On boundary regularity of the Navier-Stokes equations

Kyungkeun Kang
Abstract We study boundary regularity of weak solutions of the three dimensional NavierStokes equations in a half-space. We prove that a weak solution , which is locally in the class with near boundary is H lder continuous up to the o boundary.

Key words. Navier-Stokes equations, Green tensor AMS subject classications. 76D03, 76D05

1 Introduction
In this paper we study the boundary regularity of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in and : in

and boundary and initial conditions are

where and are assumed to be smooth and compactly supported in and , respectively. The well known result of J. Serrin states that if a weak solution belongs locally to at an interior point where , then is locally bounded near and thus is smooth with respect to space variables in a neighborhood of away from the boundary (see [12]). M. Struwe extended the Serrins result to the critical case, with (see [15]). Y. Giga gave the global version of the Serrin and Struwes result in smooth bounded domains (see [6]). For the local version of the problem, Takahahi proved the following (see [16]). If a weak solution satises locally with and

' $ U 1 1 G G tyx9 r c W q $&% # r A ' ) q B9 %$& #

on

at

 $ U

tr us9

q W 5$& #

2 G

IG ' G

7 C Vur $ U

9 ' G` 0b i' ghbfVedaYXVTSQIG U Gc b ` GW U G R P H p A 9 7 1 4 $& # 2 1 ) ' $& B@8$ 65%330(%#

F D @EC

r yx9 $& wv tr c W q #

!    "   1

9 ' G

(1)

(2)

IG

C 7

% $& % #

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

, then is bounded up to the boundary under the following additional integrability assumptions of gradient of velocity and the pressure

For suitable weak solutions, H. Choe also proved the boundedness of up to the boundary with and under the assumption that for the limiting case that pressure is bounded at the boundary (see [4]). Our goal is in this paper is to improve the local regularity near boundary when a weak solution belongs locally to at a boundary point where without , we any additional assumption. For a given boundary point denote a parabolic cylinder around by where . We prove the following. The proof will be given in Section 3. Main Theorem Let be a weak solution of Navier-Stokes equations (1). Let . Suppose that satises

Then

is H lder continuous in o

, in other words,

Unlike in the interior case, it is not clear that H lder continuity implies higher reguo larity in space variables at a boundary point. Our main tool is an estimate for the Green tensor of the Stokes system in a half-space, which seems to be independent interest. A representation formula for the solution of the Stokes system with nonzero initial and the boundary data or non-zero external force and initial data were found by the S. Ukai (see [18]) and M. Cannone, F. Planchon, and M. Schonbek (see [3]), respectively. In this paper, we prove the following point-wise estimates of the Green tensor for for the half-space where :

where and is any number with . Although such an estimate may probably not be surprising to experts, we were not able to nd it in the literature. The estimate seems to be useful in other situations. The plan of this paper is as follows: In section 2, we rst review some results by E. B. Fabes, B. F. Jones and N. M. Riviere (see [5]) and Solonnikov (see [13]) and use them to derive the Green tensor for the Stokes system in the half-space. With the aid of the representation formula of the Stokes system, we obtain (3). In section 3, we present the proof of the main theorem.

h C r i r r ' r ii

r yyur r r 9 c C W $ r } 1 B$ 1  ~h& r 1 t r r { H c W a  $& %#

i 5 9

for every

with

i jC 7

'

xr

for some

with

and

' o & r p c t s t yrx9 l%w(2 U c W 7 q $& # v C Tur ' $

' k

r SP W q o & r q' o &n m p r s c 1W ' k

i C j@' 7 C a f
(3)

hg C U

' $ U

f gr e

for all

with

h C U

{ z w n m y &

y }r | c { w &n m W { H ~82 G 

F D C

c o wu&n m W 2 G tr yx9 q %w32 r 1 $& # v c W W

2 g r Tb G 2 G c G

'

$& u %# v o r p

7 C 8

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

Green tensor in a half-space

2.1 Preliminaries
Let us begin with some denitions and notations used throughout this paper. We denote the whole space and the half-space by and in dimensional space, respectively. Let be a given positive parameter and we denote for simplicity. For given , we denote a half ball with radius around by , namely and we also write a parabolic cylinder around by under the restriction and . Let be a domain. For , denote the usual Sobolev space, i.e. . As usual, is dened the completion of in . Let and . denote the Banach space consisting of all measurable functions with a nite norm

We denote

if there is no confusion.

For a given parabolic domain , indicates the Banach spaces of functions that are H lder continuous with and to variables and , respectively in . o A characteristic function supported in is denoted by . The convolution of two functions is denoted by with subscript. To be precise, suppose and where or . Then and are dened as follows

In particular, in case of , functions are understood as extended ones to the whole space by assigning zero in the lower half-space. We denote by the fundamental solution of the heat equation in , namely . Let and be nonnegative integers and where is integer for each . a multi-index with . we dene

s 9

' r r H '

' cr 1W

tus9  r W '

c W

f gr f r 1 i ' r 1 ~ Vi f P W c W c W c P H ~ i $& %# $ # ' %5@ $ %# B3 4 $ tr %# xc yx9 W 4 er q q %@lm $& # } 1 q $ # c m W {  H } r | %m r r c uc o & r p W c SU EP uW j ' c o &n m W j s s W r i c c e%G W ' Yx s G `W

$ %#

# ' $& 5 i w c W c r P 1 W i ' c r 1 W Vi

C r i r ' ii ii $ uP r i r W '

$& %#

A c W r A 9 7 s$ sc ("U r e

$ %#

c yc

W x W @ c W } c W ~| 9 xr 4 c W 2 G c W 2 G A P sP W q o r 0' o m k & p# 2 ) 1 4$5t&n ' r p P "q %#w2 r 1 & ' $& v c W Sgx9 2 t r W {

r r r ' 9 D ur sB%{ H

)q' c W $%@X # t r ) d

r e

&r p g H i

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

If there is no confusion, summation convention is understood over repeated indices running from 1 to , for instance . The capital letter is used to denote the generic constant, the value of which may change from line to line. In this section, we nd the Green tensor and their estimates for the following Stokes system in the half-space :

and initial and boundary conditions are at

in in

on

as

is to combine the Green tensor for the The strategy for obtaining the Green tensor whole space proved in [5] and the Green tensor for the boundary value problem for the Stokes system in a half-space proved in [13]. Let us rst recall the Green tensor, the fundamental solution of the Stokes system for the whole space (see [5]). Let and be extensions of and in (4) to the whole space by assigning zero to a lower half-space. Here we consider the following Stokes system:

when

It is well known that unknowns and are represented as follows:

q $ %#

in

h C r i r r ii

then the solution

of (4) and (5) can be represented as follows: For

where and are smooth and compactly supported in and and the pressure tensor Once we nd the Green tensor solving the following Stokes system for each

f f i w r r 1 W t U f xr i xr r r 1 W t c W c c W c t t ' r U i c 1W G ' G r t r s9 P c 1W P c W c P 1 W 9 ' sxr I1 t r 9 q $& # %wv c W 9 ' t ' r 1 t q %# $& r v c W b ` r r t q %# $& c 1 W ' r v c 1 W VSH v W U c R P h C r i r r ' r ii wt $& % # q $& % # r 5$& wv 9 ' xur 1 r 9 r ' s9 j ' ur 1 9 q # c W G c W %G

r c fU i YW ' c 1 W 9 ur i 9 ' c 1W ' c 1W r i ' tU P H b R

$ %#

q $& #

9 ' 8

$ %#

Y i ' z i $

9 ' 8 i' ghbfUVTSQIG G R P H p F D C r %# $&

$ %#

'

in

(4)

on

(5)

, respectively. associated with

(6)

(7)

(8)

i i f n

Xm' i U i ' f { ' Yjs ' $ g T c j# W % d c kW { o $ 1 r r c W & P ' c 1 c W W P 1

 

f f r c ~YW c f 1 eW B { r r jc 1 W ' P P { r r r c 1 W jc 1 W X' c P IP q $ %# q $ %#

as

c 1W 9 ' c r c 1 W X'

IP r 1 W m v r

c W c r r U Qc

' c 1 W

1 W m P 1 W r 1 W `0b r VRSP%c 1 W H v m r c 1W ' H

and and

r f xr i xr r r 1 f f W m ' c i mW ' c W c H f f c W c r r 1 W tU f c xr W i c xr r r 1 W
5

and

r B$ 1 v 1 h r $ 1 { ' r 1 m { c P C c W ' W v c $ js c W P c W 1 c $ js W W

where is the fundamental solution of the heat equation and mations, namely

sum up, for a given and in (4) and (5), (8). Besides when it is restricted to a half-space, it solves

In general, since is not zero, may not be a solution for (4). Next let us set and where and are the Green tensor and the pressure tensor for the whole space mentioned above and is the

m r 1 t r ' r 1 P ' c ur W P 1 9 c W c W c I1 c EU i YW W 9 xr r 9 sur q&$wv # c 1 c "U i W ' c I1 W W 9 9 ' c ur 1 W ' r ' i b tU SP H R

in

q $& 5%#

where

Moreover,

where

and

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

is in

solve the following system:

for

are explicitly given as follows:

and

with

on

when

in

in

and

are Riesz transfor-

, solves

(10) (9) To

9 '

 $ Iv Q 1 $ 1 r Iv h P ' wv | v $

r r 9 sxr c 1W ' c 1W 9 9 ' c ur 1 W r s9 ' b U R P H tt S ' $ { { ${ o } $ } 1 1 1 1 ' } p v U $ xv | | xv

! "

$ 1 P i $ 1 P $ r r c B P 1 W $ 1 r r9 P c sxr B W
(14)

$ r { c U 1 W { U 1W

  { {  c

F D (C

With the aid of the Green tensor and their estimates for the half-space in [13], the integral can be obtained explicitly, and thus we can calculate point-wise representation of estimates of , which also implies the point-wise estimates of . Before we analyze , let us rst review Solonnikovs results for the boundary value problem of the Stokes system in a half-space. Although it was studied only in three dimensional case, it could be easily generalized to a general dimension . Let us recall some functions and their estimates used later (see [13, page 37, 41]).

tensor in (6). Then

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

and

must solve the following system for

h C r i r r ' r ii
6

in

q %# $&

in

q %# $&

when

i%wv q $& # 9 '

In addition, they satisfy the following relations (see [13, page 40]):

  

1 W | H r r   a 1 W p H r r a  a

 { {  c

1 c U W { & r c $ 1 { & c U W c r U 1 W { & r 1 c W

 H r a

9 ur

' c 1W '

r 9 xur c 1 W 9 ' c 9 ' r 1 r c W 9 ' r 1 c W r v

r U Qc

r 9 xur 1 W r c 1W ` b 1 W cdRSQH v W P

where

and

$ Iv r ' c 1W | c r W wv r ' r 1 $ 1 ' r 1 p yc c W W c W r ' s9xr 1 $ 1 ' r 1 cyc W W c W |

are dened as follows (see [13, page 37, 40]).

if

r (' C

where in a half-space:

. Now we consider the boundary value problem of the Stokes system

in

q %# $&

when on

$& Iv q # 9 '

on

) 0

9 '

' (

% &

(15) (13) (12) (11)

pr

 t i t U h } } i ii jC r i r r ' r
for

} } i x rs9xr W ex P r P 1 W c c H C r i ii P C r i r ii $ r { c U 1 W { c U 1 W { &

1 $

r r H a  P

i ii jC r i r ' r

1 $ r u $ 1 Iv $ c W v

$ 1

v 1 $ P xv |

r 4

x r W x P r P 1 W c c

) 5 4

r ' c W ' c 1W H

) 3 21

where

The solution of the problem above is given by (see [13, page 53])

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

solves the system below for each

in

q $& %#
(see [13, page 48]):

in

q %# $&

on

i q %wv $& #
(16)

' r H

h C r i r r ' r ii

$ 1 i 1 1 c W ii c W c W c W Q 9 ' r v $ 5' 9 ' r U P R

9 7

1 8

where and formula, we have, for

Although the explicit representation formula of a pressure is also available (see [13, page 48, 52]), it is omitted because it is not needed for our purpose. To sum up, and solves the following boundary value problem of the Stokes system:

'

 4 A

Furthermore, the following estimate holds (see [13, page 42]):

1@b ` 6 7

Moreover,

is explicitly given as follows (see [13, page 48]):

. Therefore, with the aid of the representation

in

q $& 5%#

when

q %Iv $& # 9 '

~ r 9 xur c "U i W ' c I1 W % 9 9 ' c ur 1 W % 9 ' r ' '( s9 e tt&SP H % b U % R  U i Be c   '

Besides, we can easily check that

According to (19), we get the Green tensor for the half-space:

solves the Stokes system (4). on (20) (19) (18) (17) 7

1 5P

t '

U i W

} } ' cr 1W r hr r h r ' '

' c r 1 W

h C r i r r ii '

$ Iv h 1 ' r 1 wv P c W

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

2.2 Point-wise estimates of Green tensor

In this subsection, we show the point-wise estimate of , which enable us to apply the potential method for the Navier-Stokes equations for investigating the regularity problem near the boundary in a half-space, which will be discussed in section 3. To get point-wise estimates of , we need to analyze and . Let us rst estimate . In [5, page 230], the estimate of was mentioned and more general estimates are also available. Since such estimates of are elementary and easier than , we only state and omit the details. For convenience, let and be nonnegative integers and a multi-index with where is integer for each . we dene .

where

Since the estimate of has been known, it is required to analyze only that of , from which we have automatically the estimate of . We start with a simple observation on .

for all

On the other hand, we can easily check that

r 4 k cx4 r kW E yx4GP r P 1 W FE 1  c k H FE 1 r H ' c r W  r H 1  

Since and (24), it sufces to check if Using the identities (24) and (23), and substituting

r c 1 W X' r 5' k r H r r c 1 W r H

i c r 1 W

C 

$ r 1 Y gI C H

BI $

Proof. We rst recall a simple observation on

which can be easily checked. (23)

has such scaling property. , we have

xr

r t (' c r 1 W t r H r c 1 W H {

' c r 1 W r H

' c r 1 W

C DC

r C 2C 1  H

q %2 c r 1 W $& #

Lemma 2.2 Let holds

be the Green tensor for (6). For every nonnegative integers

{ c U 1 W r 1 r c W 8 H

wt

r yur ' c C W

Lemma 2.1 Let

be be the Green tensor in (9). Then (21)

' r H $ ur i r ii W

(22)

(24)

'

9 D

'

Vb

'

'

wt

t '

r r H

, it

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

where we used the fact that . This completes the proof.

Theorem 2.3 Let be the Green tensor for (6). Then for every nonnegative integer , it satises the following estimate: For all ,

where

and

is any number with

Proof. We note rst that it sufces to prove (25) for cases of , and because of Lemma 2.2. Moreover, in this proof, we only consider the case because difculty in computations occurs when is close to zero. If , then we can have the same estimate more easily by following similar procedures as the case . In addition, We shall prove (25) only for the case and , i.e.

Indeed, the tangential derivatives (for example ) are easily estimated. If , it could be estimated as the case that and by using the integration by parts successively. To be precise, we recall rst the representation of already mentioned in (17).

Note that the rst term of satises heat equation and the last one holds the Laplace equation. In addition, for the second term, we can use the relation (15). To sum up, in this proof, we consider only the case that , and , which is sufcient for proving (25).

' $ 1 9 D $ 1 $ 1 9 9 ' x9 D ue r r '

j '

Thanks to the observations above, it sufces to estimate . ready to prove the estimate of green tensor

9 ! ' B HE 9 D ur 9 ' ur 9 g c B P 1 W 1 r F E H r H r r r E r c 1 W  8 & { (' c 1 W 1 a  & { X' H C ~C r W E y~GP r P 1 W FE 1 r H & { X' c c C H C ~C r W E y~GP r P 1 W FE 1 r H & { X' c c C H r C { c C r B W E ec AP r B P 1 W HE 1 8 ' H C H
for all integers when

because

1 $ B$ 1 Iv $ i c W u v

q %2 c r 1 W $& #

r yyur ' r r 5 9 c C W $ r } 1 B$ 1 {  ~h& c r 1 W t r r H a 

'

r t c 1W i

} g$ 1 $ 1

9 '

r ' us9 ' '

' 9 h 7

$ 1

1 Iv $ h $ Iv h 1 r P v P wv P ' c 1 W |

c r 1 W t

9 7

$ 1Iv v

9 D

r yexr

P 1

. Now we are

(25)

(26)

i P C r i r ii '
, let us recall the repre-

r C r i r h r j ii '

1 Iv $ v |

FE

FE 1

c 1W

r } $ 1

} $ 1 1 U { c U W

{

V X

c U d W

V U  

} $ k 1W { c U c P yW { k $ c x U YW { c U k ' { {

4 T

4 W

1 c x U { 1W c U { k

U YW k c U 1 W { k { c P 1 uW k W 1 x c W

U 

i c 1W

x U c 1 W

R SI `

c 1W Q Q { 1 $ c W $ U ` {

i c 1W

c 1W $ r P 1 W r c r k $ c U U~c 1 W k k x YW ex P r r P 1 W r k c k $ ' k cx YW ex P r r r ' c 1 W r c 1W

RBI 4 4 E A 4 4 E

FE 1
r

4A FE 1

We rst denote disjoint sets given ,

where means that they are comparable. According to (20) and Lemma 2.1, it . Since satises different estimates depending on sufces to estimate or , it is required to analyze them separately. Reminding the expression (19), we have

r c 1W

r

C ' p

r 32 p k

P Q k

2 k

U 1 U P 1 k

k) k)

p h h i A 1 k 4 $ 2 # h 1 A 1 h D k 4 $ 2 # k 1
and , for simplicity, in

I p I 

$ B#

$& # 2 %331

for every sentation of

$ 1 Iv h ' r 1 P wv P c W 9 C @'

P 

C '

For

Let us rst consider the rst term the range of time interval.

Notice that, on each separated set

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

, using the estimate (18) and relations (27), and (27), we obtain

. Before considering the second term, where . or if or

! SY

FE 1

, which is also split into two parts depending on , the following relations hold: dened as follows: For 10 if (27)

 k 1W c { x U c P yW k

4 W

V 4

} B$ 1 } B$ 1 1 9 { { c U W U k 1 { c U W { c U YW {  { U { { k x k `3 tU k `8 { { x } B$ 1 k { c U W k
for for

{ } $ 1

4 U R

V 

U 

i jC 9

c U c P 1 uW k W c { k

V U R "I

U W

1 { c U W c

4 T c

k 1W k i U x k { c U YW { c U c P yW U k k 1W { c U W c { x U c P uW c 1 W k { { Qu & { r W yc v $ P n c k n n x P h r U k yc P 1 W

4 A

9 {{ h r k k c W u r YW ec v c k n n B$ k x P

4 G

b c rk # P v Wx4 P

1W

$ r & k c k x S P 1 W Qu c 1W c r r v $ P v W ' r r 1 Iv r YW 6 ex r P 1 W i c 1 W u Qc 1 W c U k c k | v r k x P $ v 1 r c YW 6 ex r P 1 W k c k wv r k x P {

4 G

Let us rst consider . Note rst that is the fundamental solution of the heat equation. In addition, since and for the spatial variable the decay rate of integrand is using the integration by parts, we get

b 

R "I 4

` a 4 G

E 4

FE

E 4

Similarly, using the relations (27),

The second term is easily estimated by (18) and (21). Indeed,

b v W

c 1W

U { c 1W

4 AP 4

Changing the variable

Using

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

by , we have

is estimated as follows. for , we obtain because is zero at at innity, 11

V U U W

c 1W

R
9 '

} $ 1 $ 1

4 k x4 r kW $ yxGP c c 4

$ r P 1 W 6$ k

1r

4 k x4 r YkW $ exAP c c 4

r P 1 W $ k n

9 ' ' r v C ' 0 c 1W } $ 1 $ 1 1 c 1W 1 x Uc W c W } $ 1 } wB$ 1 $ 1 1 U c 1W c W

} $ 1 $ 1 r  9 c 1 W x r { } g$ 1 $ 1 1 } $ 1 { c U W

&{ r 5 9 } g$ 1 $ 1 U
and we used

g h

4 W

1 yW W {

4 U

4  V

} $ { c U 1 W g 1 U { 1 $ 1 c U W ' {

k c { x U c P k { c U W  { k k $ { c U YW { x U 1 W k c k

4 W

} g$ { c { x U c

4 T

k P 1 uW { W |

x c 1W

x c 1W

Before estimating

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

, we note that, on

, the following relation holds

for any

on

i ap

9 @7

fdxTU c 4
p

c P 1 uW W k

According to the estimate (14) of we have

and the relation (28) for a sufciently small

9 7

edc

U W k

where we used

where

. Adding all the above estimates, we get

. Summing up all together, we get

for

i 5 9

It remains to estimate the case and we have

. If , then, using the relation (16), it will be reduced to . To be precise, using the relation ,

1 r v B$

$ r P 1 W $ c r k $ c k k x W ex P $ P ' 6$

4 A

After the simple calculations, we have

1 1r

$ '

for

(28) 12

 Q 1 v Iv 1 1 1 v Iv r YW $ ex r P 1 yc c 1W c k c k Wc U c v uW v $ p v | W x P {

4 G

4 A

4 vp v1 v
U

P Q 1 $ Iv Iv $ 1 v 1 1 1 1 1 v v Iv Iv P %c xv W v $ P ' | v p v $ P v |

! s

C @' 9 c 1W $ $ $ r $ 1 } g 1 $ 1  { c U 1 W c U 1 W { c U 1 W U $ 1 $ 1  { c U W U

{  { k c U c P k k c { cx U YW { k $ 1 k W c { x U Yc U W {

c 1W

i c 1W

i c 1 W ~c 1 W U

where is any number with . Before we analyze the second term to (15), we have the following relation: for ,

4 T

1 W yW $ U 1 W {

4 T p

4k

U c P 1 uW k W

c U 1W c W ' U {

c 1W

p q

U c 1 W

4 k x4 r kW $ yxGP c c 4

i cW

With the aid of the estimate (14) and the relations (27), the rst term, mated as follows.

p I 4 p I4

4 G

{ U k ` k ` { c 1W $ r kP 1 W x r c r k $ c k x W yx P ' 1 c W

$ r P 1 W k

pr

B$ 1 Iv $ 1 v

$ ' c r 1 W

q 1 rr $ Iv
| v $ c 1W

r $ P ' c 1W

$P ! i

Therefore, it sufces to estimate in the case of (17) of , let us denote, for simplicity,

C 0'

Changing the variable

We rst estimate

Using notations above, we get

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

by separating time interval into two parts.

by

and using (29), we get

. Recalling the representation

, can be esti-

, thanks

(29) 13

p
1 c W U

R
$

4W 4

c U 1W  {{ U { B$ 1

c U W ' { {

V U  

c U { { k c U W { {

k 1W  { cx U c P yW { k YW k { k { { x U c P c k k

4W 4

1 yW x U $ 1 W W { c

4 W

$ r } g 1 $ 1

 { c U k k { c U YW k k { c U YW

p I

B$ k 9 ' r c k x fP 1 W r h h 1 Iv r $ r i x U 1 U k k p k c YW ec P W Iv v 1 Iv r r YW $ c 1W c k v x P 1 W wv c k p k x P {

4 G

We note that the rst and second integrals except for the last one can be estimated as before, because the former has only tangential derivatives and the latter is the second derivative of the fundamental solution of the heat equation. Thus the details are omitted for those cases. Indeed the most difcult one is the last integral. Disregarding the three terms and only considering the last term, with the aid of the integration by parts, we have

4 G

r YW $ ex r P 1 W c k c k k x P

v Iv 1 r YW $ ex r kP 1 W i k c p v k cx P $ 1v Iv 1 v

4 G

where . Thus, it remains to estimate the rst term (13), (21), and (27), we have

where we used facts that is zero at and for the spatial variable the decay rate of integrand is at innity. Let us rst consider the second term. Using the estimate (13) and (21), and properties of (27), we have

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

. According to estimates 14

9 1 W 1W U '

$ 1 { c U 1 W { c U  { c U W U $ c U 1 W  { c U c P 1 uW k W { $ { c U 1 W { c U 1 W c U

U W

$ u { c U 1 W { c U c P 1 yW k W k

{ {

U U

$ 1 } $ 1 c 1W U c 1W c 1W

B$ 1 } $ 1 U w c 1 W i 9 $ $ r $ 1 } g 1  { c U 1 W } g 1 k } $ k 1  { c U YW P k
. Thus we have

$ r $ 1 } g 1

{ c U k W

$ 1 I
Using the fact that

i U

q I

Iv $ 1 P r k $ k c YW v k k $ P r k $ k c W

! i

c 1W

$ r } 1 $ 1

9 $ r } 1 $ 1 1 c W U Qc 1 W c 1 W  $ 1 1 $ 1  {{ c U W U

where is any number satisfying we get

where

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

and we used

. To summarize above estimates, we have

. It remains to estimates

. Since

C 5'

 Iv 1 1 U r k $ c YW v 1 1Iv ' c v r

where is any number with the relation

, we estimate the rst term as follows.

. It remains to estimate the second term, , we get

k { c U YW k c 5
on

To sum up above estimates, we have

$ P 1 k U 9 YW k

V q

P 1 k

$ 1 $ P 1 k k 1W

5 9

Hence we get

where

is any number with

for

i 5 9

$ 1 } g$ 1 c r 1 W

With the aid of the Lemma 2.2, we obtain

for

i  9

} g$ 1 $ 1  { c r 1 W

r

r

. Using 15 ,

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

16

Remark 2.4 Especially, in the case that , following the same procedure as the proof above, we can show that satises the following estimate, which is a little better than (25):

Remark 2.5 It is interesting to compare the estimates of and . With the aid of Lemma 2.1 and the Youngs inequality, can be estimated as follows: For any with ,

Although (25) is weaker than (31), it will be sufcient for our estimates of the Riesz potentials, which will be used next section for investigating the boundary regularity of the Navier-Stokes equations.

for any with (see theorem 3.1 in [18]). Our point-wise estimate of the Green tensor also gives the simple proof of the estimate (32).

3 Boundary regularity of the Navier-Stokes equations

In this section, using the estimates of the Green tensor for the Stokes system obtained in previous section, we study the boundary regularity of the Navier-Stokes equations (1) with initial and boundary conditions (2) near boundary in an dimensional half-space. A weak solution means, as usual, it is in the class

r c yc $& # W x W u yc $& # W x W 2 G c

P C

c P W C } { g W G c %Tb } g c %G W g

Remark 2.6 In [18] Ukai proved the following for : For any with ,

estimates of a solution

} $ 1 1  { & { c U W c r 1 W r H 

P j

u 

u 

xr

' S

9 X7

9 8i '

where

is any number between

h 9 $ 1 g$ 1 r  { {  {  r 1 t { c W

where we used

t 9 ' ' } g$ $ 1 { c 1 U W $ r } 1 $ 1  { r U r
.

Combining the estimate of

and the result above, we have

 {

r

. This completes the proof.

(30)

(31)

in (4)

(32)

(33)

 V V

r r t r c r r 1 W t v G c W G c 1 W c 1 W r c 1W ' k { y yn 2 w& m } $ 1 B$ 1  ~{ & c 9 7

, we have (36)

r 1 wt r r W H  8 $& # % &

IG

{ y un m w&

"I

Proof. Without loss of generality, we assume that by translation. Using the Green tensor for the half-space, can be represented as follows: For each

h C r i r r j ii '
.

r i cr 1W c r r 1 W t U U c 1 W G f t c G zc gr r r 1 W v ' c r 1 W G GW f H G f gr e

hg C U

q # v c "$& w2  r 1 W ' k

1 Tb U 1 c r e%G H ic 1 i U 1 G W G `W 9 '

i c $& # W 82 |

b wG

v x v w
for all

9 j '

9 ' # 4 q | ` b c $ $& # W 82 1 i dz@h SU H zW U Gc b GW P R G G c

x a x y

Lemma 3.1 Let (2) satises

Finally, it satises the global energy inequality

and in addition, it holds the followings:

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

To complete the proof of Main Theorem, we rst prove the following crucial Lemma.

with

for some

. Suppose that a weak solution

for all

, and

with

and

i 7 jC T

'

9 ' 1 e g xr

c { y w &n m W d 2 G

c o w &n m W 2 G

Then

for every

with

and

Let us rst consider the second term

$&% #

Using the estimate above, for

is smooth and compactly supported in , there exists such that support of contained in . We recall rst estimate of (see Theorem 2.3).

of (35). We show it is bounded in

solving (1) and

. Since (35) (34) 17

is

IG

r f

f { y w xr c W

f c gr W

f 

i cr 1W

r c 1W r U c

xr r r t v f r ' c 1 W w zW W Gc 1 W c c G H c { y w &n m r W d c G r zW U Qc 1 W c 1W r x 1 ' r W UQc 1 W c 1W G r r c 1 c 1W

{ wn m &

Due to the global energy inequality (34), the last term is bounded by given data. Thus the claim that is bounded in is completed. To sum up, we have proved so far

{ z w n m y &

SI

$ s $ s f f H f xr W i w gr `W c yG c SU W c %G s f } g $ $ f P xf 1 r B$ P 1  { c P W W G c c G YW f f gr f xr r r 1 t v r c 1W W G W c c G YW c r m { z w n 32 c 1 W ' k y f D P 1 m P D o t { o { y yn 2 c r 1 W w& m r {y c 1W w y&n m r u f t i r gr r r w v c 1W U ~c 1 W c G zc 1 W GW U H xr r r t v gr r r t v f f r ' c G zc 1 W ' c 1W c G zc 1 W GW GW

m $& o y&n 8q %# o y&n m w m w r c o m 2 G c 1 wu&n f W j e f xr eW c { y&n w r g { y y S2 c r 1 W { m c 1W w m &n wy&n { c { o P W { v G } $ P $ 1 $ P 1 {

is obvious that for every with and Therefore, it sufces to consider the rst term . In order to use we split into two parts. For simplicity, we denote and , respectively.

v G V V V v

second term is due to the fact that

For simplicity, we denote introduce an operator dened on

BI

mW 2 r 1 d c W h P { o G

supported in

where we used

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

We note that the second term

and

. In fact, , we get

are bounded in

because

and

has no singularity because

is bounded in

where

. To complete our assertion, we as follows: . Since . According to this observation, for . The good point for the is bounded by and (38) (37) . , and , it 18 is

m

 u X

f 
H

i G x x g G x x czW i U d ' P f gr W c %G P H

f r f { f xr W c f f f xr f xr { W W 6 c c G

r c e zW `W c G

f 

E e

9 $ ' $ f $ r f  g P 1  B$ P 1  { P f xr f xr W W c Q c %G H f } $ $ 1 $ 1 f P P  { P f gr f gr W W c c G H $ P $ $ } $ X 9 ' P 1 B$ B P 1 } $ P $ 1 $ P 1 f P f xr f xr  { i f W W c c %G H f f xr f xr f xr r r 1 t r W b c 1 zW W c G c W c W G ` c H

r 1 t b c W f xr W G c

wYGW  c

q $& l%# W d uc y&n m W d 4 zW c G f c e w g

and

are any numbers with and the following estimate:

where

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

. We show that is a bounded operator, and holds

Since is an arbitrary number between and , we may specically choose Utilizing the inequality of the Riesz potential, it is easily checked that

 

f 
c f xr W

f f y gr { y w xr w c W c W G y {y w i {y w w G wYW c G r
and

d u

 f  

y { y w x w X G u

g s zW c G q $& c l# W d f xr e

where

For an arbitrarily

, respectively without any confusion. Indeed, using the estimate of we have

For simplicity, we write, from now on,

which automatically implies

Applying the inequality of the Riesz potential again, we have with , we take . Using , the right side of the above inequality is estimated as follows: as (40) (39) and 19 , .

E $

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

20

The last inequality comes from , which is equivalent to . Since and is compactly supported as mentioned earlier, we obtain (39), which automatically implies (40). We note that representation of in (38) can be rewritten as follows: where

stant in (39). Since

is bounded in

, which also implies it is in

pletes our arguments, at the beginning we decompose as a union of sectors, denoted by such that for and for a given which is sufciently small, we get for all . This is possible if is taken sufciently small. By repeating the procedure above at each , we obtain , which eventually leads to . This completes the proof. The easy consequence of the above Lemma is the following. Corollary 3.2 Let and (2) satises . Suppose that a weak solution

solving (1)

Then

the expression (38), we already veried that

are bounded in , for

$ P $ 1 g$ P 1 f P f r   {  f xr W { { G c %G H f gr f f xr r r 1 t r W W b c 1 ewYW W Gc G c %G ` c H

' 

 

show that easily obtain

is bounded. As mentioned earlier, taking

{ y un m@2 c r 1 W w& { z w n m y &

r gr e f

2l

Proof. We note that

for every

due to the Lemma above. In . It remains to , we

i 7 jC T

'

xr

for some

with

and

hg C U

h c r q &o ' r F P

c Eq w { & p W d 2 G p W G h r h & u c U & P W '

q w2 r 1 W ' k $& # v c

y c w &n m W d 2 G

c o w &n m W 2 G

y c { w &n m W 2 G

for all of

, must be also in the same space . However, we still need the smallness of

due to invertibility . In order to com-

c { y u&n m W d w

Qu cuc W q w { & p W d 2 G q w & p h ur ii r r ' i 9 7 ii ur i r ii yr i r h r ' Pr F c U r c U PV W ' { y w H { o {o y w G y c { z w &n m W d

{y w y&n m

between

can be less than

if

where

is the con-

The main point in this argument is that is an invertible operator on provided that is sufciently small because the operator norm of

czW G c { y w &n m W d i cr 1W

P 5P U W

'

r U c 1 W

y w G

"I

c G zW r c 1W

' $ U P

r c 1W

c G fW wYxr e P G c o w &n m W % y w G

' c r 1 zyzW W c GW cc G

P W

I i

c $

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

21

Now we are ready to prove the main theorem. The Proof of Main Theorem According to Lemma 3.1 and corollary 3.2, we know . Adopting the expression (38), we show that are H lder o smooth in for space and time variables. We consider rst . Using the estimate of

and

, we have

has no singularity provided that

of is bounded by norm of , which is also nite due to the global energy inequality. Hence it remains to prove H lder continuity for o . For clarity, we recall , which is given as follow:

f gr r r 1 t v f xr r r t v W P %c 1 W

continuity for space variables. Let bounded in , using the estimate of

and

. Since

, we have

1 P 1

r u G c 1 W

2l

From now on, we denote

by

without any confusion. We rst show the H lder o is

r x c 1W

ic

l@

As we did before, we write

as

for simplicity. The key fact is that . Hence any partial derivatives

Yy w

l ox

Dl

instead of modied

in (37) in order to use the boundedness of is expressed as follows:

in

. Thus, a slightly

y l dw

Yy w n m &

{ y un 2 c r 1 W r c r 1 W ' w& m y w n m m & yY w xr r r v f t G zc 1 W GW ' c H r x c 1W G r { yz m w &n 32 c 1 W y m $& w u&n m c Eq %# W f G zc gr r r 1 W t v GW

' cr 1W

r 1 u W

Now we consider when it is split into

. To avoid the technical difculties, we modied the in (37) and . To be precisely, only difference is that we take

continuous in

. In fact, they are more than H lder continuity. Indeed, o

i  Q{ & c { o P W  Q{ & IG } $ $ 1 $ 1 P P  Q& { W r r 1 W wt r r H c IG c a  c

n  m

&

r 1W

IG

V IG

@7f f xr e

t r r s s H { z w n m y & { z w n m y & y w c Y y&n m W 2 G

r r a  H

where satisfying

7 e ' o y&n m m w y w

and and

are sufciently large numbers (in fact, it is enough to choose ). This completes the proof.

r x P %c 1 W

f xr r r 1 t W

f xr e

are

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

22

It can be easily checked that the last integral is independent of and nite because and it is locally integrable and decay rate at innity is . To sum up, we have the following H lder estimate: o

For the time variable, we obtain the following H lder estimate: o

Since it follows the same argument for the case of space variables, the detailed proof is omitted. Since is arbitrary between and , is and for space variable and time variable. Therefore, we conclude that is also H lder continuous with exponent o for every in . This completes the proof. Remark 3.3 Unlike in the interior case, H lder continuity does not imply smoothness in o the spatial variables at boundary, and therefore we leave it as an open problem. In [8], I constructed a weak solution of the Stokes system of which normal derivatives blow up at boundary at a certain time. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported in part by NSF Grant No. DMS-9877055. The author expresses his deep gratitude to his advisor, Professor Vladimr Sver k for guidance and en a couragement.

P 

} } g $ $ g $ $ P $ ( P P $ ( } P i I P y } $ $ } $ $ P $ ( P P B$ ( P } P

i P ' } {

c  { { r W

i } 1 P 1 ' }

{

j t

} |

j G

r x c 1W j G

c r 1 W u

c r 1 W u

{y w n m &

r u P jc 1 W

r x P %c 1 W

% j sr % l V "' j

5 9

'

Let obtain

and

. Changing of variable

and using the scaling method, we

i w

} $ } g $ P $ 1 $ P 1 P $ 1 $ P P ' r } g $ $ } $ $ P 1 $ P 1 P 1 $ P 1 P

p q' %

yY

'

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

23

References
[1] S. AGMON , A. D OUGLIS & L. N IRENBERG Estimates near the boundary for solutions of elliptic partial differential equations satisfying general boundary conditions. II, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 17 (1964), 3592. [2] L. C AFFARELLI , R. KOHN & L. N IRENBERG Partial regularity of suitable weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 35 (1982), 771 831. [3] M. C ANNONE , F. P LANCHON , & M. S CHONBEK Strong solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the half-space, Comm. in P.D.E. 25 (2000) 903-924. [4] H. C HOE Boundary regularity of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, Journal of differential equations 149, (1998), 211247. [5] E. B. FABES , B. F. J ONES & N. M. R IVIERE The initial value problem for the Navier-Stokes equations with data in , Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 45, (1972), 222 240. [6] Y. G IGA Solutions for semilinear parabolic equations in and regularity of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes system, J. Differential Equations 62, no. 2, (1986), 186 212. [7] E. H OPF Uber die Anfangswertaufgabe f r die hydrodynamischen Grundgleichungen u (German) , Math. Nachr. 4, (1951), 213231. [8] K. K ANG Unbounded normal derivative for the Stokes system near boundary, preprint. [9] O. A. L ADYZHENSKAYA , V. A. S OLONNIKOV & N. N. U RALCEVA Linear and Quasilinear Equations of Parabolic type. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, 23, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1968. [10] J. L ERAY Sur le mouvement dun liquide visqueux emplissant lespace, Acta Math. 63, (1934), 193248. [11] G. A. S EREGIN Some estimates near the boundary for solutions to the nonstationary linearized Navier-Stokes equations, Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (POMI), 271 (2000), 204223. [12] J. S ERRIN On the interior regularity of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 9, (1962), 187195. [13] V. A. S OLONNIKOV Estimates of solutions of nonstationary linearized systems of Navier-Stokes equations, Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov 70, (1964), 213317. (in English:A.M.S. Translations, Series II 75, 1117).

Regularity of axially symmetric ows

24

[14] E. M. S TEIN Singular integrals and differentiability properties of functions, Princeton University Press, 1970. [15] M. S TRUWE On partial regularity results for the Navier-Stokes equations, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 41, (1988), 437458. [16] S.TAKAHASHI On a regularity criterion up to the boundary for weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 17, (1992), 261285. [17] R. T EMAN Navier-Stokes equations. Theory and numerical analysis, North Holland, Amsterdam and New York, 1977.

Kyungkeun Kang School of Mathematics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Email:kkang@math.umn.edu

$& %#

[18] S. U KAI A solution formula for the Stokes equation in 40, (1987), 611621.

, Comm. pure. Appl. Math.