Analytical Models For Rock Bolts

Analytical models for rock bolts
C. Li*, B. Stillborg
Division of Rock Mechanics, Lulea University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lulea, Sweden
Accepted 21 August 1999
Abstract
Three analytical models have been developed for rock bolts: one for bolts subjected to a concentrated pull load in pullout
tests, one for bolts installed in uniformly deformed rock masses, and one for bolts subjected to the opening of individual rock
joints. The development of the models has been based on the description of the mechanical coupling at the interface between the
bolt and the grout medium for grouted bolts, or between the bolt and the rock for frictionally coupled bolts. For rock bolts in
pullout tests, the shear stress of the interface attenuates exponentially with increasing distance from the point of loading when
the deformation is compatible across the interface. Decoupling may start rst at the loading point when the applied load is large
enough and then propagate towards the far end of the bolt with a further increase in the applied load. The magnitude of the
shear stress on the decoupled bolt section depends on the coupling mechanism at the interface. For fully grouted bolts, the shear
stress on the decoupled section is lower than the peak shear strength of the interface, while for fully frictionally coupled bolts it
is approximately the same as the peak shear strength. For rock bolts installed in uniformly deformed rock, the loading process
of the bolts due to rock deformation has been taken into account in developing the model. Model simulations conrm the
previous ndings that a bolt in situ has a pick-up length, an anchor length and a neutral point. It is also revealed that the face
plate plays a signicant role in enhancing the reinforcement eect. In jointed rock masses, several axial stress peaks may occur
along the bolt because of the opening of rock joints intersecting the bolt. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Rock bolts have been widely used for rock reinforce-
ment in civil and mining engineering for a long time.
Bolts reinforce rock masses through restraining the de-
formation within the rock masses. In order to improve
bolting design, it is necessary to have a good under-
standing of the behaviour of rock bolts in deformed
rock masses. This can be acquired through eld moni-
toring, laboratory tests, numerical modelling and ana-
lytical studies.
Since the 1970s, numerous researchers have car-
ried out eld monitoring work on rock bolts
installed in various rock formations [13]. Freeman
[1] performed pioneering work in studying the per-
formance of fully grouted rock bolts in the Kielder
experimental tunnel. He monitored both the loading
process of the bolts and the distribution of stresses
along the bolts. On the basis of his monitoring
data, he proposed the concepts of ``neutral point'',
``pick-up length'' and ``anchor length''. At the neu-
tral point, the shear stress at the interface between
the bolt and the grout medium is zero, while the
tensile axial load of the bolt has a peak value. The
pick-up length refers to the section of the bolt from
the near end of the bolt (on the tunnel wall) to the
neutral point. The shear stresses on this section of
the bolt pick up the load from the rock and drag
the bolt towards the tunnel. The anchor length
refers to the section of the bolt from the neutral
point to the far end of the bolt (its seating deep in
the rock). The shear stresses on this section of the
bolt anchor the bolt to the rock. These concepts
clearly outline the behaviour of fully grouted rock
bolts in a deformed rock formation. Bjo rnfot and
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 10131029
1365-1609/99/$ - see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S1365- 1609( 99) 00064- 7
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrmms
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +46-920-91352; fax: +46-920-
91935.
E-mail address: chunlin.li@ce.luth.se (C. Li).
Stephansson's work [2,4] demonstrated that in
joined rock masses there may exist not only one
but several neutral points along the bolt because of
the opening displacement of individual joints.
Pullout tests are usually used to examine the anchor-
ing capacity of rock bolts. A great number of pullout
tests have been conducted so far in various types of
rocks [59]. Farmer [6] carried out fundamental work
in studying the behaviour of bolts under tensile load-
ing. His solution predicts that the axial stress of the
bolt (also the shear stress at the bolt interface) will
decrease exponentially from the point of loading to the
far end of the bolt before decoupling occurs. Fig. 1(a)
illustrates the results of a typical pullout test [5]. Curve
a represents the distribution of the axial stress along
the bolt under a relatively low applied load, at which
the deformation is compatible on both sides of the
bolt interface. Curve b represents the axial stress along
the bolt at a relatively high applied load, at which
decoupling has occurred at part of the bolt interface.
Fig. 1(b) shows the axial stress along a rock bolt
installed in an underground mine drift [3]. It is seen
from this gure that the distribution of the axial stress
along the section close to the borehole collar is com-
pletely dierent from that in pullout tests. However,
along the section to the far end of the bolt, the stress
varies similarly to that in pullout tests. The reason for
these results is that bolts in situ have a pick-up length
and an anchor length, while bolts in pullout tests only
have an anchor length.
Nomenclature
A area of the cross-section of the bolt
E
b
Young's modulus of the bolt steel
E
r
Young's modulus of the rock mass
E
g
Young's modulus of the grout
L length of the bolt
P
0
applied pull load
P
0max
pullout load, i.e. the maximum applied pull
load
S inuencing area of a bolt in the rock
d
0
diameter of a circle in the rock outside
which the inuence of the bolt disappears
d
b
diameter of the bolt
d
g
diameter of the borehole
du free deformation of the rock slice
du
b
elongation of the bolt element
du
r
the reduction of deformation after bolt re-
inforcement, i.e. du
r
=du du
b
dx length of the rock slice
p
0
hydrostatic primary stress in the rock
P
f
load on the face plate of the bolt
r
i
radius of the circular tunnel
r
p
position of the decoupling front on the bolt
surface
s shear strength of the interface for friction-
ally coupled bolts
s
r
residual shear strength of the interface for
fully grouted bolts
s
p
peak shear strength of the interface for fully
grouted bolts
u original radial displacement of the rock at x
(without bolting)
x
0
,x
1
and x
2
decoupling boundaries at the interface of
fully grouted bolts (see Fig. 4)
Greek symbols
D length of a bolt section, D=x
2
x
1
a a constant representing the coupling prop-
erty of the interface
d
0
elongation of the bolt in section (0x<x
0
)
d
1
elongation of the bolt in section (x
0
x<x
1
)
d
2
1
x<x
2
)
d
3
2
x<L)
d
J
opening displacement of a rock joint
d
Ji
opening displacement of the ith joint (i = a,
b, c, F F F )
d
Jmax
maximum opening displacement of a joint
before decoupling occurs
n
g
Poisson's ratio of the grout
n
r
Poisson's ratio of the rock mass
x a coecient related to the Young's moduli
of the bolt steel and the rock
s
b
axial stress of the bolt
s
b0
axial stress of the bolt at the loading point
s
b0i
axial stress of the bolt at the ith rock joint
Ds
r
bolting-induced stress increment in the rock
mass
t
b
shear stress at the bolt interface
t
bB
total shear stress at point B of the bolt
interface
t
b1
shear stress at the bolt interface, induced by
rock deformation
t
b2
shear stress at the bolt interface, induced
due to pull eect
t
d
A
shear stress at point A of the bolt interface,
induced by rock deformation
t
d
B
shear stress at point B of the bolt interface,
induced by rock deformation
t
A
B
shear stress at B due to the pull action of
t
d
A
o ratio of the residual shear strength to the
peak shear strength, o=s
r
/s
p
C. Li, B. Stillborg / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 10131029 1014
It is thought that the relative movement between the
rock and the bolt is zero at the neutral point [1]. In
the solution by Tao and Chen [10], the position of the
neutral point depends only on the radius of the tunnel
and the length of the bolt. That solution was im-
plemented in the analytical models created by Indrar-
atna and Kaiser [11] and Hyett et al. [12]. It seems
that Tao and Chen's solution is valid only when the
deformation is compatible across the bolt interface.
When decoupling occurs, the position of the neutral
point is obviously also related to the shear strength of
the interface. Field monitoring and pullout tests have
indicated two facts concerning the loading of a rock
bolt in situ: (1) rock deformation applies a load on the
pick-up section of the bolt; (2) the load on the pick-up
section drags the anchor section of the bolt towards
the underground opening. These two facts must be
taken into account in developing analytical models for
rock bolts.
The aim of this paper is to develop analytical
models for fully coupled rock bolts. A model for rock
bolts in pullout tests is introduced rst, together with
a description of the theoretical background, the devel-
opment of the model and an illustrative example. Two
models for rock bolts in situ are then presented, one in
uniformly deformed rock masses and one in jointed
rock masses. The details of the development of the
models are summarised in the Appendices.
2. Coupling between the bolt and the rock
Windsor [13] proposed the concept that a reinforce-
ment system comprises four principal components: the
rock, the reinforcing element, the internal xture and
the external xture. For reinforcement with a bolt, the
reinforcing element refers to the bolt and the external
xture refers to the face plate and nut. The internal
xture is either a medium, such as cement mortar or
resin for grouted bolts, or a mechanical action like
``friction'' at the bolt interface for frictionally coupled
bolts. The internal xture provides a coupling con-
dition at the interface. With reference to the com-
ponent of internal xture, Windsor [13] classied the
current reinforcement devices into three groups: ``con-
tinuously mechanically coupled (CMC)'', ``continu-
ously frictionally coupled (CFC)'' and ``discretely
mechanically or frictionally coupled (DMFC)'' sys-
tems. According to this classication system, cement-
and resin-grouted bolts belong to the CMC system,
while Split set and Swellex bolts belong to the CFC
system.
When fully grouted bolts are subjected to a pull
load, failure may occur at the boltgrout interface, in
the grout medium or at the groutrock interface,
depending on which one is the weakest. For fully fric-
tionally coupled bolts, however, there is only one
possibility of failure decoupling at the boltrock
interface. In this study we concentrate on the failure at
the interface between the bolt and the coupling med-
ium (either the grout medium or the rock).
In general, the shear strength of an interface com-
prises three components: adhesion, mechanical inter-
lock and friction. They are lost in sequence as the
compatibility of deformation is lost across the inter-
face. The result is a decoupling front that attenuates at
an increasing distance from the point of the applied
load. The decoupling front rst mobilises the adhesive
component of strength, then the mechanical interlock
component and nally the frictional component. The
shear strength of the interface decreases during this
process. The shear strength after the loss of some of
the strength components is called the residual shear
strength in this paper. For grouted rock bolts like
rebar, all the three components of strength exist at the
bolt interface. However, for the fully frictionally
coupled bolt, the ``Split set'' bolt, only a friction com-
ponent exists at the bolt interface. For Swellex bolts,
Fig. 1. Distribution of the axial stress (a) along a grouted steel bar
during a pullout test, after Hawkes and Evans [5], and (b) along a
grouted rock bolt in situ, after Sun [3].
mechanical interlock and friction comprise the strength
of the interface.
3. Rock bolts in pullout tests
3.1. Theoretical background
When a bolt installed in rock is subjected to a tensile
axial load, the relationship between the shear stress at
the bolt interface and the axial tensile stress of the bolt
can be established through considering a small section
of the bolt as shown in Fig. 2. The force equilibrium
in the axial direction leads to the following expression:
t
b
=
A
pd
b
ds
b
dx
(1)
where d
b
is the diameter of the bolt, and A is the area
of the cross-section of the bolt.
For the example shown in Fig. 1(a), the shear stress
along the bolt at the two levels of applied load is
obtained using Eq. (1) and illustrated in Fig. 3. When
the applied load is small, the shear stress decreases
with increasing distance from the point of loading
(curve a ). Progressive decoupling commences at the
loading point at a certain level of applied load. The
decoupling front moves towards the far end of the bolt
with an increasing applied load. The shear stress is at
the level of the shear strength at the decoupling front,
while behind the decoupling front the shear stress
becomes smaller, since the strength of the interface has
been partially lost due to decoupling. Curve b in Fig. 3
represents such a distribution of shear stress along the
bolt.
Based on experimental results as shown in Fig. 3, a
model for the shear stress along a fully grouted bolt
can be postulated as illustrated in Fig. 4. In this
model, the section of the bolt close to the loading
point is completely decoupled with a zero shear stress
at the bolt interface. Starting at a certain distance
from the loading point, say at x
0
, the bolt interface is
partially decoupled with a residual shear strength, s
r
.
Between point x
1
and x
2
, the residual shear strength
linearly increases from s
r
to the peak strength s
p
.
Beyond point x
2
, the interface undergoes compatible
deformation and the shear stress attenuates exponen-
tially towards the far end of the bolt.
For fully frictionally coupled bolts, the magnitude
of the shear stress behind the decoupling front is ap-
proximately the same as the peak value. As mentioned
previously, the shear strength of the interface for this
type of bolt comprises one or two components, i.e.
either friction or mechanical interlock and friction.
The deformation incompatibility across the interface
does not make the friction disappear. In other words,
the residual shear strength of the interface is approxi-
mately the same as the peak strength for fully friction-
ally coupled bolts. The distribution of shear stress for
this type of bolt is illustrated in Fig. 5.
When a fully coupled bolt is subjected to a pull
load, the shear stress along the bolt is as shown in Fig.
Fig. 3. The shear stress on the steel bar, derived from Fig. 1(a).
Fig. 4. Distribution of shear stress along a fully grouted rock bolt
subjected to an axial load. Fig. 2. Stress components in a small section of a bolt.
6 before decoupling occurs at the interface. For fully
grouted rock bolts, the attenuation of the shear stress
is expressed as [6,14]:
t
b
=
a
2
s
b0
e
2a
x
d
b
(2)
where
a
2
=
2G
r
G
g
E
b
_
G
r
ln
_
d
g
d
b
_
G
g
ln
_
d
0
d
g
_
_
G
r
=
E
r
2(1 n
r
)
and G
g
=
E
g
2(1 n
g
)
(3a)
s
b0
is the axial stress of the bolt at the loading point,
E
b
is Young's modulus of the bolt steel, E
r
is Young's
modulus of the rock mass, E
g
is Young's modulus of
the grout, n
r
is Poisson's ratio of the rock mass, n
g
is
Poisson's ratio of the grout, d
g
is the diameter of the
borehole, and d
0
is the diameter of a circle in the rock
outside which the inuence of the bolt disappears.
Eq. (2) is also valid for fully frictionally coupled
bolts if the expression for the constant a is slightly
modied. Fully frictionally coupled bolts have direct
contact with rock. The constant a for this type of bolt
can be obtained from Eq. (3a) by letting the Young's
modulus and Poisson's ratio of the grout equal those
of the rock, i.e. G
g
=G
r
, n
g
=n
r
and d
g
=d
r
. Then we
obtain the expression of a for fully frictionally coupled
bolts as:
a
2
=
2G
r
E
b
ln
_
d
0
d
b
_ (3b)
The axial stress of the bolt is calculated as:
s
b
(x) = s
b0

pd
b
A
_
x
0
t
b
(x)dx = s
b0
e
2a
x
d
b
(4a)
or
s
b
(x) =
2
a
t
b
(x) (4b)
3.2. Fully grouted rock bolts
The stresses in dierent sections of the bolt can now
be described in detail as follows (see Fig. 4):
1. On the section 0 x <x
0
: the bolt interface is com-
pletely decoupled, leading to a zero shear stress at
the interface and a constant axial stress in the bolt,
i.e.:
t
b
(x) = 0
s
b
(x) = s
b0
(5)
2. On the section x
0
x < x
1
: the interface is partially
decoupled, resulting in a residual shear strength s
r
at the interface. The shear and axial stresses are
given by:
t
b
(x) = s
r
s
b
(x) = s
b0

4s
r
d
b
(x x
0
) (6)
3. On the section x
1
x < x
2
: the interface is partially
decoupled with the residual shear strength linearly
increasing to the peak strength. The shear and axial
stresses are given by:
t
b
(x) = os
p

x x
1
D
(1 o)s
p
Fig. 5. Distribution of shear stress along a frictionally coupled rock
bolt.
Fig. 6. Shear stress along a fully coupled rock bolt subjected to an
axial load before decoupling occurs.
s
b
(x) = s
b0
2s
p
d
b
_
2o(x x
0
)
(1 o)
D
(x x
1
)
2
_
(7)
where D=x
2
x
1
, and o=s
r
/s
p
, the ratio of the re-
sidual shear strength to the peak shear strength.
4. On the section x > x
2
: the deformation is compati-
ble across the interface and no decoupling occurs.
According to Eqs. (2) and (4), both the shear and
axial stresses decrease exponentially towards the far
end of the bolt:
t
b
(x) = s
p
e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
s
b
(x) =
2s
p
a
e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
(8)
It is seen from Eq. (8) that the axial stress at x=x
2
is
given by
s
b
(x
2
) =
2s
p
a
On the other hand, the axial stress at x=x
2
can be
obtained from Eq. (7) as:
s
b
(x
2
) =
4P
0
pd
2
b
2s
p
d
b
[2o(x
2
x
0
) (1 o)D]
where P
0
is the applied pull load. Letting the right
sides of the above two expressions be equal, we obtain
the expression for the position of the decoupling front,
x
2
, as:
x
2
= x
0

1
2o
_
2P
0
pd
b
s
p
d
b
a
(1 o)D
_
(9)
For equilibrium the applied load P
0
should equal the
total shear force at the bolt interface, i.e.
P
0
= pd
b
_
L
x
0
t
b
dx = pd
b
_
s
r
(x
1
x
0
)
1
2
s
p
D(1 o)
d
b
2a
s
p
_
1 e
2a
d
b
(Lx
2
)
__
where L is the length of the bolt. It is obtained from
the above expression that the maximum applied load
P
0max
can be expressed as:
P
0max
= pd
b
s
p
_
o
_
L
d
b
2a
ln o D x
0
_
1
2
D(1 o)
d
b
2a
(1 o)
_
(10)
The following is an example to demonstrate how to
back-calculate the peak shear strength of the interface
on the basis of the pullout load. Stillborg [8] con-
ducted a series of pullout tests on dierent types of
rock bolts. In one test, a 3 m long rebar with a diam-
eter of 20 mm was grouted within two identical con-
crete blocks. The length of the bolt in each block was
1.5 m. One block was xed to the ground, while the
other was pulled. The bolt was pulled out without rup-
ture, indicating that decoupling of the interface
occurred along the entire length of the bolt. The pull-
out load registered was 180 kN. It is assumed that the
distribution of shear stress has the form illustrated in
Fig. 4 with x
0
=0. It is known from the test that:
P
0max
= 180 kN, L = 1X5 m, d
b
= 20 mm,
d
g
= 35 mm, E
b
= 210 GPa
The values of the other parameters are assumed to be:
E
r
(concrete) = 45 GPa, E
g
(cement mortar) = 30 GPa,
n
r
= n
g
= 0X25
o = s
r
as
p
= 0X1, D = 0X1 m, d
0
= 10d
g
It is then obtained that the constant a=0.23 from Eq.
(3a) and the peak shear strength s
p
=12.8 MPa from
Eq. (10). The shear stress and the axial load along the
rebar are calculated on the basis of the model and il-
lustrated in Fig. 7. The axial load along the bolt at
dierent levels of applied load is illustrated in Fig. 8.
The curves in Fig. 8 are similar to those obtained in
pullout tests (e.g. Fig. 1(a)).
3.3. Fully frictionally coupled rock bolts
For fully frictionally coupled rock bolts, the residual
shear strength of the interface is approximately the
same as the peak shear strength, i.e. s
r
=s
p
=s (see Fig.
5). The shear stress on dierent sections of the bolt is
described in detail as follows:
1. On the section 0 x < x
2
: the shear stress has
reached the level of the strength of the interface.
The shear stress on this section remains constant,
while the axial stress linearly decreases, i.e.:
t
b
(x) = s
r
s
b
(x) = s
b0

pd
b
A
sx (11)
2. On the section x > x
2
: the deformation is compati-
ble across the interface and the shear stress is less
than the peak shear strength. Both the shear and
the axial stresses decrease exponentially towards the
far end of the bolt:
t
b
(x) = s e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
s
b
(x) =
2s
a
e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
(12)
It is seen from Eq. (12) that the axial stress at x=x
2
is
given by
s
b
(x
2
) =
2s
a
On the other hand, the axial stress at x=x
2
can be
obtained from Eq. (11) as:
s
b
(x
2
) =
P
0
A

pd
b
A
sx
2
Fig. 7. The shear stress and axial load along a fully grouted rock bolt subjected to an axial load of 90 kN.
Fig. 8. Axial load along a fully grouted rock bolt at dierent levels of applied load.
Letting the right sides of the above two expressions be
equal, we obtain the expression for the position of the
decoupling front, x
2
, as:
x
2
=
1
pd
b
s
_
P
0

2As
a
_
(13)
For equilibrium the applied load P
0
should equal the
total shear force at the bolt interface, i.e.
P
0
= pd
b
_
L
0
t
b
dx
= spd
b
x
2

pd
2
b
2
s
a
_
1 e
2a
_
Lx
2
d
b
_
_
(14)
The applied load reaches its maximum, P
0max
, when
the shear strength of the interface is mobilised along
the entire length of the bolt, i.e. when x
2
=L. Substi-
tuting P
0
=P
0max
and x
2
=L into Eq. (13), we obtain
the shear strength for fully frictionally coupled bolts
as:
s =
P
0max
pd
b
L
(15)
Stillborg [8] tested the Swellex bolt in his pullout
tests. Displacement monitoring at the far end of the
bolt indicated that the bolt was slipping under the
load P
0max
=110 kN. That indicated that decoupling
occurred along the entire length of the bolt. The diam-
eter of the borehole was 35 mm. The diameter of the
Swellex bolt is the same as that of the borehole, i.e.
d
b
=35 mm. The length of the bolt section embedded
in each concrete block was 1.5 m long, i.e. L = 1.5 m.
Substituting these data into Eq. (15) yields the shear
strength of the bolt interface, i.e. s = 0.7 MPa. It is
obtained from Eq. (3b) that the constant a=0.27. The
shear stress and the axial load along the Swellex bolt
are calculated using the relevant equations above and
are illustrated in Fig. 9. The axial load of the bolt at
dierent levels of applied load is shown in Fig. 10.
4. Rock bolts in situ
4.1. A model for bolts subjected to uniform rock
deformation
Rock bolts in situ tend to restrain the deformation
of rock with an increase in their axial loads. In other
words, it is rock deformation that applies a load to
rock bolts in situ. For the sake of simplicity, a bolt
anchored at two points, as illustrated in Fig. 11, is
used to explain the superposition of two components
of the shear stress. Rock deformation will induce a
component of shear stress t
d
A
at A and a component
of shear stress t
d
B
at B. Assuming t
d
A
> t
d
B
, the shear
force acting at anchor A would tend to drag the bolt
to the left and thus induce another component of
shear stress at point B, t
A
B
. The sense of t
A
B
is opposite
to the sense of t
d
B
. The total shear stress at B is:
t
bB
= t
A
B
t
d
B
(16)
Fig. 9. The shear stress and axial load along a Swellex rock bolt at 5 kN of applied load.
For a fully coupled bolt, the component t
A
B
will be an
integration over the bolt section to the left side of
point B. On the basis of this idea, we obtained the ex-
pression of the shear stress at position x on the bolt
surface as follows (see Appendix A for detailed deri-
vation):
t
b
(x) = xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
x
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
xt
d
b
dt
_
(17)
where
x =
2(1 n
r
)SE
b
AE
b
SE
r
(18)
u is the original radial displacement of the rock at x
(without bolting), and S is the inuencing area of the
bolt in the rock, which equals the area surrounded by
four adjacent bolts in pattern bolting.
Here we take a tunnel circular in its cross-section as
an example to demonstrate the application of Eq. (17).
Assume that the country rock surrounding the tunnel
undergoes an elastic deformation. The second-order
derivative of the elastic radial displacement u of the
rock can be expressed as:
u
//
x
=
p
0
G
r
r
2
i
x
3
(19)
where r
i
is the radius of the circular tunnel, and p
0
is
the hydrostatic primary stress in the rock.
Substituting Eq. (19) into Eq. (17) and using the fol-
lowing values for the relevant parameters:
Young's modulus of the bolt steel E
b
=210 GPa,
Young's modulus of the rock mass E
r
=5 GPa,
Poisson's ratio of the rock mass n
r
=0.25,
bolt spacing S = 1 m,
diameter of the bolt d
b
=20 mm,
radius of the circular tunnel r
i
=4 m,
hydrostatic primary stress in the rock p
0
=15 MPa,
we obtain the shear stress along the bolt as illustrated
in Fig. 12. It can be seen that the sense of the shear
stress on the bolt section close to the tunnel wall is
negative; that is the direction of the shear stress is
towards the tunnel. At a certain distance from the
wall, the shear stress becomes zero. Beyond this neu-
tral point, the sense of the shear stress becomes posi-
tive; that is the direction of the shear stress is towards
Fig. 10. The axial load along a Swellex rock bolt at dierent levels of applied load.
Fig. 11. A sketch illustrating the superposition of the components of
shear stress at position B.
the far end of the bolt. This agrees with the eld moni-
toring data obtained, for example, by Freeman [1]. In
this example, decoupling at the bolt interface has not
been considered. When the rock deformation is large
enough, the shear strength of the interface will be
mobilised in the pick-up section of the bolt. The distri-
bution of shear stress along the bolt, when decoupling
occurs, will be as that illustrated in Fig. 13. The shear
failure at the interface would result in a release of the
restrained rock deformation at the near end of the
bolt, if no face plate were to exist. In the case where a
face plate exists, the displacement of the tunnel wall
loads the plate. The load on the face plate can be cal-
culated as:
P
f
= pd
b
_
r
p
r
i
_
A
pd
b
xG
r
d
2
u
dx
2
s
r
_
dx (20)
Shear failure ceases at x=r
p
and beyond that point
the displacement is compatible across the interface.
The shear stress at x=r
p
is the sum of three com-
ponents: one induced by the rock deformation, one
due to the pull eect of the face plate load P
f
, and one
due to the pull eect of the shear force on the
decoupled bolt section between r
i
and r
p
. In the case of
no face plate, the face plate load P
f
is zero. The total
shear stress at x=r
p
equals the peak shear strength of
the interface (see Appendix A), i.e.
s
p
= xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
r
p
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
dt
_
,
for bolts with a face plate
(21a)
or
s
p
= xG
r
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
pd
b
A
s
r
(r
p
r
i
),
for bolts without a face plate
(21b)
Eqs. (21a) and (b) are used to determine the distance
r
p
. The shear stress on the section x > r
p
is calculated
as:
t
b
(x) = xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
x
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
xt
d
b
dt
_
a
2
xG
r
_
_
r
p
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
dt
_
e
2a
xr
p
d
b
,
for bolts with a face plate
(22a)
or
t
b
(x) = xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
x
r
p
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
xt
d
b
dt
_
a
2
pd
b
A
s
r
(r
p
r
i
)e
2a
xr
p
d
b
,
for bolts without a face plate
(22b)
We take the circular tunnel under elastic deformation
again as an example to demonstrate the application of
Eqs. (21) and (22). Assume that the peak shear
strength of the bolt interface is s
p
=0.5 MPa and the
residual shear strength s
r
=0.2 MPa. Using the values
given before for other relevant parameters, we can
obtain the decoupling boundary r
p
from Eq. (21) and
the shear stress on the interface at x > r
p
from Eq.
(22). The calculated results are shown in Fig. 14 for a
fully grouted bolt with a face plate and in Fig. 15 for
a fully grouted bolt without a face plate. It can be
found by comparing the curves in these two gures
that: (i) the decoupled length of the bolt is shorter
with a face plate than without a face plate; and (ii) the
axial stress in the decoupled section is larger for the
Fig. 12. Shear stress along a fully grouted rock bolt under the con-
dition of compatible interface deformation (E
b
=210 GPa, E
r
=5
GPa, n
r
=0.25, S =1 m, d
b
=20 mm, r
i
=4 m, p
0
=15 MPa).
Fig. 13. A schematic illustration of the shear stress along a rock bolt
in situ.
bolt with a face plate than the bolt without a face
plate. That indicates that rock bolts with a face plate
have a better reinforcement eect than those without a
face plate.
Fig. 16 shows the monitored results of the shear
stress along two fully grouted bolts in a mine drift in
Sweden [2,4]. The shear stress along bolt No. 9, pre-
sented in Fig. 16(a), agrees well with the theoretical
curve shown in Fig. 12, implying that no decoupling
occurred at the bolt interface. The shear stress along
bolt No. 1, presented in Fig. 16(b), matches the curve
shown in Fig. 15, indicating that decoupling occurred
at the interface of this bolt.
The analytical model introduced in this section pro-
vides a means for studying rock bolts in a uniformly
deformed rock mass. The key for determining the
shear stress along the bolt is the original rock defor-
mation around the excavation opening.
4.2. A model for bolts subjected to the opening of a rock
joint
The opening of a rock joint applies a tensile load to
both sides of the bolt intersecting the joint. During
joint opening, decoupling of the bolt interface is acti-
vated rstly at the joint and then propagates along the
interface with an increase in the opening displacement.
When the embedment length of the fully coupled bolt
is suciently long on each side of the joint, the shear
stress as well as the axial stress along the bolt will be
symmetrical to the joint, as shown in Fig. 17. When
the opening displacement of the joint is small, both the
shear stress and the axial stress decrease exponentially
with increasing distance from the joint. When the
opening displacement is large enough, decoupling will
be activated at the bolt interface and the shear and
axial stresses along the bolt will look like those illus-
trated with dashed lines in Fig. 17. According to the
models for shear stress illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, we
obtain the following relationships between the opening
Fig. 14. Theoretical solution of the shear stress and axial stress along
a fully grouted rock bolt with a face plate (s
p
=0.5 MPa, s
r
=0.2
MPa).
Fig. 15. Theoretical solution of the shear stress and axial stress along
a fully grouted rock bolt without a face plate (s
p
=0.5 MPa, s
r
=0.2
MPa).
Fig. 16. The shear stress measured on two fully grouted bolts in situ,
(a) bolt No. 9, (b) bolt No. 10. After Bjo rnfot and Stephansson [4].
displacement d
J
and the tensile axial stress of the bolt
at the joint, s
b0
, as follows (see Appendix B for the
detailed derivations):
1. For fully grouted bolts (assuming x
0
=0),
d
J
I
s
b0
d
b
aE
b
, when s
b0
2s
p
a
(23)
otherwise,
d
J
=
2
E
b
_
s
b0
x
2
2os
p
(x
2
D)
2
d
b
(2o 1)s
p
2D
2
3d
b
s
p
a
2
d
b
_
(24)
The position of the decoupling front is at
x
2
=
d
b
2o
_
s
b0
2s
p
1
a

D
d
b
(1 o)
_
(25)
2. For fully frictionally coupled bolts,
d
J
I
s
b0
d
b
aE
b
, when s
b0
2s
a
(26)
otherwise,
d
J
=
2
E
b
_
s
b0
x
2
sd
b
_
p
2A
x
2
2

1
a
2
__
(27)
The position of the decoupling front is at
x
2
=
A
pd
b
s
_
s
b0

2s
a
_
(28)
Using the relevant equations above, the axial stress
of the bolt at the joint, s
b0
, versus the opening displa-
cement of the joint is calculated and shown in Fig. 18
for a fully grouted bolt and in Fig. 19 for a fully fric-
tionally coupled bolt. The values of the relevant par-
ameters used for the calculations are listed in the
captions of the gures. It is seen that the bolt interface
starts to be decoupled at a very small opening displa-
cement of the joint. This conrms the results arrived at
by other studies [8,15,16], showing that decoupling of
the interface occurs at an extremely small displace-
ment, because the compatibility of deformation is lost
across the interface at such a low load.
Field measurements, for instance those carried out
by Bjo rnfot and Stephansson [2,4], have demonstrated
that bolts installed in jointed rock masses sometimes
are subjected to several axial stress peaks. These peaks
are thought to be caused by the opening of the rock
joints intersecting the bolt. The following is an
example to show the axial stress along a bolt intersect-
Fig. 18. The axial stress and load of the bolt versus the opening dis-
placement of the joint for fully grouted bolts. Parameters: s
p
=12
MPa, o=0.1, d
2
=20 mm, D=0.1 m, E
b
=210 GPa, E
r
=45 GPa,
E
g
=30 GPa, n
r
=n
g
=0.25.
Fig. 19. The axial stress and load of the bolt versus the opening dis-
placement of the joint for frictionally coupled bolts. Parameters for
Standard Swellex: s = 0.7 MPa, d
b
=39 mm, t = 2 mm, E
b
=210
GPa, E
r
=45 GPa, n
r
=0.25.
Fig. 17. The shear stress (t
b
) and the axial tensile stress (s
b
), induced
by joint opening, in fully coupled rock bolts
ing three rock joints. Assume that the three joints, a, b
and c, have opened 50, 20 and 5 mm, respectively,
since the bolt was installed (see Fig. 20). The axial
stress along the bolt would be the superposition of the
stresses caused by the opening displacements at the
three joints. Assuming that the bolt interface is still in
the stage of compatible deformation, the axial stress
can be expressed as:
s
b
(x) = Ss
b0i
e
2a
d
b
[xx
i
[
(i = a, b and c) (29)
where s
b0i
=(aE
b
/d
b
)d
Ji
, according to Eq. (23) for fully
grouted bolts. Using the following values for the rel-
evant parameters: a=0.23; E
b
=210 GPa; d
b
=20 mm;
d
Ja
=50 mm at x
a
=0.4 m; d
Jb
=20 mm at x
b
=0.6 m;
d
Jc
=5 mm at x
c
=0.8, we obtain the axial stress along
the bolt as illustrated in Fig. 20. Hyett et al. [12] and
Bawden et al. [16] obtained similar results through nu-
merical simulations.
5. Concluding remarks
An analytical model has been established for rock
bolts subjected to a pull load in pullout tests. Decou-
pling starts at the loading point and propagates along
the bolt with an increasing applied load. The shear
stress at the decoupled interface is lower than the ulti-
mate shear strength of the interface and even drops to
zero for fully grouted bolts, while it is approximately
at the same magnitude as the ultimate shear strength
for fully frictionally coupled bolts. The shear stress on
the non-decoupled interface decreases exponentially
with increasing distance from the decoupling front.
Two analytical models have been developed for rock
bolts in situ, one for uniform rock deformation and
another for discrete joint opening. For rock bolts in
situ, the models conrm the previous ndings: (i) in
uniformly deformed rock masses, the bolt has a pick-
up length, an anchor length and a neutral point; (ii)
the face plate enhances the reinforcement eect
through inducing a direct tensile load in the bolt and
reducing the shear stress carried on the bolt surface;
and (iii) in jointed rock masses, the opening displace-
ment of rock joints will induce axial stress peaks in the
bolt.
Acknowledgements
The grant for this work from A
ke and Greta Lis-

shed's Foundation is acknowledged. The valuable
comments by the anonymous reviewers are greatly ap-
preciated.
Appendix A. Stress analysis of a rock bolt in situ
Let us consider a rock bolt installed within a rock
mass (see Fig. A1). It is assumed that the range of in-
uence of one bolt extends half the distance to all
adjacent bolts. Thus, in pattern bolting, the area of in-
uence of one bolt equals the area surrounded by four
adjacent bolts. Consider a thin slice of the bolted rock,
dx, which will be used to study the interaction between
the bolt and the rock. The thin slice of the bolt-re-
inforced rock is shown in Fig. A2. Let the free defor-
mation of the rock slice dx, i.e. the deformation before
bolting, be termed as du. The deformation of the rock
slice becomes du
b
when it is reinforced by a bolt. The
elongation of the bolt is also du
b
if it is assumed that
the bolt and the rock are deformed together. The mag-
nitude of du
b
can thus be calculated from the
elongation of the bolt. The reduction of deformation,
du
r
, is the result of the stress increment, Ds
r
, in the
rock mass induced by bolting. It is obvious that the
sum of du
r
and du
b
equals the free deformation du,
Fig. A1. A sketch illustrating a bolt installed within a rock mass.
Fig. 20. Axial stress along a bolt subjected to joint openings. The
opening displacements: d
Ja
=50 mm at joint a, d
Jb
=20 mm at joint b
and d
Jc
=5 mm at joint c.
i.e.:
du = du
b
du
r
=
s
b
E
b
dx
Ds
r
E
r
dx (A1)
where dx is the length of the rock slice, du is the free
deformation of the rock slice, du
b
is the elongation of
the bolt element, du
r
is the reduced deformation of the
rock due to bolting, s
b
is the tensile stress in the bolt,
Ds
r
is the compressive stress increment in the rock
mass, induced by bolting, E
r
is Young's modulus of
the rock mass, and E
b
is Young's modulus of the bolt
steel.
The force equilibrium on the plane perpendicular to
the bolt gives:
s
b
A = Ds
r
S (A2)
where A is the cross-section area of the bolt, and S is
the inuencing area of the bolt in the rock, equal to
the area surrounded by four adjacent bolts in pattern
bolting.
Substituting Eq. (A2) into Eq. (A1), we obtain the
expressions for s
b
and Ds
r
as:
s
b
(x) = xG
r
du
dx
Ds
r
(x) = xG
r
A
S
du
dx
(A3)
where
x =
2(1 n
r
)SE
b
AE
b
SE
r
G
r
=
E
r
2(1 n
r
)
(A4)
du/dx is the rst-order derivative of the free radial dis-
placement of the rock, u, with respect to x.
From the point of view of force equilibrium, the
shear stress on the bolt interface can be expressed as:
t
b1
(x) =
A
pd
b
ds
b
dx
= xG
r
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2
(A5)
where d
b
is the diameter of the bolt.
The shear stress t
b1
is caused by rock deformation.
On the other hand, the shear stress on the bolt inter-
face in the section between r
i
and x has a pull eect on
the section of the bolt on the right side of x, and there-
fore induces another component of shear stress, t
b2
.
The shear stress t
b1
on a small element of the bolt, dt,
brings about a normal stress increment, ds
b
(t ), in the
bolt. Similarly to Eq. (2), the shear stress increment at
x, dt
b2
(x), induced by the normal stress increment
ds
b
(t ) at t, can be expressed as;
dt
b2
(x) =
a
2
ds
b
(t)e
2a
xt
d
b
(A6)
The total shear stress at x induced due to the pull
eect of the shear stress on the bolt section between r
i
and x is obtained by integration of the above shear
stress increment, that is:
t
b2
(x) =
_
x
r
i
dt
b2
(x) =
a
2
xG
r
_
x
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
xt
d
b
dt (A7)
Finally, the total shear stress on the bolt at x is the
sum of t
b1
and t
b2
, that is:
t
b
(x) = t
b1
t
b2
= xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
x
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
xt
d
b
dt
_
(A8)
Eq. (A8) is a general solution to the shear stress on
the bolt without decoupling at the bolt interface.
When decoupling occurs, a certain portion of the load
originally carried on the decoupled section of the bolt
will either be transferred to the face plate, if there is
one, or released with a free rock deformation in the
case without a face plate.
For the case with a face plate (see Fig. 14), the load
transferred to the face plate due to decoupling is calcu-
lated as:
P
f
= pd
b
_
r
p
r
i
(t
b1
s
r
)dt
= AxG
r
_
r
p
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
dt pd
b
s
r
(r
p
r
i
) (A9)
The shear stress, at x=r
p
, induced by the axial load
on the face-plate load, P
f
, and by the shear stress on
the decoupled interface, s
r
, is:
Fig. A2. Stress components in the bolt and in the rock.
t
b2
(r
p
) =
a
2
_
P
f
A
pd
b
s
r
(r
p
r
i
)
_
=
a
2
xG
r
_
r
p
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
dt
(A10)
For equilibrium the total shear stress at r
p
should
equal the peak shear strength of the interface, that is:
s
p
= t
b1
(r
p
) t
b2
(r
p
)
= xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
r
p
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
dt
_
(A11)
Eq. (A11) is used to determine the distance r
p
for bolts
with a face plate. For x > r
p
, the total shear stress is
calculated as:
t
b
(x) = xG
r
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
x
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
xt
d
b
dt
_
a
2
xG
r
_
_
r
p
r
i
d
2
u
dt
2
dt
_
e
2a
xt
d
b
(A12)
For a bolt without a face plate, P
f
is zero. The shear
stress, at x=r
p
, induced by the shear stress on the
decoupled interface, s
r
, becomes
t
b2
(r
p
) =
a
2
pd
b
A
s
r
(r
p
r
i
) (A13)
Similarly to the case with a face plate, the total shear
stress at r
p
should equal the peak shear strength of the
interface, that is
s
p
= t
b1
(r
p
) t
b2
(r
p
)
= xG
r
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
pd
b
A
s
r
(r
p
r
i
) (A14)
Eq. (A14) is used to determine the distance r
p
for bolts
without a face plate. For x > r
p
, the total shear stress
is calculated as:
t
b
(x) = xG
r
_
_
A
pd
b
d
2
u
dx
2

a
2
_
x
r
p
d
2
u
dt
2
e
2a
x t
d
b
dt
_
_
a
2
pd
b
A
s
r
(r
p
r
i
)e
2a
x t
d
b
(A15)
Appendix B. Joint opening and the stresses induced in
rock bolts
Fig. B1 illustrates a bolt intersecting a rock joint.
We shall establish the relationship between the joint
opening and the load induced in the bolt. An opening
displacement of the rock joint is equivalent to applying
an axial tensile load to both sides of the bolt at the
joint. We shall look at this problem for fully grouted
bolts and for frictionally coupled bolts separately.
B.1. Fully grouted rock bolts
The axial tensile stress in the bolt is symmetric to
the rock joint. Therefore, we consider only half of the
rockbolt system. The model for the shear stress along
a bolt subjected to an axial load is shown in Fig. 4.
The elongation of the bolt in dierent sections is
denoted as follows: d
0
is the elongation of the bolt in
section (0 x < x
0
); d
1
is the elongation of the bolt in
section (x
0
x < x
1
); d
2
is the elongation of the bolt
in section (x
1
x < x
2
); and d
3
is the elongation of
the bolt in section (x
2
x < L), where L is the half
length of the bolt. The sum of these four components
is the total elongation of the bolt from each side of the
joint. Thus, the displacement of the joint opening is
twice this summation, i.e.
d
J
= 2
3
i=0
d
i
(B1)
Not all the four elongation comments appear in the
above expression at any given time. When the joint
opens very little, the axial load induced does not cause
the interface to be decoupled. In this case, only d
3
exists in Eq. (B1). The components d
2
, d
1
and d
0
appear subsequently in the equation with increases in
the joint opening.
1. For the case where the interface undergoes compati-
ble deformation across the interface, the shear stress
along the bolt is illustrated in Fig. 6. In this case we
have
d
0
= d
1
= d
2
= 0 (B2)
As shown in Eqs. (2) and (4), the shear and axial
stresses along the bolt are given by
Fig. B1. A sketch illustrating a rock bolt intersecting a joint.
t
b
(x) =
a
2
s
b0
e
2a
x
d
b
s
b
(x) = s
b0
e
2a
x
d
b
(B3)
This stage ceases when the shear stress at x = 0
reaches the peak shear strength of the interface, s
p
.
The corresponding axial stress at the joint at this
moment is
s
b0
=
2s
p
a
(B4)
The elongation of the bolt is calculated as (assum-
ing Lbbd
b
)
d
J
= 2d
3
=
2
E
b
_
L
0
s(x)dxI
d
b
s
b0
aE
b
(B5)
When s
b0
=(2s
p
/a), the opening displacement
reaches its maximum, d
Jmax
, before decoupling
occurs. It is given by:
d
Jmax
=
2d
b
s
p
a
2
E
b
(B6)
2. For the case where decoupling occurs (assuming
x
0
=0):
Let D = x
2
x
1
, and o = s
r
as
p
For x ` x
1
:
t
b
(x) = s
r
s
b
(x) = s
b0
4s
r
x
d
b
(B7)
For x
1
x < x
2
:
t
b
(x) = s
r
(1 o)s
p
x x
1
x
2
x
1
s
b
(x) = s
b0

2s
p
d
b
_
2ox (1 o)
(x x
1
)
2
D
_
(B8)
For xrx
2
:
t
b
(x) = s
p
e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
s
b
(x) =
2s
p
a
e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
(B9)
At x=x
2
, we have from Eqs. (B8) and (B9)
s
b
(x
2
) = s
b0

2s
p
d
b
[2ox
2
(1 o)D]
s
b
(x
2
) =
2s
p
a
Therefore, we obtain
x
2
=
d
b
4o
_
s
b0
s
p
2
a
2(1 o)
D
d
b
_
(B10)
The elongation of the bolt can be obtained by the
following integration
d
i
=
_
e dx =
1
E
b
_
s
b
dx (B11)
i.e.
d
1
=
1
E
b
_
x
1
0
_
s
b0
4s
r
x
d
b
_
dx
=
1
E
b
_
s
b0
(x
2
D) 2s
r
(x
2
D)
2
d
b
_
(B12)
d
2
=
1
E
b
_
x
2
x
1
_
s
b0

2s
p
d
b
_
2ox
(1 o)
(x x
1
)
2
D
_
_
dx
=
1
E
b
_
s
b0
D
2D
2
3d
b
(2o 1)s
p
_
(B13)
d
3
=
1
E
b
_
L
x
2
2s
p
a
e
2a
_
xx
2
d
b
_
dxI
1
E
b
s
p
a
2
d
b
(B14)
The opening displacement of the joint is calculated
as
d
J
= 2(d
1
d
2
d
3
)
=
2
E
b
_
s
b0
x
2
2os
p
(x
2
D)
2
d
b
(2o 1)s
p
2D
2
3d
b
s
p
a
2
d
b
_
(B15)
B.2. Fully frictionally coupled rock bolts
In the stage of compatible deformation, the shear
and axial stresses have the same forms as those
expressed in Eq. (B3) and the elongation has the same
forms as those expressed in Eqs. (B5) and (B6).
When decoupling occurs at the interface, the shear
stress along the bolt is illustrated in Fig. 5. The
elongation of the bolt in this case is calculated as fol-
lows.
For x x
2
: the stresses are
t
b
(x) = s
s
b
(x) = s
b0

pd
b
x
A
s (B16)
The elongation of the bolt in section (0 x < x
2
) is
d
1
=
1
E
b
_
x
2
0
_
s
b0

pd
b
A
sx
_
dx
=
1
E
b
_
s
b0
x
2

pd
b
2A
sx
2
2
_
(B17)
For xrx
2
:
t
b
(x) = s e
2a
xx
2
d
b
s
b
(x) =
2s
a
e
2a
xx
2
d
b
(B18)
At x=x
2
, we have from Eqs. (B16) and (B17)
s
b
(x
2
) = s
b0

pd
b
A
sx
2
s
b
(x
2
) =
2s
a
Then we obtain the expression for x
2
as
x
2
=
A
pd
b
s
_
s
b0

2s
a
_
(B19)
The elongation of the bolt in section (x
2
x < L) is
calculated as
d
3
=
1
E
b
_
L
x
2
2s
a
e
2a
xx
2
d
b
dx
=
1
E
b
sd
b
a
2
(1 e
2a
L x
2
d
b
)I
1
E
b
sd
b
a
2
(B20)
The total elongation is
d
J
= 2(d
1
d
3
) =
2
E
b
_
s
b0
x
2

psd
b
2A
x
2
2

sd
b
a
2
_
(B21)
References
[1] Freeman TJ. The behaviour of fully-bonded rock bolts in the
Kielder experimental tunnel. Tunnels and Tunnelling June
1978:3740.
[2] Bjo rnfot F, Stephansson O. Interaction of grouted rock bolts
and hard rock masses at variable loading in a test drift of the
Kiirunavaara Mine, Sweden. In: Stephansson O, editor.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Bolting.
Rotterdam: Balkema, 1984. p. 37795.
[3] Sun X. Grouted rock bolt used in underground engineering in soft
surrounding rock or in highly stressed regions. In: Stephansson O,
editor. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock
Bolting. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1984. p. 939.
[4] Bjo rnfot F, Stephansson O. Mechanics of grouted rock bolts
eld testing in hard rock mining. Report BeFo 53:1/84, Swedish
Rock Engineering Research Foundation 1984.
[5] Hawkes JM, Evans RH. Bond stresses in reinforced concrete
columns and beams. Journal of the Institute of Structural
Engineers 1951;XXIX(X):3237.
[6] Farmer IW. Stress distribution along a resin grouted rock
anchor. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci and Geomech Abstr
1975;12:34751.
[7] Dunham DK. Anchorage tests on strain-gauged resin bonded
bolts. Tunnels and Tunnelling, September 1976:736.
[8] Stillborg B. Professional users handbook for rock bolting, 2nd
ed. Trans. Tech. Publications, 1994.
[9] Stjern G. Practical performance of rock bolts. Doctoral thesis
1995:52, Universitetet i Trondheim, Norway.
[10] Tao Z, Chen JX. Behaviour of rock bolting as tunnelling sup-
port. In: Stephansson O, editor. Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Rock Bolting. Rotterdam:
Balkema, 1984. p. 8792.
[11] Indraratna B, Kaiser PK. Analytical model for the design of
grouted rock bolts. Int J for Numerical and Analytical Methods
in Geomechanics 1990;14:22751.
[12] Hyett AJ, Mossavi M, Bawden WF. Load distribution along
fully grouted bolts, with emphasis on cable bolt reinforcement.
Int J for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics
1996;20:51744.
[13] Windsor CR. Rock reinforcement systems. Int J Rock Mech
Min Sci 1997;34(6):91951.
[14] Holmberg M. The mechanical behaviour of untensioned grouted
rock bolts. Doctoral thesis, ISRN KTH/JOB/R-91-SE, Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1991. 128 pp.
[15] Bawden WF, Hyett AJ, Lausch P. An experimental procedure
for the in situ testing of cable bolts. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci
and Geomech Abstr 1992;29(5):52533.
[16] Bawden WF, Moosavi M, Hyett AJ. Evaluation of load distri-
bution along conventional and modied strand cable anchors
using computer aided bolt load estimation (Cable
TM
) software.
In: International Symposium on Rock Support Applied
Solutions for Underground Structures, Lillehammer, Norway,
1997. p. 2539.

Analytical Models For Rock Bolts

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Analytical Models For Rock Bolts

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Analytical models for rock bolts

ke and Greta Lis-

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