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Amit Prashant
Note: Piles used for initial testing are loaded to failure or at least twice the design load. Such piles are generally not used in the final construction.
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Note: During this test pile should be loaded upto one and half times the working (design) load and the maximum settlement of the test should not exceed 12 mm. These piles may be used in the final construction
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Chin Fung Kee (1977): Assumes hyperbolic curve. Relationship between settlement and its division with load is taken as to be bilinear with its intersection as failure load
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Vertical Load Test: Maintained Load Test Load as per IS: 2911
Safe Load for Single Pile:
Safe
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I ws = 2 + 0 35 0.35
L D
L Cs = 0.93 + 0.16 .C p D
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Elastic compression of sub-grade can be obtained by subtracting the elastic compression of pile from total elastic recovery. If this value as calculated comes out to be negative it is ignored. This new value of deformation is plotted against the load Curve C2. Bearing and frictional resistance are again evaluated as described on the last slide. This process is repeated 3 to 4 times to obtain reasonable values of frictional and bearing resistance of pile 57
Tapered Piles
Driven tapered piles with larger dimension at the top are believed to be more effective in sand deposits. Force components acting on the pile are ti th il given below.
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Tapered Piles
Value of K for tapered piles is recommended between 1.7Ko to 2.2Ko by Bowels. Meyerhof (1976) suggested K1 5 K1.5. Blanchet (1980) suggested K=2Ko. The frictional resistance of these piles is relatively larger than that of straight piles as indicated in the adjacent plot.
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Aledg =
(r
2 i 1
ri 2
Lledg
Asi = Di Li
K o = 1 sin i
Li
Di
= 2 K o .tan i
Qu fs
Wp
Qu = f s . As + W p
Uplift capacity of pile with bottom bulb is taken as minimum of the following two equations by Meyerhof and Adams (1968)
Qu = cu . As .K + Ws + W p
Qu
Qu = 2.25 D D .cu + W p
2 b 2
fs
Wp
Ws
D
Db
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Qu = .c.Db .L + s = 1+
Qu =
(D
D 2 ( c.N c + v .N q ) + As . f s + W p
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W = Weight of hammer H = Height of fall Qu = Pile resistance or Pile capacity S = Pile penetration for the last blow
during driving [1 in. or 25.4 mm for drop hammer] [0.1 in or 2.54 mm for steam hammer]
A factor of safety FS = 6 is recommended for estimating the allowable capacity Note: Dynamic pile formula are not used for soft clays due to pore pressure evolution
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e=0
W .v1 = (W + P ) .v2
W + P v1 = .v2 W
0 W = 0 1 2 W + P 2 W + P W/P W .v2 Efficiency of blow with a non-zero value of the coefficient of restitution e.
1 W + P 2 .v2 2 g
1 W 2 g
For W > P =
W + Pe 2 W +P
For P > W =
W + Pe 2 W Pe W +P W +P
negligible
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C1 = 1 761 1.761
R A R = 3.726 A R = 5.509 A
Driving without helmet or dolly but only a cushion or pad of 25 mm thick on head. f thi k h d Driving of concrete or steel piles with helmet and short dolly without cushion. Concrete pile driven with only 75 mm packing under helmet and without dolly.
C2 = 0.657
R.L A
R Ap
C3 = 0.073 + 2.806
R Np
Ultimate driving resistance in kN Total number of blows to drive the pile Length of pile in meters. Weight of hammer in kN. Height of free fall in meters. Average set i.e. penetration in cm for last blow being the average of last four blows.
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L W H s
RU
Ultimate capacity (FS) Efficiency factor (0.7 to 0.4, depending on driving conditions)
kU = Cd 1 + 1 + c Cd
W
Cd = 0.75 + 0.15 ( P W )
c =
.W .H
A.E.S 2
Weight of hammer/ram Weight of pile Height of free fall in meters. Hammer fall efficiency as mentioned for modified Hileys formula Area of pile Elastic modulus of pile Set per blow as for Simplex formula Length of pile
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P
H
A E s L