Grade 12 Answers

SENIOR 4 PRE-CALCULUS MATHEMATICS ANSWERS TO CUMULATIVE EXERCISES
A Supplement to A Foundation for Implementation
2000
Manitoba Education and Training
Manitoba Education and Training Cataloguing in PUblication Data
510
Senior 4 pre-calculus mathematics. Answers to cumulative exercises: a supplement to a foundation for implementation. ISBN 0-7711-2872-X 1. Mathematics-Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Calculus-Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Mathematics-Study and teaching (Secondary). 4. Calculus-Study and teaching (Secondary). I. Manitoba. Dept. of Education and Training.
Copyright 2000, the Crown in Right of Manitoba as represented by the Minister of Education and Training. Manitoba Education and Training, School Programs Division, 1970 Ness Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3J OY9. Every effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to comply with copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please inform Manitoba Education and Training. Errors or omissions will be corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors and publishers who allowed their original material to be adapted or reproduced.
Answers to Cumulative
Exercises
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus
Mathematics
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Manitoba Education and Training gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals in the development of Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Answers to Cumulative Exercises: A Supplement to A Foundation for Implementation. Senior 2-4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Revision Committee John Barsby Lynn Batten Joseph Combiadakis Abdou Daoudi David Klassen William Korytowski Viviane Leonard J ayesh Maniar Don Nichol Hilliard Sawchuk Connie Shaver Kathy Tetlock Don Trim Barb Vukets Wayne Watt Alan Wells St. John's-Ravenscourt Department of Mathematics Bureau de l'education francaise Notre Dame Collegiate R.D. Parker Collegiate Sisler High College Beliveau Oak Park High Whitemouth School Rivers Silver Heights Collegiate School Programs Division Department of Mathematics River East Collegiate School Programs Division Winnipeg Independent Schools University of Manitoba Manitoba Education and Training Mountain S.D. No 28 Mystery Lake S.D. No. 2355 Winnipeg S.D. No.1 St. Boniface S.D. No.4 Assiniboine South S.D. No.3 Agassiz S.D. No. 13 St. James-Assiniboia S.D. No.2 Manitoba Education and Training University of Manitoba River East S.D. No.9 Manitoba Education and Training
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Cumulative Exercises Committee John Barsby Barry Boothe Judy Bowes Ruth Dyck John Enns Lyn Jannuska Dennis Kasian David Klassen Bill Korytowski Kelly Livesley Joyce McCallum Don Nichol Christine Ottawa Larry Ruppel Gordon Smith Ketri Wilkes St. John's-Ravenscourt Fort Richmond Collegiate St. John's-Ravenscourt Westgate Mennonite Collegiate Westgate Mennonite Collegiate Crocus Plains Regional River East Collegiate R.D. Parker Collegiate Balmoral Hall University of Winnipeg Collegiate Morden Collegiate Whitemouth School St. John's High School River East Collegiate MacGregor Collegiate John Taylor Collegiate Independent Schools Fort Garry S.D. No.5 Independent Schools Independent Schools Independent Schools Brandon S.D. No. 40 River East S.D. No.9 Mystery Lake S.D. No. 2355 Independent Schools Independent Schools Western S.D. No. 47 Agassiz S.D. No. 13 Winnipeg S.D. No.1 River East S.D. No.9 Pine Creek S.D. No. 30 St. James Assiniboia S.D. No.2
III
Mathematics
Exercises
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Field Validation (Pilot) Project (1997-2000) Dave Barnes Darryl Bohart Barry Boothe** Chris Boumford Judy Bowes Paul Carpenter Pat Clark Kim Deamel Darren Deserranno* Ruth Dyck John Enns Dean Favoni Arlyn Filewich Harland Garinger Jan Gibson Eva Goldfeld Chuck Hatfield Jerry Hildebrand Erwin Hildebrandt Greg J akubec Lyn J annuska Brian Johnston** Dennis Kasian Doug Kinney Dave Klassen Peter Kula Doug Kutcher Don Lepper Kelly Livesley* Tanis Macdonald Bill Marshall Joyce McCallum Pat McCrea Ralph McKay Patty Miller Les Mitchell Mike Nantais Neelin High River East Collegiate Fort Richmond Collegiate Shaftesbury High St. John's-Ravenscourt Morden Collegiate Gordon Bell School Carman Collegiate Swan Valley Regional Westgate Mennonite Collegiate Westgate Mennonite Collegiate Dakota Collegiate Fort Richmond Collegiate Hapnot Collegiate Kelvin High Daniel McIntyre Collegiate Shaftesbury High Vincent Massey Collegiate River East Collegiate Oak Park High Crocus Plains Regional Whitemouth School River East Collegiate Neelin High R.D. Parker Collegiate Springfield Collegiate Whitemouth School Sanford Collegiate John Taylor Collegiate Vincent Massey High Swan Valley Regional Morden Collegiate Portage Collegiate Windsor Park Collegiate R.D. Parker Collegiate Fort Richmond Collegiate Boissevain School Brandon S.D. No. 40 River East S.D. No.9 Fort Garry S.D. No.5 Assiniboine South S.D. No.3 Independent Schools Western S.D. No. 47 Winnipeg S.D. No.1 Midland S.D. No. 25 Swan Valley S.D. No. 35 Independent Schools Independent Schools St. Vital S.D. No.6 Fort Garry S.D. No.5 Flin Flon S.D. No. 46 Winnipeg S.D. No.1 Winnipeg S.D. No.1 Assiniboine South S.D. No.3 Fort Garry S.D. No.5 River East S.D. No.9 Assiniboine South S.D. No.3 Brandon S.D. No. 40 Agassiz S.D. No. 13 River East S.D. No.9 Brandon S.D. No. 40 Mystery Lake S.D. No. 2355 Transcona-Springfield S.D. No. 12 Agassiz S.D. No. 13 Morris-Macdonald S.D. No. 19 St. James-Assiniboia S.D. No.2 Brandon S.D. No. 40 Swan Valley S.D. No. 35 Western S.D. No. 47 Portage la Prairie S.D. No. 24 St. Boniface S.D. No.4 Mystery Lake S.D. No. 2355 Fort Garry S.D. No.5 Turtle Mountain S.D. No. 44
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Iv
Exercl s
Mathematics
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Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics
Answers to Cumulative Exercises
Notes
vi
Exercises
SenIor 4 Pre-Calculus
Mathematics
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Exercise 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
~H
New Topic Presented Degree and Radian Measure The Unit Circle 2 3 1
Outcome(s) A-I A-2 A-3 5 A-4 A-5 A-6 B-1
Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions
Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval General Solution of Trigonometric Equations Graphing Circular Functions Translations 9 11 15 7 6
Horizontal and Vertical Stretches Symmetry, Reflections, and Inverses Graphing Reciprocals 18 21 24
B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5, B-6 B-6 27 B-7 C-l C-l
Graphing Absolute Values
Practice with Transformations
Transformations with Trig Functions Trigonometric Identities I Trigonometric Identities II 29 31 32 34
Sum and Difference Identities I Sum and Difference Identities II Double Angle Identities Exponential Functions 35 37 40
C-2 C-2 C-2 D-l D-2
Solve Exponential Equations
vII
Senior4 Pre-CalculusMathematics
Answersto Cumulativeexercises
Exercise 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
New Topic Presented Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic Theorems I Logarithmic Theorems II 42

45 47
Outcome(s) D-3, D-4 D-5 D-5 49 51 D-6 D-6 D-7, D-8

54
Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I Exponential and Logarithmic Equations II Natural Logarithms
52
Applications of the Exponential Function Counting Principles

56
D-8 E-1
57
Permutation with Repetitions and Restrictions Permutations 58 60 61
E-2 E-2 E-2 E-2 E-3
Circular Permutations
Permutations with Case Restrictions Combinations 62

63
Binomial Theorem
E-4
Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial Theorem 64 Parabola

65
E-2, E-3, E-4 F-1, F-2, F-3
36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Circle and Ellipse Hyperbola 69 71
67
F-1, F-2, F-3 F-1, F-2, F-3 G-1, G-2

73
Sample Spaces
Probability of Independent and Dependent Events Combining Probabilities Conditional Probability I

75 77
G-3 G-3 G-4
viII
Exercise 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
NewTopic Presented Conditional Probability II 79 81
Outcome(s) G-4 G-5
Probability Using Permutations and Combinations Geometric Sequences Geometric Series 85 87 83
H-l H-2 H-3
Infinite Geometric Series Review I Review II Review III 89 90 92
Ix
Notes
A-1
Exercise 1: Degree and Radian Measure

5n I. a. 36 2. a. -210 7n 3. 12 8. a. (3; , 2n) 9. a. III, IV 10. a. II, III 32n II. 5 12. 85.9 13. 18.J3 14. x=2
1
b. -
-2n 3
c.
23n 9
d.
1m
6
b. 165
5n 4. 18 5.
n
c. 150.9 6. 7.5
d. -56.3 7. 15 13
14
b. [; , n) b. IV b. III
15.
X2
16. a. x = -3 3-v'2 17. x = -18 18. a. x(x + 3)(x- 1) 19. (-6, 12) and (2, 4) 20. x=--
-7.J97 b. x=--2
b. x = 0, x = 1, x = -3
d-b
a+c
Senior 4 Pre-calculus
Mathematics
Exercises
A-2
Exercise 2: The Unit Circle

1. a. II 2. a. 150 3. a. 6
0
b. IV b. 3300 b.
c. IV
c. 1200 1m
d. I d. 150 d. 3
0
7n
5n
4
c.
2n
4. a. I, II
b. II, IV -9 40) -. ( 41' 41 -15 17

c.
c. II
d. IV
5. a.
(:' !)
(--JlO -3-JlO)
10' 10
d. (0,-1)
-12 6. y=13 9. yes 10. n radians; 600 3

11. 55.2 em"
7.
cos8=-
8. tan 8 =
-.Ji5
3
12. Students could explain the following: division of unit circle values of each quadrantal angles how to determine if greater than one revolution approximate and/or exact values
13. AB = 5.315 or AB = 1.317 (two possible answers) 14. x
= 3
15. k = 4
16.0A=M
17. a. 8 18. (x - 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 4)
b. 2.[5 +8
19. (3x-4)(4x-3)
=0; x=-,
4 3
x=-
3 4
9 20. y = 10( x - 20
)2 - 40 1
exercises
Mathematics
A-3
Exercise 3: Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions

1 1. a. -
b. --
--13 2
c. -1
d.
2 -J2
e. -1
f. -1
2.
a. -
-J2 2
b. --
--13 2
3.J6 +2-13 6
c. -3
--13
d.
3. a. 3
-13
b.
4. a. Both sides reduce to
-13.
3
71t
b. Both sides reduce to
.!.
2
5. a.
tt
b.
71t
6
1t
c. { },does not exist I11t 6
6. a.
4' 4
-13
2
51t
b.
6'
-
c. 3
41t
d. 3
21t
7. a.
b.
-J2
2
c. -3
--13
d. 2
8. (x, y) = (1, -2)
9. a. 11.4 em
b. 6.2 em"
11. 82.5
1t 1t 1t 12 . -, -, - ra di lans 244
13. Yes, lines are parallel.
Continued 3
Mathematics
Exercises
A-3
Exercise 3: Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions
14.
---/2
4
15. sin (J = 1, cos (J = 0, tan (J is undefined 1 2
16.
17. 53 18. x = 3 or x = - 1 19. 1

20. H(x) = 2x + 1
x=4
x-4
+
1
1 1
- - - -1- - - - - - ... r=
1
x-intercept ( - ~, 0) y-intercept ( 0, - ~)
Answers to Cumulative exercises
A-4
Exercise 4: Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval
2. 0, -, -,
n 5n n,2n 6 6
-
3.
2n 5n
3'
5n
4.
2n 5n
3' 3'
5.
5n 7n 6' 6
6.
2n 4n
3'
7. 4
8.
2n 4n
3
3 9. -4 10. Both sides reduce to ~. 2
4n II. 3
12. Slne= --
-~
4
13. P(27n)= (-1, 0) which is between Quadrants II and III. See full solutions for
different methods. 14. The answer is d. See full solutions for explanations. -3 15. cose=5 4 16. a. 5 17. -1 18. B 19. Domain: R 20. (2, 4) Range:y ~-8 3 b. 5
Mathematics
exercises
A-5
Exercise 5: General Solution of Trigonometric Equations

1. 8 = n + 2kn, 5n + 2kn, where k is an integer
n 2kn 5n 2kn 2. a. 8 = -+--, -+--, 9 3 9 3 b.

(J
.. where k ISan Integer
= 2n + 4kn, 4n + Akn; where k is an integer
3. 8 = kn; where k is an integer 4. 8 = n + 2kn, 5n + 2kn, 7n + 2kn, 1m + 2kn, where k is an integer 6 6 6 6 5. 8 = 3n + 2kn, 2kn, where k is an integer 2 6. (J = 2n + 2kn, 4n + 2kn, where k is an integer 3 3 7. 8 = n + 2kn, 5n + 2kn, where k is an integer
8. 8 = n + 2kn, where k is an integer 2 n 2n 4n 5n 9. 8= - - - 3' 3' 3' 3 11. 8 = n -13} 13. Range: {y ~ 4 16. a. 3.40 17. $6691.13
10. 8= 12
(J _
4' 4' 4' 4

n 5n 3n
3n
7n -at -5n
. -"6'6'2
14. 51.73 revolutions
15. 18 em
b. 27.53 u2 7 7m or ~ 19. -bc-c a-b 20. x
18.
Ji3
= 3, y = 4, Z = -5
Exercises
Mathematics
A-6
Exercise 6: Graphing Circular Functions

1.
2. a. I 3.
b. 21r
c. {8
9t]
d. {-I:5: y :5:I}
e. kn; where k
f(8)
-2
4. a. I
b. 21r
c. teE 9t}
d. {-I:5: f( e) :5:1}
e. 2 + k1r, where k
1r
5. Identical amplitude, period, domain, and range. The curves would coincide if the cosine curve was shifted ; units to the right. 6.
Continued 7
Mathematics
Exercises
A-6
Exercise 6: Graphing Circular Functions

7. a. undefined b. TC c. all real numbers excepts odd integral multiples of ; d. all real numbers e. kTC where k E I 8. x = (2k + 1)
"2' where k
TC
9. a. (-2TC
-3TC)u(-TC TC)u(3TC 2TC) , 2 2'2 2'
b. (-2TC, -TC)
(0, TC)
10. No solution. 11. Insert on same axes y = sin x. Indicate coordinates of points of intersection.
y= -
-J3
2
. 2TC An swer IS x = -TC an d 3 3 12. Insert the graph of y = 2 sin" 0 + sin 0 - 2 and indicate zeroes. 0= 0.896, 2.246
13. cscO=--
-.J2i
3
14.
10TC
16. 19. y = 9, x = 9-J3
B(.! --J3J
2' 2
17. 30.36 km
18. fix)
= -6x
+ 36
20. a. fi3)
= 6, M3)) = 3
b. See full solutions for proof.
Exercises
Mathematics
8-1
Exercise 7: Translations
1. a.
b.
c.
2 -2 2
-2
-2
2. a.
b.
-2 -2
2 2
c.
3. a.
b.
-2 2
c.
2
-2
4. a.
b.
. c.
Continued
9
8-1
Exercise 7: Translations 5.
5
6.
5
4
-7r
-1
27r
-2
27r
-2
7. Question 5: Range: {2 s y Period: 2n Amplitude: 1 8.
s 4}
Question 6: Range: {1 ::;y s 3} Period: 2n Amplitude: 1 9. a. fix)
= g(x)
+4
b. g(x) = fix) - 4
5n 10. () = 12' 12. Domain:
Tt:
13n
15n
21n
23n
12'
{x
E
12' 9\}
12'
--r2'
12
11. () = 2.8018, 0.3398
Range: {Os y
s 2}
13. See full solution. 14. Two possible answers are: (cos ()+ l)(sin ()- 1) = 0 cos"()+ cos () = 0 Other answers are possible. 15.
y.
16. fix)
1 = 6" (x
+ 2)2(X - 3)(x - 4) + 2)(x - 3)(x - 4) 11
or fix)
x
3"(x
17. x
= 5 and
18. 12 19. a. y
b. y 20. X2 + 8x + 17
= 2x = - 2x
+ 16
10
Exercises
Mathematics
8-2
Exercise 8: Horizontal and Vertical Stretches

1. a.
b.
c.
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
2. a.
b.
-5 -5 5 5
c.
-5
3. a.
3 2
b.
6.28
-2 -3
Range: {-I s y Period: 2n Amplitude: 1 c.

3 2
s I}
Range: {-3 ~y Period: 2n Amplitude: 3 d.
s 3}
-1 -2 -3 -2 -3
Range: {-I s y Period: n Amplitude: 1
s I}
Range: {O~y . 2n P eno:d 3 Amplitude: 1
s 2}
Continued 11
Senior 4 Pre-Calculu8
Mathematics
Exercises
8-2

4. a. b. c. d.
-3
-2
-3 -1 -1 2
5. Vertical stretch by a factor of 3.
6.
3
Horizontal stretch by a factor of ~ .
-2
-1 -1 -2 -3
7. Horizontal stretch by a factor of 3.
Continued 12
Exercises
Mathematics
8-2

8. . ..
(-.1.5,.2)
9. a. fix) = g(2x)
b. g(x) =
f(~
x)
10. 76n + 2kn, l!n + 2kn, 3 n + 2kn, where k is an integer 2 11. 2 cos" 0 12. 0 =
.J3 cos 0 = 0
k
E
2n 4n 3 + 2kn, 3 + 2kn, n + 2kn, where
13.
14.
I Y
I I I I I I I I I I I
Domain: {x 1 x;/:- 3} Range: {y Iy $; - 11.65 and y ~ -O.34} Note: Values for range are approximate.
/Ii
I Continued
13
Senior 4 Pre-Calculu8 Mathematic.
Answer. to Cumulative Exercl
B-2

15.
(-2,4)
16. See full solutions. (Hint: What is the measure of the central angle?) 17.
5 5
y2 = x is a parabola, but
y
=.J;
is a semi-parabola.
-5
10
15
y
-5 -5
=-Vx
18. k =-30 19. k = 7 20. a. 181r 1 2 b. 6 nr c. 2
.!or
14
Exercises
Mathematics
8-3
Exercise 9: Symmetry, Reflections, and Inverses

1.
2.
3.
-1
-2 -2
-1
4. a. even
b. neither
c. even
d. odd
e. even
f. even
5. a. Equations i., iii., and iv. are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. b. Replace y with -:y. If there is no change in x, then the graph is symmetrical with the x-axis. 6. a. y = sin x is symmetrical to neither axis. b. y = cos x is symmetrical to the y-axis. 7. a. y = -2x - 4 8. b. y = -2x + 4
9. a. .
1
b..
Continued
15
Mathematics
Exercises
8-3

10. a.
x =-3
6 5 4
x=3
4 5 6
y=2
b.
x=-3
x=3
=2
y=
11. () = 2.09 + 2k1t, 4.19 + 2k1t , where k is an integer.
12. a.
-5
b.
5 -2 -1 1 2 4 5
c.
-3
-5
Continued
16
Exercises
Mathematics
B-3

13.
7t
14.
e = 0.7298
+ 2krc, 2.4118 + 2krc , where k is an integer.
15.
16.
3.J5
e = 0.34 or 2.80
b.
17. a.
-1
18.
This is a semi-parabola.
19. Any parabola in the form y

20. y = -16(x - l)(x - 3)
= a(x -
l)(x - 3).
17
Mathematics
Exercises
8-4
Exercise 10: Graphing Reciprocals

1. a.
3 2 --3 -2 -1 -1 ~
I I I I
b.
3 4 5
------~
------------
Domain: Reals, x :t 2 Range: Reals, y:t 0 Zeroes: None
Domain: Reals, x :t 0 Range: Reals, y:t-2 1 Zeroes: 2" Domain: Reals, x:t-3 Range: Reals, y:t-4 -11 Zeroes:
4
2.
-7
-5
-4 I I I I I
-2
-1 -1 -2
I
I
----------r-----~
I
I
I
-5
I
I I I I
-7
3.
3 2
Domain: {x
9t I x :t 2}
Range: (-00, ~1)u(O, 00)

3 4
Zeroes: None
Domain:
4'~
{x E
9t}
Range: [ ~1 , 0) Zeroes: None
Continued 18
Exercises
Mathematics
B-4

5. a.
-3.14
3.14
.:
6.28
Domain: {x E ~} Range: {-I s y $; I} Zeroes: n1C, n E I 6.
Domain: {x E ~ IX::l; n1C, n Range: {y s -1 or y ~ 1} Zeroes: None
I}
\ ....
1~
. . .
8. IV 9.
-2.J3
3
10. C 11. a. 2700 12. a = 0.4636, 3.605, fJ 13.

.li
b. 3265.860
c. -487.0r
d. -39600
= 2.419,
3.864
J! !L
1 1 1 1 (0,1-1) 1 1 1
"
Continued
19
Answers to Cumulative Exercises 8-4

14. a . -- 4 <x < 0 1
b . k=-4
c. k <
1 -4
or k > 0
15. See full solutions for proof. 16.

2
3 2 9 21 17. y=-x --x-8 4 8 2n 4n
18. () = 0,
3' n, 3' 2n
b.
1
19. a.
c.
d.
20. ~244-120-J2 or 2~61-30.J2
20
Exercises
Mathematics
B-5, B-6
Exercise 11: Graphing Absolute Values

1.
2.
2
3.
-3
-2
-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Domain: Reals Range. y z 0 1 Zeroes: 2" 4.

3
Domain: Reals Rangery z 0 Zeroes: -1
Domain: Reals Range. y e 0 Zeroes: 3
5.
6.
-3 -2 -1 -1 -2
1
-2
2
-3
Domain: Reals Range. y z 0 Zeroes: 2
Domain: Reals Range.y e 0 Zeroes: -2
Domain: Reals Range:y s 3 -3 -9 Zeroes: 2 ' 2 9.
7.
8.
-1
-1
Domain: x 3 Range:y > 0 Zeroes: None
Domain: Reals Range: 0 ~y s 1 Period: tt
Domain: Reals Range: -3 ~y ~ 0 Period: n
Continued
21
Answers to Cumulative Exercises 8-5,8-6

10. a. b.
2
c.
-3
-2
-1 -1
-1
Zeroes:-2 11. Range: {-5 s y Period:4n Amplitude: 3 12. a.
Zeroes: 0
Zeroes: 1..J1:5
s I}
b.
Domain: -6 ~ x ~ 1 Range: -2 ~y c.
Domain: -2 ~ x
s~
s2
d.
Range: -2 ~y ~ 2
Domain: -4 ~ x
s3
Domain:
""2
-1
~x
s3
Range: -1 ~y ~ 3
Range: -2 ~y ~ 2
n
13.
e = 1.0472, 5.2360 or e =
3'
5n
Continued
22
B-5, B-6

14. a. fix) = X2 + 5 (Others possible) 15. See solution. 5 -14 16. a=- c=-b. fix)
= Ix - 31 + 5
c. fix) = ~5x-3
+5
3'
17. lies on the strip between the lines x + y = 5 and x + y = 6

(x, y)
-2
-1 -1
18. 2 19.
~
2 ~ -4 -2 -2 -4 2 4 6 8 10 12
~
-8
20. See full solutions for proof.
23
Answers to Cumulative Exercises 8-6
Exercise 12: Practice with Transformations

l. a. vertical stretch
b. reflect in x-axis 2. a. vertical shrink b. vertical stretch and reflect in x-axis

3. a. vertical shrink and reflect in x-axis b. horizontal compression 4. a. vertical stretch, shift one unit up b. reflect in x-axis, shift six units up 5. a. shift one unit left, stretch vertically b. shift two units right, stretch vertically 6. a. vertical shrink, shift five units down b. vertical shrink, shift four units up 7.
j ......
.
~
...... . . . . . . . .......
1"
8.
4 3 2
-1
Continued 24
Exercises
Mathematics
8-6

9. a. b. c.
-2
Range: {-I S Y S 1}
Range: {-2 S Y S 2}
Range: {-I S Y S I}
Period: 21l" Amplitude: 1

10. a.
2
Period: 21l" Amplitude: 2

b.
Period:1l" Amplitude: 1
c.
-1 -1
-a14
3.14
6.28
Range: {OSy S I}
Range: {OS Y S I}
Range: {2 S Y S 3}
Period:
11.
1l"
Period: 1l"
Period:1l"
+-~~--+---4---~--~---+--~x
12. (1.72, 5.28)
Continued 25
Mathematics
Exercises
8-6

13.
1
14.
Domain: {-3 s x s 4} Range: {-3 s y s -l} 5 15. y = 2 +--
{-9 ~ x
{-2 ~y
s 12}
s 2}
x-I
16.
x=l
246
17. C 18. E
19. n = 3
20. 34.91 dm"
26
Exercises
Mathematics
B-7
Exercise 13: Transformations with Trig Functions
4. Y = 3cos2x
5. Y 6. a.
= 2+2
Sin(~ X) or y = 2 cos [~ (x - ; )] + 2
b. 12.5 hours c. 5.54 hours
20
10
15
20
7. Y= 13.9-9.7COS(:~(t-26))
8. 18.5
9. 87 days
10. 80.41
Continued 27
B-7
Exercise 13: Transformations with Trig Functions

11. a. 2.8449 12. b. 3.2987
c. 3.7699
d. 6.1436
14. a. 4 15.
=1
b. 5
c. 3
d. 2 16.
4
e. 1
~:
-5 --4 -3 -2
3 2
=2
t
4-
1~ 123456 -2 -3
17. a. See full solutions for proof.
b. 75--/2
18. k = -16 19. y = 3, x = 121 20. a. Infinitely many b. y
= x(x
2), y
= 5x(x -
2) and infinitely many others.
28
C-1
Exercise 14: Trigonometric Identities I

1. a. 1 sine 1 cose
1- sin"
c.
e e
sin'' e
1- cos"
2. a.
c.
cos" e
3. a. 1
b. 1
c. I-
I
sin" e
4. See full solutions for proof. 5. See full solutions for proof. 6. See full solutions for proof. 7. See full solutions for proof. 8. See full solutions for proof. 9. 10. 11.
e = 47t'
e=
57t' 3 ' 3
131.8, 228.2 a. are identical b. See full solutions.
12. a. III 13. --
b. IV
c. IV
d. III
-3-fi
7
Continued
29
Mathematics
Exercises
C-1
Exercise 14: Trigonometric Identities I
14.
(-1 -.J3J
2' 2
15. 0= 3n 7n 2 ' 4
16. 0 = 5: + 2kn, 7: + 2kn, where k is an integer.
17. 0 = 3n 7n 1m 15n 8 ' 8' 8 ' 8 18. 0 19. r-1(x) = (3 - x) x 20. m = 6
30
.
C-1
Exercise 15: Trigonometric Identities II

1. See full solutions for proof. 3. See full solutions for proof. 5. See full solutions for proof. 7. See full solutions for proof. 9. 10. 2. See full solutions for proof. 4. See full solutions for proof. 6. See full solutions for proof. 8. See full solutions for proof.
e = 109.5, 250.5 e = 2.7367,

5.8783
. 11. SIn e =-5 13

12.
e = 0.3398 + 2kn, 2.8018 + 2kn, where k is an integer
13.
e = n + 2kn,
3
2n + 2kn, where k is an integer 3
14. See full solutions for proof. 15. a. 3.92699 16. a. 120 17. y = 9 18. C 20. r-l(5) = 13
4
b. 3.7699 b. 150
c. 2.1817
d. 1.8236 d. 135
c. 240
31
Answers to Cumulative Exercises C-2
Exercise 16: Sum and Difference Identities I
2.
.J2+-J6
4
tan a + tan 3. t an (a+ f3) = ----..!...-f3 1- tanatanf3
4. a.
.J2+-J6
4
b.
.J2--J6
4
c.
-2--J3
1- tan a tan f3 5. a. cot( a + f3) = ------=-tana+tanf3

6.
b. tan(a _ f3) = tan a - tan f3 1+ tan a tan f3
-2--J3
7.
.J2--J6
4
8. a.
1023 1025
b.
64
1025
c.
1025
64
d. 1
9. y=sm
. ( t+ 31t')
2
y = - cost
a. identical b. See full solutions for proof.
10. 4
Continued
32
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics C-2
Exercise 16: Sum and Difference Identities I
11. sec8=--
--J85
7
12. 8 = 0.7227, 3.1416, 5.5605 13. See full solutions for proof. 14. See full solutions for proof. 15. See full solutions for proof. 16. d 17.
1.498
-1
18. x=O orx=19. a. O<k<l 20. a. 10
-1 3 b. either k < 0 or k b. 12n
=1
d. 60n
33
Answers to Cumulative Exercises C-2
Exercise 17: Sum and Difference Identities II

n cos 8 - -J3 sin 8 1. cos( - + u = -----3 2
a)
2. tan(8 _ n) 6
-J3 tan 8 -1 -J3 + tan 8
3. sec(n + 8) =
4
cos 8 - sin 8 1 2
J2
5. a. 2
J2
b.
6. a. (63 -16) 65' 65
b. Quadrant IV 8. See full solutions for proof. 10. See full solutions for proof.
7. See full solutions for proof. 9. See full solutions for proof. 11. See full solutions for proof. 63 12. tan(a - f3) =16 13. Possible solutions: a. sint = cos(tb. sin t ;) or cos(t+
3;)
= sin(t
+ 2n) or sin(t - 4n)
c. See full solutions for possible proof. 14. 8 = 3.66 + 2kn , 5.76 + 2kn , where k is an integer.
16. 8 = 1.23, 1.57, 4.71, 5.05 17. (sin x - cos x)(sin2 x + sin x cos x + cos"x) 18. (tan x + cot xntan" x + cot" X 19. See full solutions for proof.
-
1)
34
Exercises
Mathematics
C-2
Exercise 18: Double Angle Identities

1. See full solutions for proof. 2. See full solutions for proof. tan 28 = 2tan8 I-tan28
3. 4.
--13
5. 0.81 6. See full solutions for proof. . 7 . a. SIn28 = 24 25 b. cos28
= -7 25
8. sin28 = 12M 49 9.
y
= cos28
y=~
For alternate method, see solutions. 8 = 0.262, 2.880, 3.403, 6.021 10. See full solutions for proof. 11. See full solutions for proof. 12. See full solutions for proof. 13. cot8 =-2
-J5
Continued 35
C-2
Exercise 18: Double Angle Identities

14.
2.J3 -6
3
15. See full solutions for proof. 16. (J =
+ k1C, where k is an integer.
17. (J = 0.3398 + 2k1C, 2.8018 + 2k1C, where k is an integer 18. sin( ~ - x )
= cos x
b. cos(~ - x ) = sin x
19. a.
b. y = fl(X) is not a function, therefore, y = fix) is not one-to-one.
20. a. quadratic b. (4, 2) c. four units to the right and two units up
36 ,
Exercises
Mathematics
0-1
Exercise 19: Exponential Functions

1. a. b. D: {x Ix E 9\} R: {y Iy > O} c. The y-values increase.
-2
-1
2. a.
b. Both pass through (0,1). Both have the same domain and range. Both have the same horizontal asymptotes.
f(x)
__ -1 t-++-+ _
(;J
c. fix) = 2% an increasing function; is
fix) = (~)
is a decreasing function.
3. a.
b. D: {x I x E 9\} R: {y Iy > O} c. x-intercepts: none y-intercept: 3
-3
-2
-1
4.
5. a. 2.5
b. 34.3
Continued
37
Mathematics
Exercises
0-1

6. a. 1.6 7. a. b. 2.1 b. fix) = 4" increasing function y-intercept is 1 R: {y Iy > O} hex) =-4" decreasing function y-intercept is -1 R: {y Iy < O} 8. a.
g(x) =
4-" decreasing function y-intercept is 1 R: {y Iy > O}
9. See full solutions for proof. 10. 11.

f) =
0, 2.3005, 3.9827, 21r 12. 13.

2
234 -1
14. a.
b.
3 -2 2
-1 -1
-1
234
Continued
38
Exercises
Mathematics
0-1

15.
5
16.
--3
-2
-1
-1
-1
17. 18. 19.
(23 3~J
32' 32
4'
o= ~
5n 4
20. Two possible answers are:
f( x) f( x)
= 3sin( x
- :)
cos( x _
3:)
Other answers possible.
39
Mathematics
Exercises
0-2
Exercise 20: Solve Exponential Equations

1. x=5 4. x 2. x=3 5. x =-3 8. x 3 x
= 2.5
= -3,-1
6. x=6 9. a. and c.
7. x
= -0.5
14 15
10.
11.
x-intercept: none y-intercept:

-2 -1
-1
12. x-intercept: none y-intercept: 3 Domain: {x 1 x E 9t} Range: fy Iy > O} Horizontal Asymptote: y = 0
-1 -1
234
Continued 40,
Exercises
Mathematics
0-2
Exercise 20: Solve Exponential Equations

14.
6
4 2
-Q
-4
-2 -2 -4
15. odd 16. A = -1 and B = 0 17.
-1
18.
19.
20.
41
Mathematics
Exercises
0-3,0-4
Exercise 21: Logarithmic Functions

l. a. log381 = 4 2. a. 24
3. a. 2
b. log216 4 b. 43 1 b. 2
c. logl( - 16 4 c.
= 16
= 64
~)= 2 10-2 = 0.01
d. log{~) =-3 d. 5-1 d. 1
= 1. 5
c. 6
4.
-2
-2
5. Domain: (1, 00) Range: {y E 9t} y-intercept: none x-intercept: 2 Asymptote: x = 1
-1
5 -1
-2
6.
3
Domain: (0, 00) Range: {y E 9t} y-intercept: none x-intercept: 1~5 Asymptote: x = 0
-1 -1
Continued 42
Exercises
Mathematics
0-3,0-4

7.
3
-2
-1 -1
Domain: (-00,3) Range: {y E 9t} y-intercept: 2 x-intercept: 0.7925 Asymptote: x = 3
-2
8.
Domain: (1, 00) Range: {y E 9t} y-intercept: none x-intercept: ~
-2
-1 -1
Asymptote: x = 1
-2
9. x = 2
1 10. x= 2
11. x =-1
12. x=3
13.
3
Domain: {x 1 x E 9t} Range: {y Iy > O} y-intercept: 1 x-intercept: none Asymptote: y = 0

2 3 4
-2
-1
14.
Domain: {x 1 x E 9t} Range: {y Iy < 2} y-intercept: ~
-2
-1
Asymptote: y = 2
Continued 43
Mathematics
Exercises
0-3,0-4

15. 16.
3
-1
2
-1
17.
-1
-1
-2
18.
-1
-1
19. 20.
e = 0, n, 2n, "3' 3 e = 2.08, 4.20, 8.37,

10.48
2n
4n
44
Exercises
Mathematics
0-5
Exercise 22: Logarithmic Theorems I
1. a. 3
b. log( 3. a. log3x +
1 "2 log3Y
y2 4
-Jb)
t
b. 3log x + 4logy - 6 log z
c. log, 6 + log, X 4. See full solutions for proof. 5.

y=logx
-1
-1
-2
6.
"5
log36
7. 1.195, 1.723
8. log 8 + 3 log a + 4log b - 6 log c - log 5

b. log5(_I_) =-3
9. a. log, 1296
=4
125
10. a. 82 = 64 11. Domain: (0,00) Range: {y E 9t} y-intercept: none x-intercept: 1 Asymptote: x = 0
Continued 45
Mathematics
Exercises
0-5
Exercise 22: Logarithmic Theorems I

12. a. x =-6
b. x
=9
-1
-1 13. x= 3
14. x=-
15. The graphs are identical since Domain: {y E 9t} Range: (0,00) x-intercept: none y-intercept:
(3
X )
= 3- (3 = 3x1
X )
17. 8=0, 19. a.
4' 4' 4' 4
n 3n 5n 'lt:
18. a.
b. Period = 2
b. Period = x c. Horizontal Shift = ~n
20. a.
b.
5 4
3.+ -2
.,~,
\-1
-1
2 2
-1
46
Exercises
Mathematics
0-5
Exercise 23: Logarithmic Theorems II

1. a. log2210 b. log58
b. log26
3. a. 0.7781
b. 1.1461
c. 0.669
d. 0.6607
4. See full solutions for proof. 5. False 6. 0.935785 1 7. log, 3 + log, b + 2"loga(c + 1) -Iog, 4 - 2loga d
3
x't 8. log, ( y2k4

1 9. x= 4 10. x =-3
11. log3(!) =-2 12. 25 = 32 13. { } 14.
Continued 47
Mathematics
Exercises
0-5
Exercise 23: Logarithmic Theorems II

15. a.
2
b.
c.
-2
-1
-1
16.
-1
17. 141.34 18. fl(X) 19. B 20.

=
x;
48
Exercises
Mathematics
0-6
Exercise 24: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I

1. a. x
= 25
b. x b. {x
=5
E
c. 0, x:l: I}
X=
8"
2. a. x=4
~I x>
c. x
=0
3. b. and d.
4. a. x 5. a. x
10
b. x = 729 b. x
c. x = 1
= 25
= 48
c. x = 2
6. x
7. x
= -1,5 = -3,6
8. x=4 9. b.and -1 10. x= 2 11. cote 12. c.
-3 =4
2
-J
-2
Domain: (--00, 0) Range: {y E ~} y-intercept none x-intercept -1 Asymptote: x = 0
Continued 49
Mathematics
Exercises
0-6
Exercise 24: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I

15.
-2
-1
-1
16.
-5
10
17. x = 32.J3
18. y = 3sin(2x
19. y = 2 + x
-TC)
or y
= 3CO{2x+
;)
50
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics 0-6
Exercise 25: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations II

1. x = 5 4. x = 2 7. x = 2.15 10. See full solutions for proof. 11. x 2. x = 5 5. x = 7
8.
3. x = 3 6. x = 1.95 9. x = 1.445
x = -0.52
10
-3 12. x= 2 13. x =-4

14. x = 54
15. x =-1 16. (65 81' 17.
4.J146)
81 18.
6
-2
-4
19. 315.13 20. sin( 4;), sin( 5;), cos(5;), cos(7;), tan(2.428), tan(5.570)
51
0-7,0-8
Exercise 26: Natural Logarithms

1. a. 221.41 2. The graph of h(x) is between fix) and g(x) since 2 < e < 3. b. 0.512 c. 2.244 d. -5.627
-2
-2
3.
Property h(x) I!(x) fix) Domain {x I x E 5R} {x I x E 5R} {x I x E 5R} {y I y > O} {y I y > O} {y I y > -3} Range In3 == 1.1 x-intercept none none 1 -2 y-intercept == 0.05 Asymptote(s) y=O y=O y =-3
4.
jl(X) Property fix) {x I x E 5R} {x I x> O} Domain {Yly>O} {y lYE 5R} Range none x-intercept 1 1 none y-intercept Asymptote(s) y=O x=O
-2
5. a.
1 2 [31n x + In(x + 1)] 1 b. X= 3
b. In(x - 1) + 21n(x + 3) - "21n(x2+ 2) c. x
6. a. x = -329.58369
=8
d. x = 1.30472
7. a. 43.90 grams after 3 years.
b. x
= 3.466 years
Continued
52
exercises
Mathematics
0-7,0-8
Exercise 26: Natural Logarithms

8. t = 6.93 years 9. n=l 9 10. log, 16-./2 = 2 11. See full solutions for proof. 7 12. x= 2 13. x=2 14. x=8 15. x = 11 16. log 4 + log(x - 5) - 3 log x - log(x + 6)
17.
3:14 -1 -2
6.28
18. 1.034 19. B = 20. P =
2' A = 2, and
1r
C =-2
-./2 2
1 and Q =
-./2 - -J3
2
53
0-8
Exercise 27: Applications of the Exponential Function
1. a. In[
(x _1)2Vx2 + 1
b. In(x-1)
100 2 . a. k = In 2 3. a. b. c. d. 4.
b. k =
-In 3
4
A = $5436.55 after 1 year A = $11 547.99 after 10 years Interest earned after 10 years is $ 6547.99 P = $13 160.18 is the initial investment.
After 20 years, there will be 673 gophers. The gophers' population will double after 7.3 years.
60
30
5. t = 13.73 years 6. a. k= In (0.8) 5 b. y = 6.4 grams c. x = 15.5 years
7. t = 39.83 years 8. H = 2.0 9. a.

X
10-7 b. No x-intercept. The y-intercept is 1.
-2
Continued 54
0-8
Exercise 27: Applications of the Exponential Function

10. See full solutions for proof. 11. x = 3 12. x = 3 13. a. x = 0.321 14. b. x = 0.321 15.
-2
17.
e = 0.2527, 2.889, 3.871, 5.554
4 18. 5 19. D
3 20. x = 0, 5, - 2
55
Mathematics
Exercises
E-1
Exercise 28: Counting Principles

1. a. 7 2. a. k+3 3. n=5 4. a.
11, 111, V
b. 31 b. 7(r + 2)(r + 1)r2
c. 504
d. 210
b. Answers will vary 6. 1320 ways 8. 60 ways b. 6 ways c. 12 ways
5. 4 ways 7. 240 meals 9. a. 6 ways 10. 240 ways 11. c. 12. See full solutions for proof. 2 13. x= 3 14. x
= 4.51
e=
1.8235, 4.4597 17.3 years
17. T
18. See full solutions for proof. 19. a. k 20.
= 0.12945
b. P
= 78.19 kPa
56
Exercises
Mathematics
E-2
Exercise 29: Permutations with Repetitions and Restrictions

1. a. 3360 2. 69300 3. 6 ways 4. a. 60 ways 5. 17 576 000 plates 6. a. 125 7. 48 8. 72 9. a. 384 10. 34 other routes 11. log 1 7 = -49
b. 1663200
b. 24 ways
c. 24 ways
d. 48 ways
b. 15
b. 1152
1 2
12. See full solutions for proof. 13. 2

1
15. (0, 2) and (-2, 0) 16. 81 17. 0.9 18.
e = 1.1988, 2.1404, 4.3403, 5.2819
19. 2x4 - 5x3 + 5x - 2 20. a. 24 644 bacteria b. 4.39 hours
57
Mathematics
Exercises
E-2
Exercise 30: Permutations

1. a. 20 2. a. n(n- 1) 3. n=7 4. a. 720 ways b. 72 ways b. 210 b. n-2
5. 30240 ways
6. 288 ways 7. 336 ways 8. a. 12 9. a. 1680 "words" 10. See full solutions. 11. [0, 1] 12. 5-1 = b. 2 b. 210 "words" c. 180 "words"
13. See full solutions for proof. 14. See full solutions for proof. 15. fix): R: {y I y > OJ;y-intercept is 1
g(x):
R: {y I y < OJ;y-intercept is -1
16. x = 4.11
Continued 58
Exercises
Mathematics
E-2
Exercise 30: Permutations

17.
~.28
-3.14
-1
-2
18 AB = 21l' . 3 19.
-4
-2
20. k = 4
59
Mathematics
Exercises
E-2
Exercise 31: Circular Permutations

1. a. 5040 ways 2. 2880 ways 3. The history classroom has the greater number of seating arrangements. 4. 3 bracelets 7. a. 720 8. 523 numbers 9. a. 420 10. 14400 11. a. In a row 12. See full solutions for proof. 13. 2 3 14. x= - and x 2 15. -1 = -2
2
b. 1440 ways
5. 21600 b. 220
6. 420
c. 420
b. 160
c. 14
b. There are 21 600 more ways to sit in a row.
16. n = 19
17. n = 5
18. x = 3; + 2kn, where k is an integer. 19. B 20. D
60
Exercises
Mathematics
E-2
Exercise 32: Permutations with Case Restrictions

I. 840 ways 2. 103680 3. a. 1440 4. a. 288 ways 5. a. 720 ways 6. a. 840 ways 7. 14400 ways 8. 150 9. 302400 ways 10. a . 39 916 800 ways b. 518 400 ways c. 86 400 ways b. 960 b. 144 ways b. 120 ways b. 360 ways
c. 600 ways
c. 240 ways
.J2 II. 2
12. x=3 13. Quadrant III 14. a. x=-15. a. and c. 16. t=2 17. 8=0'3'3,2n
2n 4n
3 2
b. x
="3
18. 46.21 minutes
20. a. i
= 5 cos (120m)
b. i
= -4.045
amperes
61
Mathematics
Exercises
E-3
Exercise 33: Combinations

1. a. 6 2. a. b. c. d. b. 20 d. 21
Both equal 28. Both equal 10. The answers, in each pair, are the same. The number of ways of choosing r objects from n is the same as the number of ways of leaving behind the n - r remaining objects. b. x = 4
3. a. n = 10 4. 13983816 5. 18,375 6. a. 2598960 7. 16 8. a. 36 ways 9. 84 ways 10. a. 84 ways 11. n hands
b. 65 780 hands
c. 158 184 hands
b. 100 ways b. 39 ways b. 49 ways
c. 24 ways c. 130 ways
= 15
12. 403,200 13. See full solution for proof. 14. 1995840 15. x=2 16. 5 17. a. 151351200 18. 132 4..[5 19. a. 9 1 b. 9 -7..[5 b. 10810800
22 20. a. 27
b.
-27
62
E4
Exercise 34: Binomial Theorem
3. a. 512x9 + 2304x8 + 4608x7 4. -76545a5 5. 210a4bB 6. 35 4y
b. 2048x22
11264x21 + 28160x20
7. 924
9. 9Cr(3af-r(6~~
10. 372736x2O 11. 450450 ways 12. 12600 ways 13. a. 80 ways 14. a. 13300 b. 1260 ways b. 1596000 c. 2520 ways
15. a. 0 ways or impossible b. 32 16. See full solutions for proof. 17. a. 666 863.31 18. a. 253 games 19 () = ~ . 6'
51t
b. 1.83 days b. 506 games
20. a. $8635.70 d. $ 8901.38
b. $8832.16 e. $8902.16
c. $8878.56
63
E-2, E-3, E-4
Exercise 35: Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial Theorem

1. 3276 committees 2. a. 79 833 600 ways b. 3,628,800 ways c. 13 305 600 ways
4.
20C9
(x )11( -2y )9
5. 840x2 b. 56 b. 49 c. 1
6.
495 16
7. -42240x14
8. a. 70 9. a. 28 10. 1320 11. 126 12. n=7 13.
Domain: {x Ix E ~} Range: {y Iy > O} Horizontal Asymptote: y = 0 x-intercept: none y-intercept: 1 The graphs of fix) and g(x) are the same.
-1
-1
14. x = 6 17. 210 18. 36 19. a. 330 20. x = 0.739
15 I (9.3)(8.6) . og% 19.1
16. 240
b. 462
64
Exercises
Mathematics
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 36: Parabola

1. a. b.
i=4x
c.
d.
2. a.
b.
y.
(y
+2) = -4(x -2) (2, -2)
(y - 3)
= 4(x + 5)
Continued 65
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 36: Parabola

3. a.
y
b.
(x -2)
2
y.
= -8(y + 1)
-3
(x +3) =
2
4y
Vertex (2, -1) 4. 5.
Vertex (-3, 0)
y.
-1
(y +1)
= 20x
Vertex (0, -1)

6. a =
Vertex (2, 0) 7. (3, - 2)

8. y
4"
1
=2
9. x =-2
10. y + 3 = -7(x - 2)2 12. 231 14. x =-7 16. x
11. 1440 13. 672

15. 52 = 25
=3
17
231 16 19. 7.79 years
18. See full solutions for proof. 20 .

66
Tt: e = -+
2k 'ft, --+ 2k 'ft, k IS an In teger. Ll.n .
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 37: Circle and Ellipse 1. 3? + (y +
(x -
1)2
=4
3. (x - 2)2 + (y + 2)2
= 52
4. a. (x + 1)2 + (y - 5)2 = 1 x
C(-l, 5), r: 1
5. a.
b.
6. a.
(Centre (2. 0)
b.
-2
Centre (-3, 2)
Continued 67
Mathematics
Exercises
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 37: Circle and Ellipse

7. a.
-2 -2
b.
10
-8
(Centre (2, -5)
-s
-8
Centre (-1, 2)
X2
y2
8. a. Center: (0, 0); Equation: 36 +
"9 =
+
1 (y_3)2 4 =1
(X-2)2
b. Center: (2, 3); Equation: 9. See full solutions for proof. 10.
(x -
36
3)2 (y _ 2)2 =1 + 25 49 12. n = 6

14. x = 0,-1 16. (x - 5)2 + (y - 5)2= 25
11. See full solutions for proof. 13. See full solutions for proof. 15. 360 numbers 17. 1.72271 19. B = 219.8 20. a. b.
18. 0.835
68 .
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 38: Hyperbola

1. a. b.
2. a.
b.
2ll
...
-2
Centre (0, 0)
-2
12
18
Centre (~, -7)
-20
3. a.
,
,
, , , ,,
, "
11
..
12
b.
\ /
/ /
'---------(
1\ 1 \
1 1
r', - - --
/
\ \ / /
1
1 1
10 , , ',I. ,,
,
\ \ / / \ /
, , , , ,,
-1
';L I'
\ \ \
,, ,, ,
-10 ,-8
-<I
--'
-a
-,
--'
",,
/ /
/
,, ,
/
/--------', ,
,,
X2
y2
4.
16
(y _
36
1)2
=1
(X -
5.
25
2)2 49
=1
Continued 69
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 38: Hyperbola

6. a. ellipse e. parabola b. hyperbola f. ellipse b. hyperbola c. parabola d. hyperbola
7. a. ellipse
8. a.
c. circle b.
y.
d. parabola
x
x2_y~2 x2_y~1 x2_y~O.1
10. k = 1.6 11. 20 12. x = 8 13. 104 = 10000 14. See full solutions for proof. 15. 2903040 16. See full solutions for proof. 17. x = 15 18. a. 1.571, 3.142 b.
2'
7r
7r
2lx6 20. 2
70 ,
G-1, G-2
Exercise 39: Sample Spaces

1. a. H,T b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c. (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T) d. (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) ,(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) ,(2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4) ,(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4) ,(4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4) ,(6, 5), (6, 6) e. (H,H,H), (H,H,T), (H,T,H), (T,H,H), (T,T,T), (T,T,H), (T,H,T), (H,T,T) 2. a. (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9), (6, 7), (6, 8), (6, 9), (7, 7), (7, 8), (7, 9), (8, 7), (8, 8), (8, 9)
b. (3)(4) = 12
c. 2 points
1 d. 12
3. a. Independent c. Independent 4. 1-P 4 5. a. 52 3 10
b. Dependent d. Independent
13 b. 52 b. 7 -
c.
1 -
52
6. a.
10
c. 1 (Certainty)
6 7. a. 36 16 8. 52 9. See full solutions for proof.
10 b. 36
Continued 71
Mathematics
Exercises
G-1, G-2
Exercise 39: Sample Spaces

10. x = 2 11. x
= 7.838
12. 2.613
b. 120 14. (y - 2)2 = 12(x - 3)

16
c. 6th term
d. 11 terms
-8
-16
15. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
parabola with vertical axis of symmetry parabola with horizontal axis of symmetry hyperbola circle oblique line ellipse horizontal line vertical line b. 10.9 g b. 2.08 and 5.22
16. a. 19.43 days 17. a. 5.85 and 3.57 18. 1 330 560 ways
19. 8 = 0.8411 + 2kn; 2.3005 + 2kn; 3.9827 + 2kn; 5.4421 + 2ktr, where k is an integer. 20. $2439.35
72
Exercises
Mathematics
G-3
Exercise 40: Probability of Independent and Dependent Events

1. a. - 1 169 1 2. 3 1 3. a. 4 1 4. a. 4 5 5. 9 7 6. 8 1 7. 6 5 b. 24 b. 1 16 13 c. 24 b. 1 221
9. 9 31 10. 66 11. (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4) 12. Answers will vary. 13. ! 2 3 14. 13 15. 3.14 units"
Continued
73
Mathematics
Exercises
G-3
Exercise 40: Probability of Independent and Dependent Events

16. x = 0, 6 17.
{(x) /?(x) {x x e ~} {y y > O}
I {x I x e ~} Domain I {y I y > O} Range Horizontal y=O y=O Asymptote Increasing Increasing none x-intercept none y-intercept 4 1
18. See full solutions for proof. 19. Middle term: ~; 3 20. 2
-252
next term: 2x8
945
74
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics G-3
Exercise 41: Combining Probabilities 30 1. 31 2. a. 0.28 3 3. 13 5.

-
b. 0.05292
4. 6
55
6.
7 -
13
1 7. 12 13 9. 51
1
1 8. 4
10. a. 8000000 11.

(y_1)2 _ (x+ 4)2 =
7880599 b. 8000000 1
,, ,, ,,
/ / / / /" /
r-,-I', I I ' .. / /,
-4
-- /f
// I I I
'-r-+-~~-r-ty~~-~,~T-;--r-+-+-'x
/
/ / / / / /
__
__ ~
12. independent 13. a. 2

1
3 b. 26
c.
"2
Continued 75
Mathematics
Exercises
G-3
Exercise 41: Combining Probabilities

rr 5rr 14. 8="3' 3' rr 15. a. X2 + y2 = 4 d. 3x2 + 2y2 = 6 g. x=3 16. x=l 17. See full solutions for proof. 19. 1215 -2x7 18. 98rr units? or 307.88 units" b. y
= X2 -
2x + 3 f. y-2=0
e. y =-rx h. 4x - 2y + 5
=0
i. y =
Ixl
20. 112.5917
76
Exercises
Mathematics
G-4
Exercise 42: Conditional Probability I 1. 2 2.

1
77 160
7 3. 12
4 P(R) =
!!.. P(W) = .L. P(B) = ~

30' 10'
15
5. 9 11 13 6. P(Even) = 18; P(< 3) = 18 13 1 1 7. P(l) = 20; P(2) = 4; P(3) = 10 8. a.
First Play
Second Play
Third Play
yJ
different
(Jane wins)
1 2
J~ K K (Kate wins)
J (neither wins)
b. 4
5 c. 8 b. 54912
d. 8
9. a. 624
10. x = 2
Continued
Answers to Cumulative Exercises G-4
Exercise 42: Conditional Probability I

11. a. (R, R), (R, B), (R, y), (B, B), (B, R), (B, y), (Y, y), (Y, R), (Y, B) b. No 12. 55 63 13 21 10 21 b. 1 c. peA) P(B)
y.
c. Dependent
11 d. 18
13.
14.
15. a. 0 16
d. P(A) PCB I A)
(x- 3)2 _ (y+ 2)2 = 1
49
25
~,
<,
,,
__
,,
~
/ /
,,
__
/ /
__
,, ~'~~~~/~/
<, <,
<, /
/ / / / __
~~~
.x
/'W',
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / /
,,
,-,
<, <,
-,
<,
<, <,
-,
<, <,
""
-, -,
<,
-c
17. See full solutions for proof. 18. x
= "5
20. 1440
78
Exercises
Mathematics
G-4
Exercise 43: Conditional Probability II 3 1. 4

2. 0.42
3. a. 0.26
4. 0.68 5. 8 -
b. 0.69
13 3
6. 8
5 7. 8 8. x=2 9. y =3
y. 5
4
Cos( x -
~)
10. x = 5,-1 2 11. 15
Continued
79
Mathematics
Exercises
G-4
Exercise 43: Conditional Probability II

2 12. 5 5 13. 52 29 14. 50 15. Domain: {x I x -::j: O} Range: {y Iy E 9\} x-intercept: 1, -1 y-intercept: none Asymptote: x = 0
16. x = 5 17. 15n 18.
.JiO < x < 100
80
Exercises
Mathematics
G-5
Exercise 44: Probability Using Permutations and Combinations

1. 1.8 X 10-5 1 2. 6 5 4. 26 1 6. 504 8. 0.008 2 10. 3 4 b. 15 e.
-
3. 0.39 1 5. 10 1 7. 5 2 9. 7 2 11. a. 5 3 d. 5 1 12. 10 1 13. 3 7 14. a. 10
c. -
1 3
2 3
17 b. 25
Continued
81
Mathematics
Exercises
G-S
Exercise 44: Probability Using Permutations and Combinations

y.
16.
(5,7)
(-1, -1)
(5, -9)
17. () = 3.6470 + 2kn, 6.0305 + 2kn, where k is an integer. 18. r = 9.13% 19. 116 396 280 20. 2.523658
82
Exercises
Mathematics
H-1
Exercise 45: Geometric Sequences

l. a. arithmetic, d
=2
b. geometric, r e. neither
=2
c. arithmetic, d f. geometric, r
= -3
. d. geome t rIC, r g. geometric, r
1 = 2"
= .J2
= -5
2. 3, 9, 27, 81: geometric
3. a. 2,4, 8, ... 4. a. fix) = 2.1:+1
b. 1,4,16, ... b. fix)
c. 6,
18, 54, ...
d. 8,4,2, ...
= 2(W)
c. fix) = (_2)%-1
d. f(x)
5. a. 384
= 20 (1)% 2
or f(x)
= 10(1)%-1 2
6. a. $10 600, $11 236, $11 910.16 b. $10000(l.06)n c. 12 years

8. 17 9. k =6 10. 5 1C
18 17 8
11. csc() = -12. a. circle
d. line
13. a.
b. hyperbola e. ellipse b. 15 32
c. parabola f. semi-parabola
15 28
Continued 83
H-1
Exercise 45: Geometric Sequences

14. a. 0'y+ve
hastra~5 0.001 -ve
b. 0.02093
c. 0.00095
d. 0.04539
0.999 not trait
0~02 +ve
0.98
-ve
15. See full solutions for proof. 16. x 17.
=3
3'
~+1
()=
7r 57r 3
-
18. y =
19. True. (See full solutions for proof.) 20. a. 12600 b. 4200
84
Exercises
Mathematics
H-2
Exercise 46: Geometric Series

1. a. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30 c. -2 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 1 1 15 e. 2 + 1 + - + - = 2 4 4 2. Both series are the same: 6 + 12 + 24 + 48
8
b. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30 d. 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 30
b. I(4+2k)
k=l
Note: other expressions are possible. 4. a. and c. are arithmetic; d. and e. are geometric. 5. a. 384 6. a. 1000, 1050, 1102.5 7. a. 1023 d. 36 8. 995.81 9. 14.77 4 10. a. 13 11. a. 650 1 b. 9 b. 1406 1 c. 16 b. 765 b. 33065.95 c. 906.64 1)
b. 255.75 e.
X2(X 20 -
X2
-1
12. a., b., and c. are independent. 3 13. 2
Continued 85
Answers to Cumulative Exercises H-2
Exercise 46: Geometric Series

14.
5
15
20
Domain: (3,00) Range: 9\ x-intercept: 4 y-intercept: none Asymptote: x = 3
15. See full solutions for proof. 16. x = 9 17. X2 + y2 - 8x - 8y + 7
=0
b. 1120x4
117 18. a. 256x16 - 4Xll + x6 19. 1098240 20. x = 2
86
H-3
Exercise 47: Infinite Geometric Series

1 I. a. 8 2. a. 12 3. a. 16 16 4. 3 5. S~ = 2~~ or 16(-12+2) b. 7.875 b. 4 b. 3 c. 7.9922 c. 18
d. 8
2 d. 3
6. S = 10-J3 or 20-J3 + 30 3 2- -J3 3

ee
27 7. a. 32 metres 8. a. 2184 9. 10 levels
b. 14 metres b. 4334.05
10. See full solutions for proof. II.

-
4 13
1 12. 120 13. x-intercept: 0.415 y-intercept: -
Domain: {x Ix E 9\} Range: {y Iy >-l}

-4 -3 -2 -1 -1
-2
Continued 87
H-3
Exercise 47: Infinite Geometric Series

14. logsl
"9 =-"2
15. See full solutions for proof. 16. 3.19 x 10-11 17. x = 1.5
19. (x + 3)2 _ y2 = 1 9
... ...
... <,
)0 12
-2
<,
<,
20. x = 6
<, <, <, <, ......
...
88
----/

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SENIOR 4 PRE-CALCULUS MATHEMATICS ANSWERS TO CUMULATIVE EXERCISES

A Supplement to A Foundation for Implementation

Manitoba Education and Training Cataloguing in PUblication Data

*Until June 1998

**Until June 1999

*Until June 1998

**Until June 1999

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics

Answers to Cumulative Exercises

Outcome(s) A-I A-2 A-3 5 A-4 A-5 A-6 B-1

Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions

B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5, B-6 B-6 27 B-7 C-l C-l

Graphing Absolute Values

Practice with Transformations

Transformations with Trig Functions Trigonometric Identities I Trigonometric Identities II 29 31 32 34

C-2 C-2 C-2 D-l D-2

Solve Exponential Equations

New Topic Presented Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic Theorems I Logarithmic Theorems II 42

Outcome(s) D-3, D-4 D-5 D-5 49 51 D-6 D-6 D-7, D-8

Applications of the Exponential Function Counting Principles

Permutation with Repetitions and Restrictions Permutations 58 60 61

E-2 E-2 E-2 E-2 E-3

Permutations with Case Restrictions Combinations 62

Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial Theorem 64 Parabola

E-2, E-3, E-4 F-1, F-2, F-3

Circle and Ellipse Hyperbola 69 71

F-1, F-2, F-3 F-1, F-2, F-3 G-1, G-2

Probability of Independent and Dependent Events Combining Probabilities Conditional Probability I

G-3 G-3 G-4

Answers to Cumulative Exercises

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics

NewTopic Presented Conditional Probability II 79 81

Outcome(s) G-4 G-5

Probability Using Permutations and Combinations Geometric Sequences Geometric Series 85 87 83

H-l H-2 H-3

Infinite Geometric Series Review I Review II Review III 89 90 92

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics

Answers to Cumulative Exercises

Answers to Cumulative Exercises

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics

Exercise 1: Degree and Radian Measure

Exercise 2: The Unit Circle

b. II, IV -9 40) -. ( 41' 41 -15 17

-12 6. y=13 9. yes 10. n radians; 600 3

13. AB = 5.315 or AB = 1.317 (two possible answers) 14. x

17. a. 8 18. (x - 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 4)

Exercise 3: Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions

4. a. Both sides reduce to

b. Both sides reduce to

c. { },does not exist I11t 6

8. (x, y) = (1, -2)

13. Yes, lines are parallel.

Exercise 3: Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions

15. sin (J = 1, cos (J = 0, tan (J is undefined 1 2

17. 53 18. x = 3 or x = - 1 19. 1

Answers to Cumulative exercises

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics

Exercise 4: Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval

3 9. -4 10. Both sides reduce to ~. 2

Exercise 5: General Solution of Trigonometric Equations

n 2kn 5n 2kn 2. a. 8 = -+--, -+--, 9 3 9 3 b.

.. where k ISan Integer

= 2n + 4kn, 4n + Akn; where k is an integer