IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA

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ZANANIN SADAT TAJER

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MASTER OF ENVIRONMENT UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA 2010

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IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)

By NAZANIN SADAT TAJER (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)

Research Project Submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Environment May 2010 (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font. Month and year of viva voce)

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Abstract of research project presented to the Faculty of Environmental Studies of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Environment

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IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA * (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font) By NAZANIN SADAT TAJET *Enter May 2010 twice with (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font) 1.5 spacing Supervisor: Associate Professor Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD Faculty: Environmental Studies Enter twice with 1.5 spacing (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font. Supervisors name: No Dr but at the end of the name, put Ph.D) Seafood is highly likely to be contaminated by heavy metals caused by various human activities. In this study, the amount of Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd in seafood was determined to estimate the intake of heavy metals among the population of Tanjung Karang through the Market Basket Study method. A variety of seafood were purchased from the Bagan Pasir, Tanjung Karang fish landing area and the concentration of heavy metals were determined using wet digestion method in concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid in the ratio of 3:1. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to analyze the heavy metals. The concentrations of metals in seafood were compared to the Food Balance Sheet to determine the status of metal exposure per day in the individual diet. From the study, the estimated
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intake of heavy metals by the population was 0.17 mg/day for Cu, 0.44 mg/day for Fe, 0.58 mg/day for Zn, 0.008 mg/day for Pb, 0.007 mg/day for Ni and 0.031 mg/day for Cd. Keywords: oil pollution, heavy metals, etc., etc., (maximum five keywords)

*Same format as english abstract. Malay abstract must be the same means with English abstract

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Abstrak projek penyelidikan yang dikemukan kepada Fakulti Pengajian Alam Sekitar, Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Master Alam Sekitar

IMPAK PENCEMARAN MINYAK DI SELAT MELAKA Oleh NAZANIN SADAT TAJER Mei 2010

Penyelia: Profesor Madya Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD Fakulti: Pengajian Alam Sekitar

Makanan laut merupakan salah satu sumber makanan yang berpotensi tinggi dicemari logam berat akibat daripada pelbagai aktiviti yang dijalankan oleh manusia. Di dalam kajian ini, kandungan logam Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni dan Cd dalam makanan laut dikaji bagi mengganggarkan jumlah pendedahan penduduk Tanjung Karang terhadap logam berat dengan menggunakan kaedah "Market Basket Study". Beberapa jenis makanan laut dibeli daripada pelabuhan perikanan Bagan Pasir, Tanjung Karang bagi menentukan jumlah kandungan logam berat di dalamnya. Kaedah penghadaman basah dengan kombinasi asid nitrik pekat dan asid perklorik pekat dengan nisbah 3:1 digunakan bagi menentukan kepekatan logam berat dalam sampel. Logam-logam berat tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Penyerapan Atom (AAS). Kepekatan logam berat yang telah ditentukan dibandingkan dengan Jadual Makanan Seimbang penduduk Malaysia bagi menentukan status pendedahan logam yang dikaji dalam sehari. Anggaran

pengambilan logam-logam berat oleh penduduk yang dikaji ialah 0.17 mg/hari bagi logam Cu, 0.44 mg/hari bagi logam Fe, 0.58 mg/hari bagi logam Zn, 0.008 mg/hari bagi logam Pb, 0.007 mg/hari bagi logam Ni dan 0.031 mg/hari bagi logam Cd.$ Kata kunci: pencemaran minyak, logam berat, dll., dll. (maksimum lima kata kunci)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Project Supervisor Prof. Dr. Alias bin Mohd. Yusof for the guidance, constant encouragements and invaluable help given to me during my research study. The assistance and co-operation during this study, provided by the staff of the Faculty of Science, UPM, especially P.M. Dr.Noraini Abd Rashid, En. Hashim Baharin, En. Hanan Basri, En. Mat Yassin Sirin, En.Lee Siak Kuan and En.Sulaiman Abdullah is also deeply acknowledged. I was also most fortunate in receiving financial support from UPM, transportation and other facilities in campus. Special thanks are extended to Dr.Khalik Hj. Wood, Dr. Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Pn.Shamsiah Abd Rahman, En Halim and Pn.Jamaliah of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Department, Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT), Bangi, Kajang, for their invaluable suggestions, technical assistance and co-operation in performing analysis using ICP-MS and NAA facilities. The assistance and co-operation rendered by Jabatan Alam Sekitar Johor, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Johor, Majlis Perbandaran Skudai, Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bharu and Majlis Perbandaran Kulai are also thankfully acknowledged. I would also like to thank both my parents for their prayers. The love, patience, support and encouragement by family members are also gratefully acknowledged. Finally, but not least, the author would like to thank all the wonderful individuals who have, one way or another, generously contributed their knowledge, expertise and talents. Special thanks are due to Mr. Mokhlesur, Mr. Mahmud, Ms. Sharmila, Ms. Caroljit and Ms. Devagi for their assistance and companionship in the research work.

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This research project was submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Environment

. Associate Professor Dr Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria Supervisor Date:

.. Dr Ahmad Zaharin Aris Coordinator Date:

Associate Professor Dr Ramdzani Abdullah Dean Faculty of Environmental Studies

Date:

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DECLARATION

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I hereby declare that the research project is my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.

______________________ NAZANIN SADAT TAJER Date:$

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CHAPTER 2

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 Sewage

Sewage refers to any waste product from a community and its industries that contain numerous types of both organic and inorganic substances (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2002; Fulazzaky, 2009). activities involved in that area (Kutty et al., 2009). It also known as municipal wastewater which is specifically concern about any waste produced from

2.1.1 Composition of sewage

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The composition of sewage is an important parameter used in the designing of sewage treatment plants. The character of sewage differs from place to place according to habits and living standards of population. Previous study has shown that the sewage compositions in developing countries are changing drastically due to their development. This answer the reason why the interpretation of the result obtained from different analyses should be done carefully. In addition, necessary estimations for future characteristics should be made when these data is referred for designing sewage treatment plants (Curl, 1976).

In general, sewage is made up of domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, storm water and by groundwater seepage entering the municipal sewage networks. Domestic wastewater consists of effluent discharges from households, institutions, and commercial buildings. Industrial wastewater is the effluent discharged by manufacturing units and food processing plants (Hussain et al., 2002).

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REFERENCES * Please note that you have to arrange you references in alphabetical order (not based on materials cited). Below are only examples on how each reference material should be cited.

BOOK Alley, W.M. 1993. Regional ground-water quality. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold. Appelo, C.A.J. & Postma, D. 1993. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. Rotterdam: Balkema. CHAPTERS IN BOOK Konikow, L.F. & Reilly, T.E. 1999. Seawater intrusion in the United States, In Bear, J., Cheng, A.H.-D., Sorek, S., Ouazar, D. & Herrera, I. (eds.). Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers-Concepts, Methods and Practices. pp. 463-506. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. APHA. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. JOURNAL Abdullah, M.H. & Musta, B. 1999. Phreatic water quality of the Turtle Islands of East Malaysia: Pulau Selingaan and Pulau Bakkungan Kechil. Borneo Science. 6(1): 1-9. Petalas, C. & Lambrakis, N. 2006. Simulation of intense salinization phenomena in coastal aquifers: the case of the coastal aquifers of Thrace. Journal of Hydrology. 324: 51-64. JOURNAL (IN PRESS OR PUBLISHED ONLINE) Chua, L.H.C., Lo, E.Y.M., Freyberg, D.L., Shuy, E.B., Lim, T.T., Tan, S.K. & Ngonidzashe, M. 2007. Hydrostratigraphy and geochemistrty at a coastal sandfill in Singapore. Hydrogeology Journal. doi 10.1007/s10040-007-0195-8. Montety, de V., Radakovitch, O., Vallet-Columb, C., Blavoux, B., Hermitte, D. & Valles, V. 2008. Origin of groundwater salinity and hydrogeochemical

processes in a confined coastal aquifer: Case of the Rhone delta (Southern France). Applied Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.03.011. PROCCEDINGS Abdullah, M.H. & Aris, A.Z. 2005. Groundwater Quality of Sipadan Island, Sabah: Revisited 2004. Proceedings of the 2nd Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources. Kuala Lumpur, March 22-23. pp. 254257. Abdullah, M.H., Musta, B. & Ramli, M.Z. 1996. Groundwater quality as freshwater resource in Manukan island a preliminary finding. Proceedings of Geology and Environmental Seminar. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 3337. THESIS Abdullah, M.H. 1995. Kualiti Air Tanah Pulau Sipadan, Semporna, Sabah. MSc. Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Abdullah, M.H. 2001. Phreatic water extraction from shallow aquifer of a small island. PhD thesis. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. USER MANUAL Allison, J.D., Brown D.S. & Novo-Gradac, K.J. 1991. MINTEQA2, A geochemical assessment database and test cases for environmental systems: Vers. 3.0 users manual. Report EPA/600/3-91/21. Athens: USEPA. GOVERNMENT REPORT Dillon, P. 1997. Groundwater Pollution by Sanitation on Tropical Islands. Technical Documents in Hydrology. UNESCO IHP-V No.6. Paris: UNESCO. Falkland, A.C. 1992. Small tropical island: Water resources of Paradise Lost. IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series No.2. Paris: UNESCO. Falkland, A. & Custodio, E. 1991. Hydrology and water resources of small islands: A practical guide. Place de Fontenoy: UNESCO. WEBSITES

Bates, W.J. 2003. Analysis of sediment quality of summit Lake, Akron, Ohio. http://gsa.confex.com /gsa /2003NC/finalprogram/abstract_47066.htm (accessed on 18 April 2008). MAP DigitalGlobe. 2008. Satellite image of locality of Manukan island.