Introduction to strong correlation physics and the phenomenology of HiTc superconductors.

Patrick Lee MIT

Based on lectures given at MIT with T. Senthil. I thank Senthil for the use of some of his material.

1. Strong correlation physics: interaction between electrons d i t th i ki ti energy. M tt i l t dominates their kinetic Mott insulator l t and its doping. HiTc as an example. (Early sections in Lee,
Nagaosa and Wen, Rev Mod Phys 78 17(2006) and Lee, Reports of Progress in Wen Phys,78,17(2006) Lee Physics, 71,012501(2008))

2. 2 Introduction to experimental methods methods.

Thermodynamic measurements: specific heat, spin susceptibility. Transport: resistivity, Hall, magneto-resistance (angle dependence ADMR) resistivity Hall magneto resistance ADMR). thermo-power, thermal conductivity. quantum oscillations oscillations. AC conductivity, optical, microwave and IR, time domain spectroscopy. Neutron scattering NMR ARPES Tunneling and STM.

3. Some th 3 S theory and a di d discussion of pseudo-gap physics. i f d h i

Corner sharing octahedrals.

eg d , d z2 x2-y2 3d t2g d ,d ,d xy yz zx Octahedral field splitting

X2 y2 X2-y2 z2

CuO plane: strongly-correlated electron system

One hole per site: should be a metal according to band theory.

Mott insulator.

Hopping matrix element t in a tight binding model involving C d orbital. i l i Cu bit l

Undoped CuO2 plane: Mott I l M Insulator due to d e- - e- interaction Virtual hopping induces Vi tual AF exchange J=4t2/U

Hubbard model: Add on site repulsion U to represent screened Coulomb interaction interaction. Mott insulator if U>>4t

Doping a Mott insulator. Holes become mobile and insulator should be a conductor in the absence of strong disorder. The surprise is that it becomes a superconductor!

Undoped CuO2 plane: Mott I l M Insulator due to d e- - e- interaction Virtual hopping induces Vi tual AF exchange J=4t2/U

CuO2 plane with doped holes: La3+ Sr2+: La2-xSrxCuO4

Mott insulator

Charge transfer insulator. g

Electron picture

Hole picture

Ogata and Fukuyama, Rep. Progress in Physics, 71, 036501 (2008)

By fitting the spin wave dispersion measured b neutron scattering. ( l d by i (also needs a small ring exchange term.) Also from Raman scattering scattering.

Largest J kno n among known transition metal oxide, except for the Cu-O chain compound where J=220meV.

Spin flip breaks 6 bonds, costs 3J 3J.

Doping a charge transfer insulator: The Zhang-Rice singlet

Due to AF exchange between Cu and O, the g y singlet symmetric orbital gains a large energy, of order 6 eV. This singlet orbital can hop with effective hopping t given by:

Symmetric orbital y centered on Cu.

Anti symmetric Anti-symmetric orbital

What is unique about the cuprates?

Pure CuO2 plane Single band Hubbard model, or its strong coupling limit the t-J model limit, t J model. Dope holes

1) low dimension 2) H = J

J
Competition: p

t3J

Si Sj nn

large J = 135 meV 3) quantum spin S =1/2

t favors delocalization of electrons J f favors ordering of localized spins d i f l li d i

(NNN hopping t may explain asymmetry Between electron and hole doping )

Fermi liquid theory in a nut shell: nut-shell:

1. Well defined quasi-particles exist provided 1/<<E near the Fermi energy. Usually 1/ ~ T^2 The electron spectral f U ll 1/ T^2. Th l t t l function h th f ti has the form

2. Luttinger Theorem: volume of Fermi surface is the same as free fermion, ie For n carriers it is n/2 mod 1 of the area of the BZ. 3. Physical quantities are given by free fermion expressions except for Landau parameters. p g, pp Except for tunneling, z does not appear.

ARPES (Angle Resolved ( g Photoemission Spectroscopy)