LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS All ackive ond porsive component integrated and Btoted ona Aubatrake is known as integrated cixcuite ications of integrated circu : op-amps, comparator circuits Mijorm © generators d Hn operational ampligier has two ip terminals ond Biiip terminals. An ideal op-amp hes inverting and ferinverting — operaktons Popectional Amp tigiers ednyented in 1447 by John-R Ragazzini- Funcktol ns - Ampdigccation, IMddition, subtrackion, digferventiation and integrokion Bfnaloq computers. usage Live feedback Vin Hee Pi hos high gan and neg} + Vee Va ye vy > + Vo me (én phose-0') , V+ 0,Vo= 180 Mal Va20. Ve oO op-amp is ideal ERs => Almost any zignal source con drive in and there u mo Inading % the preceding stage 2 R900 + xothak 0/p can drive a infinite number % othex dewces 4 BW + Any frequeny from ote ~ con be amplitted without attenuakion right benchmate 2011Ole voltage & divectly proportional to i/p digperence voltage, only until it reaches the Ratuyation Voltage and thak there Ofte the ofp voltage Temas constant. Jdeal carve(0/P ©ffxek Voltage remains 9} Practical op-amp chorackeatstics :- Ri abouk ama, R75, 1/P Offset voltage~ vq. depends ore temperature. Sn put oppack eurrent-4. = Ligt 7,7 : P P wo" (la- Sg Pa awall in eel Tg - current ints” non-inverting’ i/p Ph 20. '0 bona ieee ob inverting input WP bids current. Ig = Ig, 41g, /1 = 5004 emer - MAR Ayan Mery « CMRR.very Large [ For re 1yi- Fob] 2 o Smakt Loge | Open Ieop congiguration: No poedback High gain amplitiex ypyright benchmate 2011Modes - bi penenbich Amplifier, dnverting amplipiee , Non inverting Ve, auplitier woltage drop acioss R & zero Vv 2 Vin) 1¥a = Ving } “ee Ngee tiie Sarre) openleop gain poltage. here fsck remains 6) idx ore 4n open teop the /p o op-amp 4 either positive or order Regative AGkurakioy (or) witch bjw tve and -ve saturation Levels ena peer Joop -rot used for linea applicakions ft De chosaderistics Like . bias current, oppsck FE, opgsek Voltage, thermal daigt will aggeck the steady (de) response ef op-amp only * Ae chorackerstia - Small changes opfeck proqpeney ‘yesporse and Blow role ond hence closed loop Operakon Lineax operation - cloaed doop(-ve feedback) -controb gous © Copyright benchmate 2011daives Op-omp out q ik lineos ange gee small node ak fp terminals R pia + Reduced gain due to Rp + o/p not deiven Ve to saturation and urcwt behaves Lineoaly ty Virtual ground oilowie jstaal ground. 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Thi & called os cross-ovey Frequency er unit qu Bandwidth. gf w ako obtained in closed loop ~ byansper gn ‘The vie Kime og the capacitor, Ty for Tuite 0.3 ms and 1% Bandwidth > 0:35 5 Ty- time token by capadtey to rhe Bw bib KHZ. from tof bo Qos. oF inal value Ge a Ty = 2.28, oa ime Onge 2mR¢ ant Ty thc the When f-0 1 @=0 The phose plob ue exponentially Fe fon bee ks" ni f > decaying end tagging Fem +» p=-ao" a So, an ap-omp in closed -loop 2O.\fe , = - 577 feo fe— 4 shows Lagging chaxatkeuistic, right benchmate.2011 . —e),.240° called | determi chovadk Bands caval tromte Pho Gaui Aphis cok7) fotkave unit pager ps and pentially -loop che tics, © Copyright Doe, frequency cormpersation. is done fe conve Lagging. n/a deading nw ho ability ch op-c0p: b arr Block diagram of Ns amp Nr Amphipye feedback block uses only reeubve elements .and henceites Trouper BA dependent - a4 frequency ond & constant X = Vier PM Vo +x LAou) Vey 1 No = Min PYo + Ve fay tae = TE PS + Biv Vin Vo i). 1a BA EP rte] Yin’ ove" | 6 Se Ao eee Kin” 14 Rep The rolio Vo/y,, with feedback & Med closed loop goin 4 omphigicr. Apa caled deep. gar urhach yools eo the Metumnines, stability and abo stability depends on Ihowackerstic: eqn 1 Le Aop> 9s Ao” Aoe Pe <1 *j4( complex form -sustained esullahion 45 achieved) Bandwidth. can be improved by AP rise Hme Of the capadtor. Certosh specifications for stability: Cextouh specipicasions Goin cross over Frequency Cgc) ~ Mognitade 2% Open soop frosayer gunction ax unity. lA pl9 Phase cuss over frequency phase -Unity Cwpc) Gan Marg’ Redprocal cy the magnitude e ope Leop trans pee Aprot phase) cans) overs Frequeney (pe) Bermic 2011@: = sal oyan de, ik a -ve = - 20 tog 1a Gu | wpe Phase margin : over frequenty. ge yequired to bring the Aystem fp the verge 3 instability. 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Ke | | ot > i we Rjee mee fie =: t- jo. 2th R- 2 omFe haa ame Multiplying \j’ n numerator ¢denominator tet ge wj2nker ame i Bi mug) Fd 2a break freq: of comperschon nus fa, BA AGL Acs Aav f, £ (vey Fay) (Feed (te) (Fics) fd Usage See 9 break SebeaheneT] YX chods rode pectonce, fh AB (og scale) > emo Bah ome © Copyright benchmate 2011Resultant loop gasp ie p's compensated Tranper fo. panes oda at fa corner preg) Als AA, the uncompensated aystem. Hene® ‘A’ = AA, Acs Boa(14 JY) fit ite) (ln) 3%) (1%) OL foe Feta ely Power aupply Rejection Rabo: PERR= DVios (oonstank Vee Avec Vies > Sip offset Vi due to change in AUpply voltage pesciais ik. keep Vee constant Viog & amoul, SRR W expressedias myfy Co” LYA 3 ff > Typical value oF PSRR for IC 74L Thermaledattt a4 Temp -aupply voltage, Time 3 Limeas - Slew Rake’ * poe Rie ime Te oy amplifier is dlegined as the Hime Whe O/p a takes to change from lo & Foy of final value por a step Yp and eG em is given by 0-35/6u geote ) Sdea) op-omp Br & aCe) e/P voltage showd respond, instantonest P f to any change in the yp i) T) -specigied only for aignodls Ue) Vm t volt q yright benchmate 2011