Project Synopsis A financial statement (or financial report) is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person, or other

entity. In British Englishincluding United Kingdom company lawa financial statement is often referred to as an account, although the term financial statement is also used, particularly by accountants. For a business enterprise, all the relevant financial information, presented in a structured manner and in a form easy to understand, are called the financial statements. They typically include four basic financial statements, accompanied by a management discussion and analysis 1. Statement of Financial Position: also referred to as a balance sheet, reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and ownership equity at a given point in time. 2. Statement of Comprehensive Income: also referred to as Profit and Loss statement (or a "P&L"), reports on a company's income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. Profit & Loss account provide information on the operation of the enterprise. These include sale and the various expenses incurred during the processing state. 3. Statement of Changes in Equity: explains the changes of the company's equity throughout the reporting period 4. Statement of cash flows: reports on a company's cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities. For large corporations, these statements are often complex and may include an extensive set of notes to the financial statements and management discussion and analysis. The notes typically describe each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement in further detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements Purpose of financial statements by business entities "The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful

to a wide range of users in making economic decisions." Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position. Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have "a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently." Financial statements may be used by users for different purposes:

Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. Financial analysis is then performed on these statements to provide management with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of management's annual report to the stockholders.

Employees also need these reports in making collective bargaining agreements (CBA) with the management, in the case of labor unions or for individuals in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings.

Prospective investors make use of financial statements to assess the viability of investing in a business. Financial analyses are often used by investors and are prepared by professionals (financial analysts), thus providing them with the basis for making investment decisions.

Financial institutions (banks and other lending companies) use them to decide whether to grant a company with fresh working capital or extend debt securities (such as a long-term bank loan or debentures) to finance expansion and other significant expenditures.

Government entities (tax authorities) need financial statements to ascertain the propriety and accuracy of taxes and other duties declared and paid by a company.

Vendors who extend credit to a business require financial statements to assess the creditworthiness of the business.

Media and the general public are also interested in financial statements for a variety of reasons

Ratio analysis is one of the techniques of financial analysis to evaluate the financial condition and performance of a business concern. Simply, ratio means the comparison of one figure to other relevant figure or figures. According to Myers, " Ratio analysis of financial statements is a study of relationship among various financial factors in a business as disclosed by a single set of statements and a study of trend of these factors as shown in a series of statements." A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Security analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios. Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.

Scope of the Study 1. Forecasting of financial ratio enhances the ability to predict the future which is beneficial for financial analysts. 2. Financial precautions can be taken if future prediction is negative. 3. Variation may be further analyzed and can be a part of new research. 4. Financial ratios do are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation Limitations of the Study The limitations of our research are: Total research work is based on Primary and secondary data. During the research a significant error up to 4% will be accepted. Calculation will be carried on up to 3 decimal points. Research duration will be only 6 months which is very short. Financial limitation causes incomplete data collection. 3 yearly moving average is used as forecasted technique. External activities are not considered as various factors of change Aim of the Study Aim of the study is to understand the how the financial ratios do are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation Objectives of the Study To understand the concept of financial analysis To understand the ratio analysis in detail To understand the financial statements To understand the ratio analysis of Few sectors To understand the importance of financial ratios and other financial statements

To understand the Types of Financial statements To understand the Tools and Techniques of Financial Statement Analysis How are they useful in interpreting financial results of a Company

Company Profile ITC is one of India's foremost private sector companies with a market capitalization of nearly US $ 19 billion* and a turnover of over US $ 5.1 Billion. ITC is rated among the World's Best Big Companies, Asia's 'Fab 50' and the World's Most Reputable Companies by Forbes magazine, among India's Most Respected Companies by Business World and among India's Most Valuable Companies by Business Today. ITC ranks among India's `10 Most Valuable (Company) Brands', in a study conducted by Brand Finance and published by the Economic Times. ITC also ranks among Asia's 50 best performing companies compiled by Business Week. ITC has a diversified presence in Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards & Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agri-Business, Packaged Foods & Confectionery, Information Technology, Branded Apparel, Personal Care, Stationery, Safety Matches and other FMCG products. While ITC is an outstanding market leader in its traditional businesses of Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards, Packaging and Agri-Exports, it is rapidly gaining market share even in its nascent businesses of Packaged Foods & Confectionery, Branded Apparel, Personal Care and Stationery. As one of India's most valuable and respected corporations, ITC is widely perceived to be dedicatedly nation-oriented. Chairman Y. C. Deveshwar calls this source of inspiration "a commitment beyond the market". In his own words: "ITC believes that its aspiration to create enduring value for the nation provides the motive force to sustain growing shareholder value. ITC practices this philosophy by not only driving each of its businesses towards international competitiveness but by also consciously contributing to enhancing the competitiveness of the larger value chain of which it is a part." ITC's diversified status originates from its corporate strategy aimed at creating multiple drivers of growth anchored on its time-tested core competencies: unmatched distribution reach, superior brand-building capabilities, effective supply chain management and acknowledged service skills in hoteliering. Over time, the strategic

forays into new businesses are expected to garner a significant share of these emerging high-growth markets in India. ITC's Agri-Business is one of India's largest exporters of agricultural products. ITC is one of the country's biggest foreign exchange earners (US $ 3.2 billion in the last decade). The Company's 'e-Choupal' initiative is enabling Indian agriculture significantly enhance its competitiveness by empowering Indian farmers through the power of the Internet. This transformational strategy, which has already become the subject matter of a case study at Harvard Business School, is expected to progressively create for ITC a huge rural distribution infrastructure, significantly enhancing the Company's marketing reach. ITC's wholly owned Information Technology subsidiary, ITC Infotech India Limited, is aggressively pursuing emerging opportunities in providing end-to-end IT solutions, including e-enabled services and business process outsourcing. ITC's production facilities and hotels have won numerous national and international awards for quality, productivity, safety and environment management systems. ITC was the first company in India to voluntarily seek a corporate governance rating. ITC employs over 25,000 people at more than 60 locations across India. The Company continuously endeavors to enhance its wealth generating capabilities in a globalizing environment to consistently reward more than 3,76,000 shareholders, fulfill the aspirations of its stakeholders and meet societal expectations. This over-arching vision of the company is expressively captured in its corporate positioning statement: "Enduring Value. For the nation.For the Shareholder.Envisioning a larger societal purpose has always been a hallmark of ITC. The company sees no conflict between the twin goals of shareholder value enhancement and societal value creation. The challenge lies in fashioning a corporate strategy that enables realization of these goals in a mutually reinforcing and synergistic manner As a corporate citizen with enduring relationships in rural India, ITC has a history of collaboration with communities and government institutions to enhance farm productivity and the rural resource base. ITCs commitments in agricultural R&D and knowledge sharing have spanned vital aspects of competitiveness efficient farm practices, soil and water management. ITC is committed to a national agenda of raising agricultural productivity and making the rural economy more socially inclusive. ITC believes that the urgency and scale of

these tasks make market linked solutions and innovations more effective and sustainable than capital intensive approaches. In 2000, harnessing the empowering force of information technology and its scalability, ITC launched e-Choupal a knowledge portal providing farmers with a range of information and services. Designed to enable them to bargain collectively and enhance their transactive power, e-Choupal became the much needed and easily adoptable tool farmers had been waiting for. Today e-Choupal is a vibrant and rapidly growing zone of business and interaction for over 4 million farmers. ITC moved rapidly to apply the economic momentum of e-Choupal to solving urgent social and environmental tasks. ITC launched Mission SunehraKal, a rural capacity building programme fostering local initiatives to develop water and forest resources, open up new non-farm livelihoods, empower women economically and expand primary education. The Mission now embraces a community of thousands of villages that are influential nuclei of change in rural localities spread over 11 States. A clearly focused self-help movement has gained ground in village after village in these areas, with farmers co-operating to create much needed economic, environmental and social assets out of their own resources. By linking knowledge and technology transfer to the creation of economic and social capacity, ITC has brought a new dynamic to rural development.ITC has consciously chosen the path less travelled. A path that has led it to create sustainable livelihoods for 5 million people. For ITC this is an expression of a commitment beyond the market. Of a conviction that country must come before corporation. Of a true pride in being Citizen First ITC is a board-managed professional company, committed to creating enduring value for the shareholder and for the nation. It has a rich organisational culture rooted in its core values of respect for people and belief in empowerment. Its philosophy of allround value creation is backed by strong corporate governance policies and systems. ITCs corporate strategies are :

Create multiple drivers of growth by developing a portfolio of world class businesses that best matches organisational capability with opportunities in domestic and export markets.

Continue to focus on the chosen portfolio of FMCG, Hotels, Paper, Paperboards & Packaging, Agri Business and Information Technology.

Benchmark the health of each business comprehensively across the criteria of Market Standing, Profitability and Internal Vitality.

Ensure that each of its businesses is world class and internationally competitive.

Enhance the competitive power of the portfolio through synergies derived by blending the diverse skills and capabilities residing in ITCs various businesses.

Create distributed leadership within the organisation by nurturing talented and focused top management teams for each of the businesses.

Continuously strengthen and refine Corporate Governance processes and systems to catalyse the entrepreneurial energies of management by striking the golden balance between executive freedom and the need for effective control and accountability

Vision Sustain ITC's position as one of India's most valuable corporations through world class performance, creating growing value for the Indian Companys stakeholders Mission To enhance the wealth generating environment, delivering superior and sustainable stakeholder value capability of the enterprise in a globalising economy and the

Pepsi Pepsi (stylized in lowercase as pepsi, formerly stylized in uppercase as PEPSI) is a carbonated soft drink that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Created and developed in 1898 and introduced as "Brad's Drink", it was later renamed as PepsiCola on June 16, 1903 Pepsi was first introduced as "Brad's Drink" in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1898 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his home where the drink was sold. It was later labeled Pepsi Cola, named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe. Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was delicious and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The advertising theme "Delicious and Healthful" was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again. In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy - in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Eight years later, the company went bankrupt again. Pepsi's assets were then purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.

On three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, the Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company and it declined on each occasion During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle "Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you," arranged in such a way that the jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces per bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price. Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled. Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth. Infosys Limited Infosys Limited, formerly Infosys is a Technologies global Limited, (BSE: 500209, company

NSE: INFY,

NASDAQ: INFY)

technology

services

headquartered in Bangalore (Bengaluru), India. Infosys is the second largest IT company in India with 133,560 employees (including subsidiaries) as of March 2011. Infosys is ranked 28th globally in the list of IT services providing firms. It has offices in 33 countries and development centers in India, China, Australia, UK, Canada, Brazil and Japan. The company offers software products for the banking industry and business process management services also provides end-to-end business solutions In 1996, Infosys created the Infosys Foundation in the state of Karnataka, operating in the areas of health care, social rehabilitation and rural uplift, education, arts and culture. Since then, this foundation has spread to the Indian states of Tamil Nadu,

Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Orissa and Punjab. The Infosys Foundation is headed by Mrs. Sudha Murthy. Since 2004, Infosys has embarked on a series of initiatives to consolidate and formalise its academic relationships worldwide under the umbrella of a program called AcE Academic Entente. Infosys' Global Internship Program, known as InStep, is one of the key components of the Academic Entente initiative. It offers live projects to interns from the universities around the world. InStep recruits undergraduate, graduate and PhD students from business, technology, and liberal arts universities to take part in an 8 to 24 week internship at one of Infosys' global offices. InStep interns are also provided career opportunities with Infosys. In 1997, Infosys started the "Catch them Young Program", to expose the urban youth to the world of Information Technology by conducting a summer vacation program. The program is aimed at developing an interest and understanding of computer science and information technology. This program is targeted at students in Grade IX level.

In 2002, the Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania and Infosys started the Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award. This technology award recognises enterprises and individuals who have transformed their businesses and the society leveraging information technology. Past winners include Samsung, Amazon.com, Capital One, RBS and ING Direct. Infosys has the largest corporate education center in the world in Mysore. It can accommodate 14000 candidates at one time. In 2009, Infosys created Infosys Prize for excellence in Physical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering and Computer Science, Life Sciences and Social Sciences

Unitech

India's leading Real Estate Developer Established in 1972, Unitech is today a leading real estate developer in India. Known for the quality of its products, it is the first developer to have been certified ISO 9001:2000 in North India and offers the most diversified product mix comprising residential, commercial/IT parks, retail, hotels, amusement parks and SEZs. The well-recognised brand was yet again conferred with the title of "Superbrand" by Superbrands India in 2009. The Company is also the recipient of the CW Architect and Builders Award, 2008 for being one of India's Top Ten Builders. Unitech has long partnered with internationally acclaimed architects and design consultants including SOM (USA), BDP (UK), Maunsell AECOM (HK), MEA Systra (France), Callison Inc. (USA), FORREC (Canada), SWA and HOK (USA) for various projects. It has an enviable clientele for commercial projects including Fidelity, McKinsey, Bank of America, Ford Motors, Nike, EDS, Hewitt, Amdocs, Ernst & Young, Reebok, Keane, Seagrams, Perfetti, Exxon Mobil and AT Kearney.

Unitech Scrip is one of the most liquid stocks in the Indian stock markets and was the first real estate company to be part of the National Stock Exchange's NIFTY 50 Index. The company has over 600,000 shareholders.

Unitech and Norway based Telenor Group - the 6th largest mobile communication provider in the world, came together to build Uninor - a telecommunication services company providing GSM services across India.

Recently the Company has ventured into the infrastructure business by launching Unitech Infra, thus leveraging its decades of experience and expertise in real estate. Vision To be Indias leading Real Estate company with a Pan-India Footprint, and be the company of first choice amongst our customers to address their needs across all realty verticals.

Mission To satisfy every customers need for a better experience through quality construction and employee contentment. Unitech has a well-managed architectural and engineering team that has closely partnered and worked with internationally acclaimed architects and many others, to achieve both aesthetic and efficient designs. We are a customer oriented company and we believe in putting in our best foot forward in our journey to the pinnacle.

Research Methodology Research methodology stands for the ways & means that we adopt for conducting research. In this we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in pursuing the research Research methodology consist of enunciating the problem, formulating the hypothesis, collecting the facts of data, analyzing the fact and reaching certain conclusion either in the form of solutions towards the concerned problem or in the form of certain generalizations for some theoretical formulation. All progress is born of enquiry. Dealt is often better than overconfidence for it leads to inquiry, & inquiry leads to invention. All progress is born of enquiry. Dealt is often better than overconfidence for it leads to inquiry, & inquiry leads to invention. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the problem. It may be understood has a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we

study the various steps that all generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research method. Research is defined as a scientific & systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Research is an art of scientific investigation. Research is a systemized effort to gain new knowledge. It is a careful inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. The search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is a research. RESEARCH DESIGN A research is the arrangement of the conditions for the collections and analysis of the data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. In fact, the research is design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blue print of the collection, measurement and analysis of the data. As search the design includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and its operational implication to the final analysis of data. The design is such studies must be rigid and not flexible and most focus attention on the following2; Research Design can be categorized as: The present study is exploratory in nature, as it seeks to discover ideas and insight to brig out new relationship. Research design is flexible enough to provide opportunity for considering different aspects of problem under study. It helps in bringing into focus some inherent weakness in enterprise regarding which in depth study can be conducted by management. DATA COLLECTION For any study there must be data for analysis purpose. Without data there is no means of study. Data collection plays an important role in any study. It can be collected from various sources. I have collected the data from two sources which are given below: Primary data : A survey will be conducted to gather primary data from the market here the main emphasis will be given on the supply chain practices followed by

different companies. It will help us to know the general practices being followed in the market. The executives of the company Dabur will be interview for knowing the better insight of the company. Data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience. Data, or facts, may be derived from several sources. Data can be classified as primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data gathered for the first time by the researcher; secondary data is data taken by the researcher from secondary sources, internal or external. The researcher must thoroughly search secondary data sources before commissioning any efforts for collecting primary data. There are many advantages in searching for and analyzing data before attempting the collection of primary data. In some cases, the secondary data itself may be sufficient to solve the problem. Usually the cost of gathering secondary data is much lower than the cost of organizing primary data. Moreover, secondary data has several supplementary uses. It also helps to plan the collection of primary data, in case, it becomes necessary. We shall therefore discuss secondary data first and then take up primary data. Secondary data collection methods Published data and the data collected in the past or other parties is called secondary data

Companies and other websites Reports /Articles/Blogs magazines/journals News papers/business magazine Published Sources such as Journals, Government Reports, Newspapers and Magazines etc. Unpublished Sources such as Company Internal reports prepare by them given to their analyst & trainees for investigation.

Websites and some official site, some other sites are also searched to find data

Research Plan: Research Plan is no specific for all types of research; it is decided depending upon the nature of the problem Designing a research plan calls for decisions on 1. Data sources

2. Research Instruments 3. Sampling plan 4. Contact methods. Bibliography Booth, G., Martikainen, T., Perttunen, J., and Yli-Olli, P. (1994), "On the functional form of earnings and stock prices: international evidence and implications for the E/P anomaly", Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 21/3, 395-408. Brief, R.P. (1985), "Limitations of using the cash recovery rate to estimate the IRR: a note", Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 12/3, 473-475. Brief, R.P., and Lawson, R.A. (1991a), "Approximate error in using accounting rates of return to estimate economic returns", Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 18/1, 13-20. REFERENCES http://www.nyx.net/~tmacfarl/STAT_TUT/one_anov.ssi http://www.spsstools.net/spss.htm http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/T-test