return - Line Feed) sequence t o the specified port. Here is an example: <style1>Dim a As Integer <style1>a = 12345 <style1>Print 10, "THE NUMBER IS " <style1>Print 10, a <style1>Print 10, CrLf This can also be done using only one PRINT statement: <style1>Print 10, "THE NUMBER IS ", a, CrLf <topic>Structured language support (procedures and functions) <keywords1>Proc,End Proc,Call,Exit, Procedures can be declared with PROC statement. They can contain up to 5 argumen ts (comma separated list) and all available data types can be used for argument variables. Argument variables are declared locally, so they do not need to have unique names in relation to the rest of user basic program, that makes very easy to re-use once written procedures in other basic programs. The procedures can b e exited with EXIT statement. They must be ended with END PROC statement and mus t be placed after the END statement in program. Calls to procedures are implemen ted with CALL statement. The list of passed arguments can contain both variables and numeric constants. For example: <style1>Dim x As Integer <style1>For x = 0 To 255 <style1> Call port_display(x) <style1>Next x <style1>End <style1>Proc port_display(arg1 As Integer) <style1>Print 10, "THE NUMBER IS ", arg1, CrLf <style1>End Proc

<keywords2>Function,End Function, All facts stated for procedures are valid for functions, also. Functions can be declared with FUNCTION statement. They can contain up to 5 arguments and argumen t variables are declared locally. Functions can be exited with EXIT statement an d must be ended with END FUNCTION. The name of the function is declared as a glo bal variable, so if the function is called with CALL statement, after its execut ion the function variable will contain the result. Standard way of function call s in assignment statements can be used, also. One simple example: <style1>Dim x As Integer <style1>Dim y As Integer <style1>For x = 0 To 100 <style1> y = square(x) <style1>Next x <style1>End <style1>Function square(arg1 As Integer) As Integer <style1>square = arg1 * arg1 <style1>End Function <keywords2>Include, Basic source code from an external file can be included to the current program b y using INCLUDE directive. Its only argument is a string containing the path to the external .BAS file. This can be the full path or only the file name, if the external file is located in the same folder as the current basic program file. D uring the compilation process the external basic source will be appended to the current program. Multiple files can be included with separate INCLUDE directives . To maintain the overall basic code structure, it is strongly suggested that th e external file contains global declarations, subroutines, procedures and functi ons, only. Here is one very simple example for the demonstration: <style2>main.bas: <style1>Dim i As Integer <style1>Dim j As Integer <style1>Include "inc1.bas" <style1>Include "inc2.bas" <style1>For i = 1 To 10 <style1> j = func1(i, 100) <style1> Call proc1(j) <style1>Next i <style1>End <style2>inc1.bas: <style1>Dim total As Integer <style1>Proc proc1(i As Integer) <style1>total = total + i <style1>End Proc <style2>inc2.bas: <style1>Function func1(i As Integer, j As Integer) As Integer <style1>func1 = i + j <style1>End Function