48550 Electrical Energy Technology

Energy Resources
Energy The capacity for doing work. The SI unit for energy is Joule. Main Energy Forms * Electrical * Mechanical * Chemical * Solar * Geothermal * Nuclear Energy Resources Energy resources are the various material that contain energy in usable quantities. These are present in any of the various energy forms that are transformable to other forms. Expendable Resources: fuels (e.g. coal, oil, & natural gas) Renewable Resources: water, wind, solar, tide, and biomass

Electrical Energy Systems

Energy Resources Electrical Energy Generation Utilisation of Electrical Energy System Design Examples
Electrical Vehicles Remote Area Power Supply Grid Power Supply

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Hydroelectric

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Hydroelectric

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Thermoelectric

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Thermoelectric

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Thermoelectric

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Nuclear

Electrical Energy Generation

- Conventional Methods: Nuclear (Cont.)
In a nuclear power plant, the heat energy released by nuclear fission is used to produce the steam that rotates the turbine that drives the electric generator.

Electrical Energy Generation

- Non-conventional Methods Thermionic Converters Biomass Electrochemical Cells Ocean Power Solar Power Geothermal Power Solar Cells Wind Power Solar Thermoelectric Hybrid Power Systems

Solar Power
- Solar Cells

Solar Power
- Solar Thermoelectric

Very high growth predicted

Recent European Commission white paper on renewable energy sources Rooftop programs in Europe, USA, Japan 5.5% renewable generation by 2010 in USA 2% renewable generation by 2010 in Australia

25% average growth rate

Biomass

Geothermal Power Plant

Ocean Power
Oceans cover three quarters of the earths surface and represent a vast natural energy resource in the form of waves The World Energy Council estimates that 2TW of energy could be harvested from the worlds oceans, the equivalent of twice the worlds electricity production If less than 0.1% of the renewable energy within the oceans could be converted into electricity it would satisfy the present world demand for energy more than five times over (from www.wavegen.co.uk)

Ocean Power
Energy density

Figures in kW/m Source: Wave Energy paper, IMechE, 1991 and European Directory of Renewable Energy (Suppliers and Services) 1991

Ocean Power
- Facility

Wind Power

Fuel Cells Wind Generators

Hydrogen

- Fundamental

Electricity

Installed world-wide end 1997 7700 MW Generated energy 19 TWh p.a. Germany has largest capacity 2002 MW Market is growing 22 % p.a. Average size 600 kW, doubling in last 5 yrs

FUEL CELL

Heat Water

Oxygen

2e-

Load

Fuel In Oxidant In

H2

Positive Ion

O2

H2O

Negative Ion

H2O

(Snowy Hydro 10,000 GWh = 10 TWh p.a.)

Depleted Fuel and Product Gases Out

Depleted Oxidant and Product Gases Out Anode Electrolyte Cathode (Ion Conductor)

The electrolyte provides a physical barrier to prevent the direct mixing of the fuel and the oxidant, allows the conduction of ionic charge between the electrodes, and transports the dissolved reactants to the electrode. The electrode structure is porous, and is used to maximise the three-phase interface between the electrode, electrolyte and the gas/liquid, and also to separate the bulk gas phase and the electrolyte. The gas/liquid ionisation or de-ionisation reactions take place on the surface of the electrode, and the reactant ions are conducted away from or into the threephase interface.

Fuel Cells
- Principle
Unprocessed Fuel Oxidant Fuel Management Unit Fuel Oxidant Reactants

Fuel Cells
- Structures
Fuel Cell Stack DC Power Power Conditioning Unit Application

Control

Control Control Unit Heat Management Unit

Anode reaction H 2 2H + + 2e Cathode reaction 1 O2 + 2 H + + 2e H 2 O 2 Overall reaction 1 O2 + H 2 H 2 O 2

Control

Fuel Cells
- Classifications
CLASS Solid Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Phosphoric Acid Molten Carbonate Alkaline ABBREVIATION SOFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC AFC
Gas species H2 CO CH4 CO2 and H20 S (as H2S and COS) PEMFC Fuel Poison(>10ppm) Diluent Diluent Unknown

Fuel Cells
- Fuel requirement

AFC Fuel Poison Diluent Poison Unknown

Heat

Heat

PAFC Fuel Poison(>0.5%) Diluent Diluent Poison

MCFC Fuel Fuel Diluent/Fuel Diluent Poison (>0.5ppm)

SOFC Fuel Fuel Diluent/Fuel Diluent Poison (>1ppm)

Fuel Cells
- Electrochemical
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Fuel Cells
- Applications
Portable electronics equipment. Cars, boats, and domestic CHP. Distributed power generation, CHP, and buses. Higher efficiency, less pollution, quiet operation. 100K 1M 10M
M CFC SOFC PEM FC PAFC

M AIN ADVANTAGES

Higher energy density to batteries, faster recharging. 1 10 100

Potential for zero emissions, higher efficiency. 1K

ACF

POW ER (W ) APPLICATION RANGE FOR FUEL CELL CLASS

10K

Fuel Cells
- Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Efficiency - Fuel cells are generally more efficient than combustion engines as they are and are not limited by temperature as is the heat engine. Simplicity - Fuel cells are essentially simple with few or no moving parts. High reliability may be attained with operational lifetimes exceeding 40,000 hrs. Low emissions - Fuel cells running on direct hydrogen and air produce only water as the by-product. Silence - The operation of fuel cell systems are very quiet with only a few moving parts if any. This is in strong contrast with present combustion engines. Disadvantages Relatively high cost of the fuel cell, and to a lesser extent the source of fuel.

Hybrid Power Systems

Electrical Power Transmission

Electrical Power Transmission

- Substation

Utilisation of Electricity
Industrial Applications
Motor drive systems, e.g. machine tools Electrical furnaces

Solar powered submersible water pump

CSIRO-UTS project brushless DC, NdFeB, 4 pole, surface magnet water filled >1000 produced 300, 600, 1200 W sensorless, current impulse starting MPPT

Domestic Electrical Appliances

TV, air conditioning, and washing machine, etc.

Computer Peripherals
Disk drives (floppy, hard disk and CD), printers, etc.

Brushless DC Transmission Drives for Electric Cars

Electric Lotus Elise - Zytek Ethos 3 EV - Pininfarina & Unique Mobility EV Plus - Honda Prairie Joy - Nissan RAV-4-EV - Toyota

Electrical Vehicles

In-wheel Motors - Solar Cars

CSIRO-UTS / Aurora - 5.5 kW, 50 Nm peak for 72 s Direct-drive, axial flux

Solar-Wind Hybrid Ferry

Solar Sailor/UTS - 2x40 kW, 400 Nm Direct-drive, PM brushless DC motor

Green House Effect

The concentrations of green house gasses in the atmosphere have increased over recent year and are still increasing. The increased concentrations of green house gasses will have some effect on the earths climate.

Kyoto Protocol
- Japan, December 1997
55 nations agreed to implement measures to reduce emissions to stabilize the global environment 38 industrialized nations agreed to reduce their 1990 level greenhouse emissions by 8% in 20082012 European Union committed to reduce with 8% The US by 7% Japan by 6% Australias eventual target of 8%

How to Reduce CO2 Emissions?

Use clean energy source for electricity generation, e.g. solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and nuclear (?) Reduce power loss in power transmission lines Use high efficiency electrical appliances in households and industry Since motors account for 65% of the electric energy consumed in industrial applications, it is important to
Select right motor size (motor selector software package) Use high efficiency motors, e.g. PM motors Use high efficiency electric drive techniques, e.g. variable speed, direct drive

Australian Electrical Energy

Total annual consumption 50,000 GWh = 50 TWh Average household in Sydney consumes 20 kWh per day, 7,300 kWh p.a. Snowy Hydro 10,000 GWh = 10 TWh p.a. Largest wind farm (to be) Crookwell 5 MW power maximum, 10 GWh p.a. energy generation Australian Greenhouse commitment requires extra 2% = 10 TWh p.a. electricity generated by clean energy source by 2010

Energy Saving from Induction Motor Efficiency Improvement in Europe by 2010

For best available now, 28 TWh, 3% of motor consumption, 62% from motors in the 0.75-7.5 kW range increase of efficiency from 80 to 86% large number of units (83% of the total)
30 D esired e ffic ien cy 25 Man dato ry 20 B est ava ilab le no w

750 W Evaporative Cooler Fan Energy Consumption

200 W power saving at 600 rpm 50,000 units p.a., 25% duty cycle 22 GWh saved p.a. $50 per unit = 11.4c per kWh saved p.a. Crookwell 5 MW wind farm 10 GWh p.a. $2000 per kW $1.00 per kWh saved p.a.

Fan motor input power

1200 1000 Power in (W) 800 600 400 200 0 0 Triac V V control 500 1000 Inverter 1 1500 Inverter 2 Speed (rev/min)

Annual saving (T W h)

15 10 5 0 0.7 5-7.5 >7.5-3 7 >37-75 >75

Triac variable voltage Inverter drives

M otor power (kW )

Integrated VVVF Drive for 750 W Evaporative Cooler Fan

Integrated VVVF Drive for 750 W Evaporative Cooler Fan

(a) The Drive PCB

(b)

a) attached to a heat sink for testing b) Mounted in the motor end plate with other required components

The assembled prototype motor and drive

Efficiency of 750 W Evaporative Cooler Fan Drives

Efficiency (%)
70.00 Triac Drive 60.00 VVVF Drive

Future Direction
- PM brushless DC and SR motors
Specified Speed L Single Phase AC Supply AC/DC Converter C DC Link C Position Sensor-less Electronic Commutator PM Motor 3 Ph Square Wave Voltage

Comparison of efficiency between a commercial 750 W triac controlled fan drive and the prototype inverter VVVF drive

50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Speed (rev/min)

PM brushless DC motors are more efficient (typical efficiency 90-95%) than induction motors, but more expensive. The cost can be reduced by using position sensor-less drive techniques and when PM materials become cheaper. The switched reluctance motors can be both more efficient and cheaper, but sensorless drive still needs more work.

Refrigerator Efficiency
Denmark: Variable speed PM motor compressor gave 40% reduction in energy use (Pedersen and Andersen EPE97) USA: 1993 National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
maximum energy levels for refrigerators, e.g. 732 kWh/year for a 570 L refrigerator-freezer to be lowered further by around 30% in 2001

Refrigerator Efficiency
Mandatory energy labeling in NSW could reduce energy used by up to 50%