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come up with a unique solution to given example? It seems that this would not be possible without the time information if there is a mis-operation. 4) The authors data representation lacks a node naming structure. How is the location of the over-current relay represented to differentiate between low side and high side of the transformer? Fig. D1. The circuit with a linear load.

Closure to Discussion of A Fault Diagnosis Expert System for Distribution Substations

Heung-Jae Lee, Bok-Shin Ahn, and Young-Moon Park

The author wishes to thank Mr. Liu and Dr. Schulz for their interest in the paper.1 1) This paper1 focused into the general structure of the expert system to be applied to several substations that may have different number of transformers or transmission lines. The interaction is considered in [1]. Actually the system was tested in a practical control center, where there are eight substations. 2) We have a report on the project in Korean language. The clear separation is essentially impossible since the diagnosis is an inductive problem in nature. The reason and the range is discussed in [1]. 3) Certainly, utilizing time information will improve the performance of the diagnosis. However it is possible without time information. Reference [2] would also provide good insight for the inference without time information. 4) Value 1 at the location field denotes the primary side, 2 denotes secondary side of transformers, 3 denotes distribution feeders. In the target system of my project, some common alarms are received. For example, when a fault occurs in any primary side of three transformers, only an alarm ocr(alpha, 1, o) is received to the expert system. Then the system should identify the transformer using topological knowledge and circuit breakers alarms. Analog data is also utilized for the better performance. REFERENCES
[1] H. J. Lee, D. Y. Park, B. S. Ahn, J. K. Park, Y. M. Park, and S. S. Venkata, A fuzzy expert system for the integrated fault diagnosis, IEEE Trans. PWRS, to be published. [2] C. Fukui and J. Kawakami, An expert system for fault section estimation using information from protective relays and circuit breakers, IEEE Trans. PWRD, vol. PWRD-1, no. 4, pp. 8390, Oct. 1986.

Fig. D2.

The circuit with a nonlinear load.

Discussion of Evaluation of Single-Point Measurements Method for Harmonic Pollution Cost Allocation
Shih-Min Hsu

The author has some observations and suggestions about the methods and procedures presented in the paper.1 The paper claimed that the harmonic active power, PH , as defined in (4), was directly produced by the nonlinear loads. This may not be true when a linear load is supplied by a nonsinusoidal, or distorted, voltage source. In this case the harmonic active power is not caused because of the load nonlinearity but the source voltage distortion. For example, a circuit with system impedance of RS and XS , and load impedance of RL and XL , as shown in Fig. D1, if the supply voltage is distorted, then the terminal voltage and current will be distorted. In this case, although the terminal voltage and current contain harmonic components, the load should not be charged for it. On the other hand, a circuit with a nonlinear load can be expressed as a combination of a linear load and a harmonic current source, as shown in Fig. D2. The nonlinear loads may generate more current harmonic components than the source voltage harmonics. In the other words, the harmonic spectrum of this harmonic current source may not be the same as the source voltage harmonic spectrum. It seemed the method presented in the paper would not be able to distinguish who is responsible for the cause of a particular harmonic component. Moreover, according to the way the nonfundamental apparent power, SN , was defined in (7), namely,
S

Manuscript received September 30, 1999. H.-J. Lee is with Kwangwoon University, Korea (e-mail: hjlee@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr). B.-S. Ahn is with System Laboratory, R&D Center, LG Industrial Systems Co., Korea. Y.-M. Park is with the School of the Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea. Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(00)11147-1.
1H.-J. Lee et al., IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 9297, January 2000.

= 3(V1 I

H + VH I1 + VH IH );

Manuscript received June 18, 1999. S.-M. Hsu is with Transmission Planning, Southern Company Services, Inc., Birmingham, AL. Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(00)11150-1.
1E. J. Davis et al., IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1418, January 2000

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2000

it seemed that the proposed method might not be able to take this consideration into account. With only the magnitudes of the voltage and the current considered without using their phase angles, a lot of circuit characteristics would be lost. It seemed that with the considerations mentioned above, a bi-directional power theory might be suitable to determine the cause of each particular harmonic [1]. Then a better and fair way for charging responsible customers can be developed. REFERENCES
[1] L. S. Czarnecki and T. Swietlicki, Power in nonsinusoidal networks: Their interpretation, analysis, and measurement, IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 340345, April 1990.

Closure to Discussion of Evaluation of Single-Point Measurements Method for Harmonic Pollution Cost Allocation
Eric J. Davis, Alexander E. Emanuel, and David J. Pileggi

and in such situations there are not obvious reasons to request consumer participation in the recovery of invested capital for purchasing and installation of mitigation equipment. If resonance conditions exist, than a large harmonic current that flows through capacitors, motors or transformers may be the source of a potential damage that can be avoided of detected in time. Monitoring 2 the (T H DI )2 I1 is an effective way to protect linear loads. However, a resonance condition on a certain customer territory may cause severe annoyances to other customers or to utility equipment. We do not agree with the claim that it is impossible to inject a harmonic Ih , i.e., to measure a harmonic current that flows through a certain branch and not to detect a voltage drop of exactly the same frequency. Even a superconductive winding has inductance and any tuned filter has some resistance. We never encountered a practical situation where a harmonic current was measured without at least traces of the same order harmonic voltage. Lastly we want to bring attention to an error, for which we are responsible. Equation (7) should be corrected, it must read:
S

n=3

(V1 I )2 + (V

H I1 )2 + (VH IH )2
>

In previous studies [8] it was shown that the harmonic active power = Ph ; h 6= 1, is much smaller than the fundamental active power P1 . The components Ph can not be easily measured with sufficient accuracy since Ih  I1 and the phase angles 6 Vh Ih are usually near 90 or 270 . In [7] it is demonstrated that harmonic annoyances can not be quantified or even correlated with the harmonic active powers Ph , or with the direction of harmonic power flow. The bi-directional power theory is not reliable at all when the effects of a particular harmonic are to be quantified. This paper1 indicates that there is a reasonable, not perfect, cor2 2 relation between the total harmonic current IH = (T H DI )2 I1 = 2 Ih ; h 6= 1, injected by a major nonlinear load and the annoyance, damage or stress caused by this particular load. The method proposed provides a basic first step in assessing the harmonic pollution emitted by a larger nonlinear load or a cluster of nonlinear loads. A detailed survey of all the significant harmonics of the currents (phases a; b; c plus neutral) and voltages (line-to-line and line-to-neutral) will lead to an overwhelming amount of information, that can not be useful for routine applications. More information about this aspect can be found in a recent study co-authored by Dr. J. Pretorious [1], study totally independent of [7] and [8]. The problem of linear loads was raised by Prof. J. Balcells in [8]. Theoretically it seems to be a challenging problem. In practice it may not be such an insurmountable obstacle. We expect that a quantity indicative of harmonic pollution will be monitored only when the current harmonic exceed a certain threshold, when T H DI > T H DV , and 2 2 2 IH = (T H DI ) I1 is large enough. If the linear, or nearly linear consumer does not have resonance conditions, then T H DI < T H DV ,
P

For a load with a significant current distortion, when T H DI the nonfundamental apparent power can be estimated with
S

40%,

N  3V1 I1 (T H DI )

Additional information about harmonic pollution assessment can be found in the Proceeding of the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, July 1999, Edmonton, Alberta, pp. 331381. REFERENCES
[1] J. H. C. Pretorius, J. D. Van Wyk, and P. H. Swart, An evaluation of some alternative methods of power resolutions in a large industrial plant, in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP-VIII), vol. I, Athens, October 1998, pp. 331336.

Discussion of Harmonic Pollution Metering: Theoretical Considerations

Yahia Baghzouz

The authors are to be congratulated for presenting an interesting paper1 on fair allocation of cost associated with stress (or usage) of a network component by several harmonic producers. The method is theoretically sound and will be an excellent candidate as a reference base to other alternatives. The authors further acknowledged the
Manuscript received July 20, 1999. Y. Baghzouz is with Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154. Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(00)11152-5.
1E. J. Davis et al., IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1923, January 2000.

Manuscript received January 14, 2000. E. J. Davis and A. E. Emanuel are with Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609. D. J. Pileggi is with New England Electric, Westboro, MA 01582. Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(00)11149-5.
1E. J. Davis et al., IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1418, January 2000.

08858977/00$10.00 2000 IEEE