Lecture 41 Electromagnetic oscillations and Alternating current/ Chapter # 31

LC oscillations Damped oscillations in RLC circuits Alternating current Simple circuits Resonance and Power in Alternating current circuits Transformers

Review of Voltage Drops Across Circuit Elements

I(t)

Q V = = C
I(t)

Idt
C

Voltage determined by integral of current and capacitance

dI d 2Q V =L =L 2 dt dt

Voltage determined by derivative of current and inductance

Where are we going?

Oscillating circuits
radio, TV, cell phone, ultrasound, clocks, computers, GPS

Whats Next?
Why and how do oscillations occur in circuits containing capacitors and inductors?
naturally occurring, not driven for now stored energy capacitive <-> inductive

LC Circuits
Consider the RC and LC series circuits shown:
++++ ----

C R

++++ ----

Suppose that the circuits are formed at t=0 with the capacitor charged to value Q. There is a qualitative difference in the time development of the currents produced in these two cases. Why??

Consider from point of view of energy!

In the RC circuit, any current developed will cause energy to be dissipated in the resistor. In the LC circuit, there is NO mechanism for energy dissipation; energy can be stored both in the capacitor and the inductor!

LC Circuits - Qualitatively
We discussed RC and RL circuits. In an LC circuit energy oscillates between the capacitor (E field) and inductor (B field)

q UE = 2C
2

Li UB = 2

LC Oscillations
(qualitative)
I =0
+ + - I = I0

Q = +Q0

Q=0

I = +I0
-

I =0

+ +

Q=0

Q = Q0

Oscillations

RC/LC Circuits
I Q+++
---

I Q +++
---

C R

RC: current decays exponentially

0

LC: current oscillates I

0

-I

LC Oscillations (L with finite R)

If L has finite R, then energy will be dissipated in R. the oscillations will become damped.

Q
0

Q
0

t R=0

t R0

The Electrical - Mechanical Analogy One can make the analogy with mechanical oscillations (Table 31-1) q corresponds to x 1/C corresponds to k i corresponds to v L corresponds to m

k m

(block spring )

1 LC

( LC circuit )

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LC Oscillations Quantitatively Block-Spring Oscillator

1 1 2 2 U = Ub +U s = m v + k x 2 2

X
v=

dx dt

dx dv dx d x d2 x dU = mv +k x =m +k x 0= 2 dt dt dt dt dt dt
d2 x m 2 +k x= 0 dt (block spring oscillations )

d v d d x d 2x = d t = d t2 dt dt dv d (v 2 ) = 2v dt dt

x = X cos( t + )

(displacement ) =

k m

d 2x = 2 X cos( t + ) = 11 2 x 2 dt

LC Oscillations Quantitatively The LC Oscillator

dq i= dt d i d d q d 2q = d t = d t2 dt dt

L i2 q2 U = UB +UE = + 2 2C dU di q dq d q d 2q q d q 0= = Li + =L + 2 dt dt C dt dt dt C dt d 2q 1 L 2 + q=0 dt C q = Q cos( t + ) ( LC oscillations ) (charge)

1 LC
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LC Oscillations Quantitatively See also Fig 31-4

dq i= = Q sin( t + ) = I sin( t + ) dt q2 Q2 UE = = cos 2 ( t + ) 2C 2C L i2 1 UB = = L 2Q 2 sin 2 ( t + ) 2 2
Q2 UB = sin 2 ( t + ) 2C

q = Q cos( t + )
=
1 LC L 2 = 1 C

Q2 UB +UE = 2C

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
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LC Oscillations
Energy Check
Oscillation frequency 0 = has been found from the LC loop equation. The other unknowns ( Q0, ) are found from the initial conditions. E.g., in our original example we assumed initial values for the charge (Qi) and current (0). For these values: Q0 = Qi, = 0.
Question: Does this solution conserve energy?

1 Q 2 (t ) 1 2 U E (t ) = = Q0 cos 2 ( 0t + ) 2 C 2C
1 2 1 2 U B (t ) = Li (t ) = L 0 Q02 sin 2 (0t + ) 2 2

Energy Check
Energy in Capacitor
1 2 U E (t ) = Q0 cos 2 ( 0t + ) 2C

UE

Energy in Inductor
1 2 2 2 UB (t ) = L0 Q0 sin (0t + ) 2
0 =
1 LC
0

1 2 U B (t ) = Q0 sin 2 ( 0 t + ) 2C
Therefore,
2 Q0 UE (t) +UB (t) = 2C

UB

Problem
At t=0 the current flowing through the circuit is 1/2 of its maximum value.
3A

I Q
+ + - -

Which of the following plots best represents UB, the energy stored in the inductor as a function of time?

(a)

(b)

(c)
UB

UB 0

UB 0 time

0 time

time

3B Which of the following is a possible value for the phase , when the charge on the capacitor is described by: Q(t) = Q0cos(t + )

(a) = 30

(b) = 45

(c) = 60

Problem (cont)
At t=0 the current flowing through the circuit is 1/2 of its maximum value.
3A

I Q
+ + - -

Which of the following plots best represents UB, the energy stored in the inductor as a function of time?

(a)
UB 0 UB 0 time

(b)
UB 0 time

(c)

time

The key here is to realize that the energy stored in the inductor is
proportional to the CURRENT SQUARED. Therefore, if the current at t=0 is 1/2 its maximum value, the energy stored in the inductor will be 1/4 of its maximum value!!

Problem (cont)
At t=0 the current flowing through the circuit is 1/2 of its maximum value.
Which of the following is a possible value for the 3B phase , when the charge on the capacitor is described by: Q(t) = Q0cos(t + )

I Q
+ + - -

(a) = 30

(b) = 45

(c) = 60

We are given a form for the charge on the capacitor as a function of time, but we need to know the current as a function of time.

dQ I (t ) = = 0 Q 0 sin( 0 t + ) dt

At t = 0, the current is given by:

I (0) = 0Q0 sin = 1 I max = 1 (0Q0 ) 2 2

= 30

1 Therefore, the phase angle must be given by: sin = 2

q VC = C

Checkpoint 31-2

q = Q cos( t + ) i = Q sin( t + )

A capacitor in an LC oscillator has a maximum potential difference of 17 V and a maximum energy of 160 J. When the capacitor has a potential difference of 5 V and energy of 10 J, what are (a) the emf across the inductor and (b) the energy stored in the magnetic field?

di (a) E L = L dt

L 2 =

VC q E L = L( 2Q cos(t + )) = L 2 q = = VC C E L = VC = 5V Q2 UB +UE = = (U E )max 2C

1 C

EL

(b) U B = (U E )max U E = 160 J 10 J = 150 J

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Q = C VC

Sample Problem

A 1.5 F capacitor is charged to 57 V. The charging battery is then disconnected, and a 12 mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor so that LC oscillations occur. (a) Assuming that the circuit contains no resistance, what is the maximum current in the coil? 1 C 1 = VC = C VC = (a) I = Q = C VC LC L LC
C 1.5 10 6 F I= VC = (57 V ) = 0.637 A 3 L 12 10 H

i = Q sin( t + ) = I sin( t + )

(b) What is the maximum rate (di/dt)max at which the current i changes?
d i d ( I sin( t + )) = = I cos( t + ) dt dt di 1 0.637 A = I = I = = 4750A / s dt 3 6 LC (12 10 H )(1.5 10 F ) max
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