IRRI Rice Seminar Series

K.L. Heong
Current position: Insect ecologist, Senior Scientist, IRRI Education and training: PhD and DSc Imperial College, UK. Fellow of Malaysian Academy of Science Fellow of the Third World Academy of Science Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science Work experience: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Research highlights: Arthropod community structure in rice ecosystems Impact of insecticides on arthropod food web structures Insect predator-prey relationship in rice ecosystems Biodiversity and ecosystem services in rice ecosystems Farmers pest management decision making Use of mass media and education entertainment approaches to reach millions of rice farmers Awards: Charles Black Award (US Council for Agricultural Science) Prize for Agriculture (Third World Academy of Science) Gold medals Agricultural Development (Government of Vietnam) Excellence Prize (Malaysian Plant Protection Society)

Return of the Green Revolution Menace with New Vengeance

K.L. Heong

Summary of Seminar
Current situations of problems with planthoppers and related virus diseases Broad look at the problems and why they occur.
Ecological reasons for such situations Root causes beyond the rice ecosystems

Ecological engineering initiatives to restore resilience Mitigation options to reform pesticide policies regulations and marketing

UNWELCOME HARVEST
After Conway & Pretty 1991

Green Revolution - undisputed successes

HYVs enabled increase in rice production Contributed to poverty reduction, food security

Limitations
Environmental degradation Created new threats the planthoppers

Doubly GREEN Revolution Conway 1997

Increase food at an even greater rate So it in a sustainable manner without damage to

environment and its services Ensure equity

Menace 1 Brown Planthopper (BPH)

Short winged form

Long winged form

Virus diseases

Cabauatan et al 2008

New Menace 2 White backed planthopper (WBPH)

Long winged form

Short winged form

New virus carried by WBPH

Discovered in Guangdong in 2001. Transmitted by WBPH Southern Rice Black Streak Dwarf virus (SRBSDV) because of its similarity with the RBSDV carried by sBPH in temperate areas. Spreading in southern provinces of China, Northern Vietnam areas.

Spread of new virus disease

Found in Kyushu Japan in 2010

Found in maize in Shandong province
middle-season rice damaged

First discovered in 2001

Zhou 2010

Planthoppers are r strategists

Low habitat stability escape from natural control

ty rsi w e div .Lo io e b p sca nd La h g Hi

r strategists tend to develop exponentially when they escape from natural control

When the natural enemy ravine is in place Populations low

When the natural enemy ravine is removed Population develop exponentially

Summary from Synoptic Model In habitats with low stability, pest population growth rates tend to increase when released from biocontrol services resulting in outbreaks. Rice production systems that have low landscape biodiversity will need to conserve biocontrol services more to avoid release of pests or outbreaks. Pests that strive in habitats with low stability have typical life strategies r strategists with high adaptability.

r - pests Common characteristics:

High reproductive capacities Small size, short life cycles High migratory tendency - essential for movement

from the dying habitat to a new one. Exogenous invaders into a crop. Normally not pests in low densities but can occasionally outbreak when released from natural control. Because of the ephemeral nature of the crop habitats it is necessary to consider managing their population on a regional scale Macro level (Southwood 1977).

Population Model
Continuous model Nt + 1 = Nt exp {r(1 Nt /K)} Finite rate of increase = exp r r is per capita rate of increase r (ln Ro)/Tc Nett reproduction rate and generation time K is carrying capacity r K continuum biological strategies

 Rice planthoppers are

Monophagous live only on rice r strategists Mobile and invasive

Sustainable strategies need to focus on population management at the macro level and not just developing killing methods. Using insecticides to control such pests is like throwing petrol into fire completely unsustainable

Pest storms in Thailand

China Indonesia

Hopperburn occur in patches with ecosystem services disrupted Philippines Malaysia

India
Vietnam China
Indonesia

Thailand

Bangladesh

Planthopper outbreaks in Asia in 2009/11

In Yunnan province WBPH destroyed crops at young stages 400,000 ha seriously affected in 56 counties Predominantly WBPH on hybrid rice New virus disease spreading in Northern Vietnam, and southern provinces of China 300,000 ha estimated badly infected

Started in July 2009, outbreaks still persist in June, 2010. Damaged area > 1 million ha. Govt revised production forecast by 1.1 m tons 16%Govt paid US$60 m in compensation to farmers. Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide distribution, campaigns Virus diseases spread and become endemic and very wide spread Outbreaks continue June 2011 11% damaged. Loss 600 million baht.

Sukoharja-Solo-Klaten Wereng Triangle BPH beginning to become problems More than 10,000ha said to damaged Reported loss US$ 1.4 million Government and pesticide companies launched Operasi Mandi Pestisida

Hopperburn along spray paths Suphan Buri, Thailand

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue to threaten rice production in Asia?

Vulnerability factors Low genetic biodiversity
Many rice areas grown with few or closely related varieties. In Central Thailand 72% of farmers grew 2 varieties, Chainat1 and Pathumtani1. In the Muda area 2005, 2 varieties MR219 and MR220 covered 75% of the area. Season 2008/09 the same 2 varieties grown in 95% of rice areas in Malaysia. Hybrid rice narrow range of parental lines.

Low habitat biodiversity

Large area rice monocrops with no other habitat. Low flora and resources for natural enemies Double and triple cropping of rice and lack non rice habitats.

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue to threaten rice production in Asia?

Vulnerability factors Low biodiversity in parasitoids and predators
Lack habitat and food resources for natural enemies. Bunds sprayed with herbicides. High insecticide pressure farmers often apply 3 to 10 sprays. High use of insecticides toxic to parasitoids and predators. Poor equipment used low efficacy to pests, high efficacy to non targets esp. aquatic fauna. High use of cocktails that broaden the kill spectrum. Prophylactic spray (pre emptive strikes); mixed with herbicide sprays.

Early season blanket spraying

Note Spraying in early crop stages Spraying on top of the canopy Use equipment with poor delivery

Tien Giang province 2011

60 Percent (%) sprays 50 40 30 20 10 0 0-15 16-40 41-60 Days after sowing 61-70 > 70 12.3 28.2

Early season
45.6

12 1.9

Early season sprays increase farms vulnerability to hopperburn

by >10 folds
100 Probabiility of hopperburn 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No spray 1st spray 0-40 DAS 1st >40 DAS 8.1 73.3 91.4

Leaf folder control increases vulnerability to hopperburn

by 10 folds
100 Probability of hopperburn 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control for leaffolders Did not control leaf folders 86.5

8.1

Food chain
1
Rice

Vulnerable situation
Outbreak situation

Rice

Herbivores

Rice

Herbivores

Predators Parasitoids

Preferred situation

Mean food chain lengths reduced

Sprays reduced chain lengths significantly from 3 to about 2. Estimated time for food web to recover was 22 days after the last spray. Sprays bring about asynchrony in predatorprey relationships.

KLH 2002

Early insecticide sprays create vulnerability

Vulnerable period

Effect of early season sprays on ecosystem services

Early season sprays increase vulnerability to invasions

Ecosystem services

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Weeks after transplanting

10 9 Ecossytem services 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ecossytem service

Hopper invasion
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Weeks after transplanting

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Outbreak

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Weeks after transplanting

More pesticide more eggs

Resurgence

More pesticide more BPH eggs

Resurgence fipronil increase fecundity

2.3 X

Hopperburn in sprayed spots in Cantho province

Pictures by Pham van Quynh

No effect of insecticide sprays on plant hopper eggs in refuge

Small size and soft body make natural enemies more susceptible

BPH Cyrtorhinus

Anagrus

Wolf spider

Sprayed rice fields are like mine fields to predators and parasitoids in search of prey

Spider Biodiversity, Bund Biodiversity and Pesticide Use

High High species richness High spider density Example Danzhou S=70
Moderate species richness High spider density

Bund Biodiversity

Example Lingshui S= 55

Low species richness Low spider density

Low species richness Low spider density

Low

Example Haikou S= 37 Example Sanya S= 36

Low

Insecticide Use

High

 After the sprays hopper eggs hatch into an enemy free environment and enjoy exponential growth.

Norowi

Insecticides cause BPH to produce more long winged forms

More pesticide more migration

The ecology of planthoppers well documented

Impact of insecticides on herbivore-natural enemy communities in tropical rice ecosystems. Heong & Schoenly The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice a review. Way and Heong Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice. Matteson Planthoppers New threats to the sustainability of intensive rice production systems in Asia.
Heong and Hardy

New reviews to follow

New book on Rice Planthoppers from the ADB-IRRI Rice Planthopper Project. New paradigms in Rice hopper resistance
Horgan et al

Asias planthopper problems: The reemergence of an old enemy. Horgan and Heong Resurrecting the Ghost of the Green Revolutions Past: The Rice Brown Planthopper as a Recurring Threat to High Yielding Rice Production in Tropical Asia.
Bottrell and Schoenly

Insecticide resistance
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Philippines Thailand Vietnam China

X127

Imidacloprid
50
X32 X6

45 40 35 30 25 20 15

X27

BPMC

X19

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Philippines Thailand

X59

10 5
X33

X0.9

Fipronil

0 Philippines Thailand Vietnam China

X2

Vietnam

China

Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services

Biodiversity
Number of species Abundance Composition Interactions

Ecosystem Services
Provisioning services
Food, fuel, fiber Genetic resources Fresh water

Supporting services
Primary production Provision of habitats Nutrient and water cycling Soil formation and retention

Cultural services

Regulating services
Ecosystem Functions

InvasionRegulating services resistance Invasion resistance Pollination Pollination Pest andPest and disease regulation disease regulation
Climate regulation Natural hazard protection Water purification

Spiritual and religious values Education and inspiration Recreation and aesthetic values

Regulating Services Pest regulation

In many agricultural areas, pest control

provided by natural enemies has been replaced by the use of pesticides

And such pesticide use (and misuse)

has itself degraded the capacity of agroecosystems to provide pest control

MA 2005

Light trap records in Chai Nat Thailand

10000000

2011
1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

2009 2010

100,000 fold increase !!

2008
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Vicious cycle of planthopper outbreaks

Use of resurgence insecticides

Massive OUTBREAKS
Landscape ES weakening

MISUSE

Prophylactic & early spraying Spray mixtures

Local ES weakening Panic sprays

Local outbreaks

Wide scale increase In insecticide use

Increase in BPH load

Promote BPH populations

Social effects on farmers

Anti histamine Wichian

Times of India

Cancer train

The lush fields hide a scary tale. Farmers live in a disturbing cesspool of toxicity, a result of excessive and unregulated use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. For one, Punjab farmers' use of pesticides is 923 g/ha, way above the national average of 570 g/ha (grams per hectare).

Punjab's Malwa region feeds the nation but farmers here fall prey to cancer far too often. They take the 'Cancer Train' to Bikaner for cheap treatment.

Relationships between farmers yields and pesticide spending in Jiaxing, China.

1st season 8000 Y ie ld a (k g/ha ) 6000 4000 2000 0 0 20 40 60 Spray cost (CN yuan/(1/15ha)) y = 3.641x + 5564.7 R = 0.0036
2

2nd season 10000 Y ie ld (k g /h a ) 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 20 y = -23.008x + 6531.2 R = 0.2481 40 60
2

Spray cost (CN yuan/(1/15ha)

Chainat, Thailand
8 7 6 Yield t/ha

Lingui, China
9 8 7 Yield t/ha 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 Number of sprays 6 8

R2= 0.015

R2= 0.019
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of sprays

Cai Lay, Vietnam

9 8 7 Yield t/ha 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 Number of sprays 6 8

Cai Be, Vietnam

9 8 7 Yield t/ha 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Number of sprays

R2 <0.001

R2= 0.019

Tiengiang province
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 6 5 4 3 2

2003 N= 584

1 0

2004 N= 635
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Yield in tons

Cantho province
7
7

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8

6 5 4

2002 N= 790

3 2 1 0

2004 N= 904
0 1 2 3 4

Vinh Long province

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4

2004 N= 286

2 1 0

2005 N= 604
0 1 2 3 4

Number of insecticide sprays

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1

Can Tho 2006

Can Tho 2007

12 10 8 6

y = 0.15x + 6.709 R2 = 0.022 F=13.59 p ,0.001

2 3 4 5 6 7

4 2 0 0 1

y = 0.197x + 7.184 R2=0.04 F=24.05 p<0.001

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Yield in tons

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

Mekong wide 2006

y = -0.357x + 3.306 R2=0.127 F>260 p<0.001

10

Number of insecticide sprays

Pest management today

Generalized Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain

CAPITAL DOA GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OTHERS PRIVATE SECTOR BIG BOYS LOCAL

DEALER Advertising/sales promotions

MAJOR RICE BOWL/GRANARY

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES DOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OTHERS

Media campaigns\ cellphones

DEALER

Training/FFS

RETAILER Credits Advice Samples

Mobile Plant Clinics

Media campaigns

Training/FFS

Extension

FARMERS

Limited reach; limited resource to sustain

MAIN SOURCE FOR INFORMATION, ADVICE, GIFTS, CREDIT

Hands up those who get their pest management advice from the local pesticide retailer

FMCG
Fast Moving Consumer Goods

FMCG or Fast-moving consumer goods (also known as Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are products that have quick turnover, require less thinking by consumers and utilize advertising and promotional strategies to create

emotional buying.
Insecticide use based on IPM Driven by rational decision making skills. Judicious use. Need to use knowledge on pests, natural enemies, predation, insecticide actions Maximize value of knowledge Insecticide use based on FMCG Driven by product packaging, brand names, attractiveness, recalls. Less (or no) thinking needed. Eg. calendar applications mixing several ingredients together. Maximize value of sales Emotional based, viz status, desire, fear, perceptions, attitudes, sense of power, price.

Economic rationale based

Inefficient market /Market failure

Signs and symptoms

Information asymmetries
Farmers buying insecticides thinking that they are

controlling planthoppers but instead they induce hopper outbreaks. And seek to spray more.

Externalities
Pollution. Health. Wildlife. Fish supply

Public goods
Insecticides destroy ecosystem services Insecticides create more planthoppers that infest

other farmers fields.

Current system favor YIN

Pesticide promotion by private Pesticide promotion by private and Public sectors and Public sectors Govt subsidies, free distributions Govt subsidies, free distributions Low costs of pesticides Low costs of pesticides Pesticide misuses Pesticide misuses

Negatives Negatives

Ecological research Ecological research Resistant varieties Resistant varieties Ecological engineering Ecological engineering IPM training IPM training Insecticide reduction Insecticide reduction programs programs

Positives Positives

Structures/Policies favoring Negatives Structures/Policies favoring Negatives

Inadequate pesticides regulatory system Inadequate pesticides regulatory system Ecosystem services not factored into policies Ecosystem services not factored into policies Incentives for short term profit gains Incentives for short term profit gains Lack incentives for sustainable practices Lack incentives for sustainable practices Access to emergency pesticide allocations Access to emergency pesticide allocations

Chinas Pesticide Production (metric tons a.i.) 2000 2009. [source: ICAMA]

2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0

EU exports
Chn exp Jpn exp Kor exp EU exp

M illio n U S $

China exports

92

94

00

02

90

04

96

98

06

19

20

20

19

19

19

19

20

20

Data from FAOSTAT updated June 2011

20

08

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

92 90 19 19

M illio n U S $

Insecticide imports

04

94

98

96

00

06 20

02

20

19

19

20

Indonesia

Thailand

Viet Nam

Philippines

India

Data from FAOSTAT updated June 2010

20

19

20

08

Pesticides in rice (US$ M)

100 120 140 160 180 20 40 60 80 0

Year Indonesia

1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Pesticide Tsunami

Resistant varieties, IPM,Biological control, Biodiversity, Ecological Engineering

Unsustainable Response
Operation Showering With Pesticides in Indonesia.

Root Causes of Planthopper problems ROOT CAUSES Revise pesticide marketing regulations Reclassify pesticides/ License retailers

Inadequate regulations Medium/Long term FMCG Retailers provide advice RESPONSES Untrained retailers.
Immediate term

Banning resurgence causing insecticides

Farmers income loss National loss in export earning Health problem Unstable production Loss in chemical effectiveness

CAUSES
Unnecessary insecticide use Misuse / Overuse Wrong insecticides

SITUATION
Increase in outbreak pests Increase in chemical pollution Insecticide resistance

IMPACT

House with No Roof

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue to threaten rice production in Asia?

Causal factors
Planthoppers have unique traits for adaptation A macro problem and cant be managed using micro tools. Planthopper outbreaks have ecological, sociological, economic and political dimensions Need ecological tools at landscape level eco agriculture Pest control tools rely in chemicals, plant resistance, GMOs. Tools do not tackle the root causes of outbreaks which have ecological, sociological and political dimensions. Need changes in policies, institutional structures and concepts Lack ecological understanding particularly at the macro or landscape level. Plant protection policies and structures continue to favor pesticide use no change in > 50 years Need reform. Plant protection regulatory system have stagnated and weakened and need restructure.

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue to threaten rice production in Asia?

Causal factors
No change in paradigm Using micro tools to deal a macro problem. Planthoppers outbreaks macro - related ecological, sociological, economic and political issues. No change in tools Pest control tools rely in magic bullets - chemicals, genes, GMOs. Tools do not tackle the root causes of outbreaks. Tools do not tackle ecological, sociological and political issues. No change in concepts/structure Lack ecological understanding perspectives particularly at the macro or landscape level. Plant protection policies and structures continue to favor pesticide use status quo for 40 years. Plant protection regulatory system stagnant and weakened and need reform.

Summary
1. Large proportion of insecticides used are unnecessary. 2. Planthopper problems are insecticide induced. 3. The mechanisms have been thoroughly researched, simulation models built, well understood and documented. 4. Planthoppers are r strategists and management strategies are ecologically based at the landscape level. 5. Insecticide misuse is caused by the failed market conditions, misguided policies, R and D biases toward favoring pesticide use. 6. Farmers are the victims of the failed market, the biases and disconnected information supply chain. 7. It does NOT have to be like this, especially since we have the knowledge to help solve the problem.

Two Main Components of Ecological Engineering to restore Resilience to Pests

Ecological Engineering techniques

Genetic biodiversity Habitat biodiversity

Species Space Time

Rationalize pesticide use

Reduction, pro environment products, timing

Species Biodiversity
Parasitoids, Predators

Ecosystem Services
Pest invasion resistance, Pest and disease regulation Pollination

Ecosystem functions
Pollination, parasitism, predation

Ecological engineering in Jin Hua

Increase in parasitoids in rice field with sesame and no insecticide use

Jin Hua, Zhejiang

Lu et al 2009

Frog densities increase in eco eng fields

50 45 40

Ecological Engineering

Ecological Engineering

Frog densities in #/mu

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 R. limnocharis

Farmers Fields

Farmers Fields

Booting

R. nigromaculatta R. limnocharis

Milky R. nigromaculatta

50 45 40

Ecological Engineering

Ecological Engineering

Frog densities in #/mu

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 R. limnocharis

Farmers Fields

Farmers Fields

Booting

R. nigromaculatta R. limnocharis

Milky R. nigromaculatta

Butter daisy

(Melampodium divaricatium)

Okra

Mung bean (Vigna radiata)

(Abelmoschus esculentus)

Farmers Friend/Cobblers pegs

(Bidens pilosa)

Chinese Wedelia (Wedelia chinensis )

Sesame

(Sesamum indicum)

Abundance of bees, syrphids and ladybirds

Parasitoid Species Richness

Rarefaction curves

Egg parasitoids in ecological engineering fields Increase

Egg parasitism in ecological engineering fields increase significantly - Vietnam

50 45 40 %egg parasitism 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Booting Ripening Eco eng Control

Multi media campaign in Vietnam to motivate rural communities to restore biodiversity, reduce pesticides and increase their profits in several provinces

Heuristic cluster for biodiversity Bees as enablers for change

n

Flowers along bunds bring in bees and their relatives The bee relatives attack eggs that planthoppers lay Insecticides will kill bees and their relatives.

KLH

Landscape transformation in many Vietnam provinces

N a tu ra l e n e m y d e n s ity (# /S q M )

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Natural enemies increase

Ecol Eng Control

Thoai Son

Chau Thanh

Chau Phu

18 M irid p re d a to ry b u g s (# /S q M ) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Egg predatory bug increase

Ecol Eng Control

Thoai Son

Chau Thanh

Chau Phu

Biodiversity can benefit rice farmers

Challenges
Adopt macro level thinking Use a macro framework for management. Incorporate ecological, sociological, economic and political dimensions. Develop ecological tools at landscape level eco agriculture Develop ecological engineering tools and techniques to re store biodiversity to rice ecosystems. Develop and sustain educational and motivational programs to change farmers attitudes to become ecosystem managers not just producers. Explore PES schemes and create new incentive systems. Changes in policies, institutional structures and concepts Adjust R and D funding policies to factor in ecosystem services benefits at the macro or landscape level. Review and reform agricultural policies and structures that will favor sustainable agriculture. Reform and strengthen regulatory systems, particularly pesticide legislations.

Motivations

We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.
Knowing is NOT enough We have to APPLY Willing is NOT enough We have to ACT

Pesticides destroy ecosystem functions and threaten food security

IRR I