SIMPLE RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

OSMAN PARLAKTUNA Osmangazi University Eskiehir, TURKEY www.ogu.edu.tr/~oparlak

RESISTORS IN SERIES
Elements are connected in series when they carry the same current.
i R1 R5 R2 R4 R3

Vs

Writing the KVL equation -Vs+R1i+R2i+R3i+R4i+R5i=0 Vs=i(R1+R2+R3+R4+R5)

Sum of the five resistors can be replaced by a single resistor as Req= R1+R2+R3+R4+R5 and Vs=iReq. Req is the equivalent resistance of series resistor. In genera,l if k resistors are connected in series, then
Req = Ri = R1 + R2 + + Rk
i =1 k

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
Two circuits are said to be equivalent if they have the same voltage and current values at the corresponding terminals.
R1 R5 R2 R4 R3

Vs

Replacing five resistors by their equivalent Req

Vs

Req

These two circuits are equivalent because they have the same voltage current relationship at their input terminals. Osman Parlaktuna Fall 2004

Circuit Analysis I

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Vs
+

is

i1 R1 R2

i2 R3

i3 i4 R4

Elements are said to be in parallel when they have the same voltage across their terminals. The KCL equation is : is=i1+i2+i3+i4

Vs V V V , i2 = s , i3 = s , i4 = s R1 R2 R3 R4 1 1 1 1 + + ) is = Vs ( + R1 R2 R3 R4 1 1 1 1 1 is = = + + + Vs Req R1 R2 R3 R4 i1 =

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

For k resistors connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance is

k 1 1 1 1 1 = = + + + Req i=1 Ri R1 R2 Rk

For 2 resistors in parallel, we may use the following simple equation

R + R2 1 1 1 = + = 1 Req R1 R2 R1 R2 Req = R1 R2 R1 + R2

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

EXAMPLE
4
+

3 i1 18 i2 6

is

Find is, i1, and i2 in the circuit.

120V

4
+

is

120V

+ 6 v1

Finding the equivalent resistance of the three resistor in the right side. (9 )(18) Req = (3 + 6 )||(18) = = 6 9 + 18

120 = 12 A v1 = (12)6 = 72V 4+6 v 72 v 72 i1 = 1 = = 4 A, i2 = 1 = = 8A 18 18 9 9 is =

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

THE VOLTAGE-DIVIDER CIRCUIT

Some times, in electrical circuits, developing more than one voltage level from a single supply is necessary. One way of doing this is by using a voltage-divider circuit.
i

Vs

R1 R2

+ V1 + V2

vs = iR1 + iR2 i =

vs R1 + R2

R1 v R1 + R2 s R2 v2 = iR2 = v R1 + R2 s v1 = iR1 =

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

LOADING
i

Vs

R1 R2

+ V1 + V2

RL

A load in any circuit consists of one or more circuit elements that draw power from the circuit.RL acts as a load on the voltage-

divider circuit. With the RL, V2 becomes

Req = R2 RL R2 + RL

V2 = V2 =

Req R1 + Req

Vs

R2 v R1[1 + ( R2 / RL )] + R2 s

The voltage V2 with the load is smaller than the voltage V2 of the unloaded circuit.

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

EXAMPLE
i

100V

R1 R2

+ V1 + V2

R1=25 K, R2=100 K. If the resistors have a tolerance of 10%, find the minimum and maximum value of V2
V2 = R2 100 R1 + R2

The maximum value of V2 occurs when R2 is 10% high and R1 is 10% low, and the minimum value of V2 occurs when R2 is 10% low and R1 is 10% high.
110 100 = 83.02V 22.5 + 110 90 100 = 76.60V V2 (min) = 27.5 + 90 V2 (max) =

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

THE CURRENT-DIVIDER CIRCUIT

+ v R1
v = i1 R1 = i2 R2 = i1 = R2 i R1 + R2 s R1 R2 i R1 + R2 s R1 i i2 = R1 + R2 s

is

i1 R2

i2

The current divides between two resistors in parallel such that the current in one resistor equals the current entering the parallel pair multiplied by the other resistance and divided by the sum of the resistors.
Circuit Analysis I Osman Parlaktuna Fall 2004

EXAMPLE
10A 1.6 16 4 6 Find the power dissipated in the 6 resistor. Req1 = ( 4||6) + 16 = 4 . io 10A 16 4

16 10 = 8 A 4 + 16 4 8 = 3.2 A i6 = 4+6 . p6 = (3.2)2 ( 6) = 6144W io =

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

MEASURING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

An ammeter is an instrument designed to measure current; it is placed in series with the circuit element whose current is being measured. A voltmeter is an instrument designed to measure voltage; it is placed in parallel with the element whose voltage is being measured. R1 Vs
+

A R2 V

An ideal ammeter has an equivalent resistance of 0, and an ideal voltmeter has an infinite equivalent resistance. Fall 2004

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

i1 i2 ig R3 R2 The Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to measure resistances in the range of 1 to 1M. To find the value of Rx, R3 is adjusted until ig=0. Then, i1=i3 and i2=ix i3R3=ixRx and i1R1=i2R2 i1R3=i2Rx
R R3 Rx = Rx = 2 R3 R1 R1 R2

R1 i3

Rx ix

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

DELTA-TO-WYE ( TO Y) EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

+ R1 Rm R3 a Rb c Circuit Analysis I Rc Ra R2 This circuit cannot be reduced to a single resistance circuit across the terminals of the battery is restricted to simple series or parallel resistance Rx procedures. This circuit can be reduced to a single resistance using delta-to-wye transformation. a b b R2 R1 R3 c Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

R1 =

Rb Rc Ra + Rb + Rc

Rab =

Rc ( Ra + Rb ) = R1 + R2 Ra + Rb + Rc R ( R + Rc ) Rbc = a b = R2 + R3 Ra + Rb + Rc Rca = Rb ( Ra + Rc ) = R1 + R3 Ra + Rb + Rc

Rc Ra Ra + Rb + Rc Ra Rb R3 = Ra + Rb + Rc R2 = Ra = Rb = Rc = R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 R1 R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 R2 R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 R3

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

EXAMPLE
5 + 40V 100 25 40 37.5 Find the power supplied by the 125 40V source. Replacing the upper by its Y equivalent
(100 )125 = 50 100 + 125 + 25 ( 25)125 R2 = = 12.5 100 + 125 + 25 (100 )25 R3 = = 10 100 + 125 + 25 R1 =

100 25 Circuit Analysis I

125

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004

5 50 10 12.5

Req = 5 + 50 + ((10 + 40 )||(12.5 + 37.5)) Req = 55 + i= (50)(50 ) = 80 50 + 50

+ 40V

40

40 = 0.5 A 80 p = 40( 0.5) = 20W

37.5

Circuit Analysis I

Osman Parlaktuna

Fall 2004