Jenny Pearl V.

Estuya 2A BSN
1. Definition of Statistics. -Statistics is the science of making effective use of numerical data relating
to groups of individuals or experiments. It deals with all aspects of this, including not only the collection, analysis and interpretation of such data, but also the planning of the collection of data, in terms of the design of surveys and experiments

2.Areas of Statistics and their definition. - The two major areas of statistics are descriptive and

inferential.
Descriptive statistics are used to organize or summarize a particular set of measurements. In other words, a descriptive statistic will describe that set of measurements. For example, in our study above, the mean described the absenteeism rates of five nurses on each unit. The U.S. census represents another example of descriptive statistics. In this case, the information that is gathered concerning gender, race, income, etc. is compiled to describe the population of the United States at a given point in time. A baseball player's batting average is another example of a descriptive statistic. It describes the baseball player's past ability to hit a baseball at any point in time. What these three examples have in common is that they organize, summarize, and describe a set of measurements. Inferential statistics use data gathered from a sample to make inferences about the larger population from which the sample was drawn. For example, we could take the information gained from our nursing satisfaction study and make inferences to all hospital nurses. We might infer that cardiac care nurses as a group are less satisfied with their jobs as indicated by absenteeism rates. Opinion polls and television ratings systems represent other uses of inferential statistics. For example, a limited number of people are polled during an election and then this information is used to describe voters as a whole.

3. Kinds of variables and their definition. - Variables which are experimentally manipulated by an investigator are
called independent variables.Variables which are measured are called dependent variables.All other factors which may affect the dependent variable are called confounding, extraneous or secondary variables - unless these are the same for each group being tested comparisons will be unreliable.

- Variables may be classified as either quantitative or qualitative: Quantitative data measures either how much or how many of something, i.e. a set of observations where any single observation is a number that represents an amount or a count. Qualitative data provide labels, or names, for categories of like items, i.e. a set of observations where any single observation is a word or code that represents a class or category.

4. What is a measurement? - A measurement is the process of obtaining the magnitude of a quantity,

such as length or mass, relative to a unit of measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram. A measurement answers the general question, "how many?", as in how many miles, or millimeters, or gigahertz. As measurement is basically about counting, measurement is conducted in numbers and is quantitative, in comparison to other observations which may be made in words and are qualitative. The term measurement can also be used to refer to a specific result obtained from the measurement process.

5. Kinds/levels/scales of measurements and their definition?

* The four scales of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal: Categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers or names represent a nominal scale of measurement. Numbers on the back of a baseball jersey (St. Louis Cardinals 1 = Ozzie Smith) and your social security number are examples of nominal data. Ordinal: An ordinal scale of measurement represents an ordered series of relationships or rank order. Individuals competing in a contest may be fortunate to achieve first, second, or third place. First, second, and third place represent ordinal data. Interval: A scale which represents quantity and has equal units but for which zero represents simply an additional point of measurement is an interval scale. The Fahrenheit scale is a clear example of the interval scale of measurement. Ratio: The ratio scale of measurement is similar to the interval scale in that it also represents quantity and has equality of units. However, this scale also has an absolute zero (no numbers exist below the zero). Very often, physical measures will represent ratio data (for example, height and weight).

6. Diferent types of sampling method and their technique. - The different types of sampling methods are Simple random sampling, Systematic
sampling,Stratified sampling, Cluster sampling, Matched random sampling,Quota sampling,

Convenience sampling, Line-intercept sampling and panel sampling.

7. Types of displaying numerical. 8. Methods in presenting data? y y y y y y Frequency Table Pie Chart Bar chart Dot Plot Histogram Stem and Leaf Plot

9. Different types of measures of descriptions. -