Rajiv Gandhi University

Of Knowledge Technologies COURSE STRUCTURE & SYLLABUS FOR

Major of B.Tech in any branch and Minor in Biology With effect for 2010-2011

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge technologies Syllabus for Major of B.Tech in any branch and Minor in Biology

Course Year/Sem and Paper No II year/ 1st sem Core course Paper-I Core Course Paper-II Core Course Paper-III

Course code

Stream

Course Title

Pre requisite

No of modules

BI 2001

All

Cell Biology, Biodiversity, and Biometry

36

II year/ 2nd Sem

BI 2002

All

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Immunology, cell culture,

36

III Year/ 1st Sem

BI 3001

All

Micro Biology, genetic engineering, Bioinformatics

36

Elective-1 Paper-I

Industrial BI 3002 Biotechnolo gy

Bioprocess technology, Fermentation technology, Enzyme Biotechnology

BI 2001 BI 2002 BI 3001 40

III Year/ 2nd Sem

Elective-II Paper-I BI 3004

Industrial Micro Biology

Fundamentals, down stream processing, Enzyme technology Bio computing, Biological Do 33

Elective-III Paper-I

BI 3006

Bio Informatics

data base, sequence analysis, programming concepts

Do

35

Elective-IV Paper-I Elective-I Paper-II

BI 3008

Engineering Biology Industrial

Biomaterials Biotransformation, Bio fuel, Environmental and Quality control Industrial production, Bio fertilizers and Structural Biology, Data base management, Algorithms Biomaterial design, tissue engineering

Do

37

BI 4001

Biotechnolo gy Industrial

Do

35

Elective-II IV Year/ 1st Sem Elective-III Paper-II Elective-IV Paper-II Paper-II

BI 4003

Micro Biology Bio Informatics Engineering Biology

Do

35

BI 4005

Do

39

BI 4007

Do

39

Elective-I Paper-III

Industrial BI 4002 Biotechnolo gy

Microorganisms in Industrial 111 11 BI 4004 Micro Biology Agriculture, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology Elective-III Paper-III Elective IV Paper-III BI 4008 BI 4006 Bio Informatics Engineering Biology Genomics, Proteomics and Drug designing Do 33 Do 32

Note: The given curriculum structure permits a student to specialize in any of the following:Industrial Biotechnology/ Industrial Micro Biology/BioInformatics or Engineering Biology. Accordingly a student may choose the respective specialization from the 2nd year B.Tech onwards. For example a student who wishes to specialize in Industrial Biotechnology may take the core subjects compulsorily. In addition he/she may take BI 3002, BI 4001 and BI 4002. Similarly for the respective Electives courses are Industrial Microbiology-BI 3004,BI 4003,BI 4004; Bio Informatics BI 3006,BI 4005 and BI 4006; Engineering Biology the courses are: BI 3008, BI 4007 and BI 4008. It may also be noted that this pattern is only suggestive and not mandatory. That is the student can take course of his/her choice subjected to the condition that the pre requisites are already taken.

B. Tech Minor subject II nd Year-Semester-I Biology core course (paper I)

(Cell Biology, Biodiversity and Biometry) Unit 1: Cell Biology 1. 1 Structure and organization of Pro and Eukaryotic Cells. 1. 2 Plasmamembrane Molecular organization, cell permeability transport across membranes, facilitated diffusion, active transport and receptor mediated endocytosis 1. 3 Nucleus ,Nucleolus and chromatin fibers 1. 4 Endoplasmic reticulum structure and functions of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. General account on microsomes and signal Hypothesis. 1. 5 Golgi Bodies- Morphology of golgi complex, cytochemistry of golgi complex. Functions of golgi complex 1. 6 Mitochondria- UltraStructure and functions. Biogenesis of mitochondria. 1. 7 Role of Mitochondria in Krebs cycle, glycolysis cycle 1. 8 Respiratory chain complexes, Electron transport system, mitochondrial ATPase Proton pump complexes. 1. 9 Chloroplast- Ultra structure, morphology, Functions and Biogenesis 1. 10 Ribosomes- Ultra structure, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic ribosomes, r- RNA biogenesis, Functions of ribosomes.

1. 11 Lysosomes

and peroxisomes major characteristics of lysosomes,

Functions- intracellular digestion, endocytosis, morphology of peroxisomes and micro peroxisomes 1. 12 Cytoskeletal structures Microfilaments , Intermediate filaments and microtubules, microtubular organelles ultra structure and function of cilia, flagella and centrioles. 1. 13 Cellcycle- Phases of cell cycle, functional importance of each phase, molecular events during cell cycle. Check points, cyclins and protein kinases, MPF (maturation promoting factor) 1. 14 Cell signaling Exocrine, Endocrine, paracrine and synaptic strategies of chemical signaling. Surface receptor mediated transduction (DAG, Ca+2, CAMP, G-Protein) 1. 15 Chromosomes- Morphology and structural organization- fine structure, chemical organization. Special types of chromosomes- Salivary gland chromosomes and lamp brush chromosomes. 1. 16 Cell motility Amoeboid, ciliary and flagellar movements. 1. 17 Cell senescence and programmed cell death. Unit 2: Biometry (Statistical Applications in Biology) 2.1 Definition, Need and scope of Biometery, Types of statistics used in Biology, Principles and applications of statistical methods in biological research. Methods of sampling. 2.2 Measures of central tendency- Definition, calculation of Mean, Median and mode 2. 3 Measures of Dispersion Dispersion- Definition, mean deviation, standard

deviation 2. 4 Tests of significance standard error 2.5 Students t test 2.6 The chi-square (x2) Test 2.7 Correlation and Regression 2.8 Analysis of Variance 2.9 Probability concepts and problems on probability 2.10 Probability Distribution- Binomial, Poisson, Normal Distribution and their

applications. 2.11 Statistical softwares- SPSS, SAS, MINITAB Mathematica. UNIT-3: Biodiversity And Taxonomy 3.1 Basic concept of Biodiversity- What is Biodiversity- why should we conserve it Elements of Biodiversity. 3.2 Ecosystem diversity- Genetic diversity- species diversity Eco-stability (plant, Animal and microbial) 3.3 Biodiversity and conservation- over exploitation threatening living species. International trade. Animals threatened by international trade. Problems in controlling international trade (Enforcement, Reservations, illegal trade) 3.4 Conservation of Biodiversity (In-situ and Ex-situ methods, principle and Applications) 3.5 Red Data Book and Endangered species 3.6 Hot spots of Biodiversity, Biodiversity of India.

3.7 Basic principles of Taxonomy and Phylogeny- classification 3.8 Modes of Molecular evolution. Neutral theory of molecular evolution B.Tech Minor subject Practical Paper-1 (1 Hour duration)-(Can be conducted in the class room) (II Year-Ist semester) 1. Solving problems of monohybrid, dihybrid and henetic interaction L (modified genetic ratios) 2. Problems on linkage and crossing over, chromosome maps. 3. Estimating gene frequencies in human population, estimation of hetero zygotes frequencies, pedegree analysis 4. Problems on measure of central tendency, mean, median and mode 5. Problems on measure of dispersion, mean deviation, standard deviation, variance, standard error, coefficient of variance (c.v) 6. Statistical distributions , fitting, binomial , poisson and normal probability distributions to given data 7. Testing hypothesis. Test of significance (mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient)-z-test 8. Chi-square test for goodness of fit and test for indedpendence 9. Studdent t-test (unpaired and paired t-test) 10.Usage of spss and sigive plot 11.Problems on Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Books Biometry 1. Bliss. C.J.K (1967) statistics in Biology vol.1. McGraw Hill Newyork. 2. Campbell R.C (1974) Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge univ. Press. 3. Daniel (1999) Bio statistics for health sciences (3rd Edition) Panima Publications corporation 4. Swardlaw A.C (1988) Practical Statistics for expermental Biologists. John wiley and sons. 5. Khan (1999) Fundamentals of Bio Statistics 6. Principles of Biostatistics Paganoetal. 7. An introduction to Biostatistics- Glover 8. An introduction to Biostatistics- Mishra & Mishra, Kalyani publications. 9. An introduction to Biostatistics Gurumani.N. MJP Publishers, chennai. 10.Fundamentals of Biostatistics P.Hanmanth Rao & K.Janardhan- IK International publishing House New Delhi Cell and Molecular Biology 1. Molecular Biology of the cell. Alberts, B etal Garland Publishers 2001 2. Molecular Cell Biology. Lodish etal. Scientific American Bital 1995 3. Principles of cell and molecular Biology. Klein smith I.J.& Kish vm 4. Cell and molecular Biology. Karp.G. John wiley and sons 1999 5. Molecular Biology. Fred felder. D.Jones and Bartlett Publications.1995

6. Molecular Biology Labfax. T.A. Brown Bios scientific publications 7. Molecular Biology of the gene. Watsen JD. Hopkins NM.Reberts.JN 8. Molecular cell Biology , Darnell j. lodish and Baltimore D. 9. Cell and Molecular Biology . De Roberts 10.Molecular Biology- Turner etal 11.Cell-Couper Biodiversity 1. Bio diversity- Agarwal.k (1996)- Agro, Botanica, Bikanner 2. Biodiversity Chakrobarty supriyo (2006)- Pointer publishers, india TAXONOMY 1. Taxonomy of Angiosperms- V.N. Naik , 1991. Tata Mc Graw Hill. Pub 2. Taxonomy of Angiosperms- T.Pullaiah Regenue Publications 3. Molecular systematic of plants II DNA sequencing D.E. soltis, 1998, Kulwer Academic Publisher. 4. Vascular Plant Systematics A.B. Radford, W.C. Dickinson 1974, Harper, Row Publishers 5. Flowering Plants: Origin and dispersal- A. TakhtaJan- Otto Koetiz Science Publishers.

B. Tech-Minor subject II nd Year-Semester-II Biology core course (paper II )

(Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics) Unit 4: Bio chemistry 4.1 Carbohydrates - Classification, physical and chemical properties, chemical structures and their importance. 4.2 Amino acids - Classification and properties Zwitterion nature 4.3 Proteins - Classification, structure and function, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure 4.4 Enzymes - Classification, General Characteristics, mechanism of enzyme

action, co enzymes, co factor, isozymes 4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity and factors affecting enzyme activity, competitive, un competitive and non competitive inhibition. 4.6 Lipids structure, classification, properties and functions of lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. 4.7 Bioenergetics Principles of bioenergetics and high energy phosphate compounds, mode of energy production-photo phosphorylation Unit- 5 : Molecular Biology 5.1 5.2 hysicalDNA Structure Chemistry of DNA, Forces stabilizing DNA Structure, Helix parameters. Forms of DNA (A,B,C,D,T and Z)

5.3 P properties of DNA ( UV-Absorption spectra, Denaturation and Renaturation, Cot Curves, DNA hybridization) 5.4 DNA Replication General features of DNA Replication, Enzymes and proteins of DNA replication. 5.5 Models of replication, Regulation of DNA, Replication, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic replication mechanism. 5.6 DNA damage & DNA repair causes and mechanism photo reactivation, excision repair, mismatch repair, SOS repair 5.7 DNA Recombination Homologous recombination holiday medal, Nonhomologous recombination- Transposition. 5.8 Types of RNA and their function. Outlines of RNA biosynthesis in Prokaryotes. 5.9 Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene 5.10 5.11 Genetic code, properties and wobble hypothesis Transcription in prokaryotes -Mechanism, Promoters and RNA

polymerase, transcription factors 5.12 Transcription in Eukaryotes 5.13 Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic transcription. 5.14 Translation Mechanism of translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Post translational modifications of Proteins 5.15 Regulation of Gene activity in Prokaryotes Operon concept- induction, Repression and Attenuation, Inducible Operon (lac operon) Repressible Operon (tryp operon) 5.16 Regulation of Gene expression in Eukaryotes transcriptional activation, galactose metabolism in yeast. mRNA, Reverse

5.17 Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Unit-6 Genetics 6.1 Mendels laws of heredity with examples, Test cross and back cross, The principle of independent assortment 6.2 Interaction of genes Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, lethal genes, epistasis, Pleiotropy, 6.3 Polygenic traits and quantitative inheritance 6.4 Genomic organization in Prokaryotes 6.5 Genomic organization in Eukaryotes 6.6 Mutations Gene and chromosomal mutations, Natural and induced mutations mutagenic agents 6.7 Molecular basis of gene mutations, Role of mutations in evolution. 6.8 Gene concept classical concept Molecular concept of gene- transposons, Pseudogenes, amplification. 6.9 Fine structure of gene 6.10 Genetic Recombination-1: Gene transfer in bacteria Transformationoverlapping gene, oncogene, repeated gene, Gene

Transposable elements-Plasmid structure, Properties and types of Plasmids. 6.11 Genetic Recombination-II: Transduction U tube experiment Generalized

and specialized transduction. Conjugation and steps in conjugation. 6.12 Human Genetic disorders (Klinefelter syndrome and Turners

syndrome). 6.13 Population Genetics: Population, Gene pool, mutation and selection, HardyWeinberg law and its significance.

B.Tech-Minor subject-Biology Practical-Paper-II (Lab-I) IInd year IInd semester

1. Defferent stages of Mitosis in onion root tip 2. Permanent slides- polytene chromosomes, grass hopper spermatids and chromosomes 3. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity(Amylase) 4. Quantitative estimation of Proteins by Lowrys method 5. Quantitative estimation of carbohydrates by Nelson Smogyi method 6. Estimation of DNA by UV spectrophotometry 7. Electrophoretic analysis of DNA 8. Preparation of solid and liquid culture media and their sterilizationculturing techniques (Bacteria) 9. Isolation of pure culture by Streak plate and Pour plate method 10.Growth of bacteria on agar slant, agar stab, petriplate and in broth- Growth curves 11.Staining techniques- simple staining, Gram staining, negative staining Books Bio Chemistry 1. Principles of Bio chemistry A. Lehninger, D.L Nelson worth publishes 2. Principles of Bio chemistry G.L. Zubay, W.W. Parson- Brown Publisher. 3. Bio chemistry V edition Jeremy M.Berg, Free man &Co.

4. Fundamentals of Bio chemistry Dr. A.C. Deb 5. Fundamentals of Bio chemistry J.L. Jain,Sunjay Jain and Nitin Jain S.Chand &Co. 6. Harpies Bio chemistry, murray RK etal Prentice Hall International 7. Bio chemistry Stryer L, H Freeman & Co 8. Text book of Biochemistry Davlin, thomas-M. 9. Bio chemistry Fundamentals, voet etal 10.Bio chemistry Fried fider .D 11.Practical Bio chemistry Plummer. 12.Outlines of Biochemistry conn and stump. Wiley Eastern ltd. Genetics 1. Principles of Genetics E. L Gardner, M.J. Simmons John wiley & sons publication 2. Genetics Strick burger M.W Macmillan publisher 3. Human Molecular Genetics Strachan T and Read AP-harland science.. 4. Microbial Genetics Maloy etal 5. Concepts of Genetics 7th edition (2003) Klug & Cumming 6. Microbial Genetics Frid fleder 7. Advanced Genetics (2002) Miglani, G-S 8. Fundamentals of Genetics B.D. Singh. 9. Genetics Arora and Sandhu 10.Genetics P.K.Gupta

B. Tech-Minor subject III rd Year-Semester-I Biology core course: Paper-III

(Immunology, Cell culture, Microbiology, Genetic engineering and Bioinformatics) Unit 7: Immunology 7.1 Immune System- Organs of Immune system (spleen, thymus and lymphnodes)- cells of immune system T- cells its types and receptors- Tcell maturation and activation, B-cells and its receptors/, B-cells maturation and activation , Haematopoiesis. 7.2 Types of immunity- Passive, Active, Acquired and innate immunity humoral and cell mediated immunity. 7.3 Antigens- Types, haptens, epitopes and Factors influencing antigenicity. 7.4 Antibodies- Structure, types, properties and functions of immunoglobulins, production of antibodies. 7.5 Monoclonal antibodies. 7.6 Antigen and Antibody reactions- Agglutination and precipitation reactions. Hemagglutination and PHA, immuno fluorescence, ELISA, RIA, Coombs test (Direct and Indirect) 7.7 Hyper sensitivity and Allergic reactions, vaccines and Immunization.

UNIT-8: Animal Cell Culture 8.1 An introduction, concept of aseptic techniques, animal tissue culture media, cell propagation, preservation and storage of cells, detection of contamination, safety consideration in laboratory cell culture. UNIT-9: General Microbiology 9.1 Major groups of micro organisms General Characteristics of Algae,Fungi. 9.2 General characteristics and classification of Bacteria 9.3 General characteristics and classification of plant, animal and Bacterial viruses -structure and replication of Bacteriophage ( T2 and ), viroids and Prions. 9.4 Methods in microbiology- sterilization, culture media, isolation of microbes, maintenance of microbial cultures, microbial culture collection centres. 9.5 Food and Microbiology - contamination and spoilage of different kinds of food, Food- borne illness due to bacterial food poisoing- Food preservation 9.6 Microbial Diseases: Disease reservoirs- infectious disease transmission. Respiratory infections caused by bacteria and viruses- Tuberculosis- Sexually transmitted disease including Influenza Diseases transmitted by animals, insects and Ticks Food and water borne diseases Pathogenic fungi. 9.7 Host- Parastic Relation Ship- Normal microflora of skin, oral cavity, gastro intestinal tract- Entry of pathogens into the host, colonization and factors predisposing to infections, types of toxins and their structure- mode of actions- virulence and Pathogenesis.

UNIT-10: Genetic Engineering 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Introduction to Genetic Engineering Definition, history and scope Restriction enzymes- definition, characteristics and uses Cloning and cloning vectors plasmid vectors, phage vectors and cosmids. Construction and screening of Genomic DNA library and cDNA library Molecular detection techniques southern, northern and western

hybridization 10.6 10.7 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Random Amplified

Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) 10.8 DNA finger printing UNIT- 11: Bio informatics 11.1 Bioinformatics-Definition, scope, role and limitations of Bio informaticsImportance and uses. 11.2 Bioinformatics and Internet-Elementary commands and protocols, ftp, telnet, http, primer on information theory. 11.3 Introduction to Bio informatics soft ware RASMOL & DS viewer proAcceptable file formats for RASMOL & DS VIEWER PRO Bio informatics sequence analysis software- CLUSTAL w. 11.4 Data base concepts Biological data and databases- Biological data type classification of biological data base- Information retrieval from Biological data base. 11.5 Basics of C language programme control structures, arrays and standard libraries (stress on logic than syntax)

UNIT-12: INSTRUMENTATION 12.1 Microscopy- Principles and Applications of Light, phase contrast, Fluorescence microscopy. Scanning and Transmission Electron microscopy. Confocal microscopy. 12.2 Principles of pH meter and calorimetry 12.3 Centrifugation- Preparative and Analytical centrifuges, sedimentation analysis, RCF, Density gradient centrifugation, ultra centrifugation. 12.4 Chomatography Techniques Theory and application of paper chromatography . TLC, Gel filtration chromatography. Ion Exchange chromatography, Affinity chromatography, GLC and HPLC. 12.5 Electrophoretic Techniques Theory and application of PAGE. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. 2 DE, Iso- electric Focussing, Immunodiffusion, Immuno Electrophoresis 12.6 ELISA, RIA, Southern, Northern and Western Blotting. 12.7 Spectroscopic Techniques Theory and application of UV and Visible spectroscopy. Fluroscene spectroscopy, MS, NMR, ESR, Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. 12.8 Radio-isotopic techniques- introduction to Radio isotopes and their biological applications.

B.Tech-Minor subject-Biology Practical Paper-III (Lab-II) IIIrd year-Ist semester 1. File copying 2. Construction of phylogenetic tree using phylip/True view 3. Protein BLAST-search protein database using protein query 4. Multiple sequence alignment CLUSTALW 5. Use visualization tools- RASMOL for protein visualization 6. Isolationof plasmid DNA 7. Agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction digestion of DNA 8. DNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction in plant system 9. Total count of WBC, RBC, Differential WBC count-Blood grouping 10.Principles and working knowledge of instruments like autoclave, pH meter, incubator, hot air oven, centri fuse, microscope, colony counter, calorimeter, UV sphectrometer and chromatography 11.Detection of antigen-antibody reaction by ELISA tests 12.Isolation of fungi and bacteria from spoiled food BOOKS Immunology 1. Immunology J. kuby 2. Fundamental Immunology- W.E.Paul 3. Fundamental of Immunology coleman, lomabord and sicard

4. Immunology- weir and steward 5. Immunology , A text book C.V.Rao 6. Lecture notes in Immunology- LR Todd 7. Essentials of Immunology Roitt Lm 8. Immunology - Under Standing immune system- Kleus D.Elgert Microbiology 1. Text book of Microbiology Ananthanaryanan and paniker 2. Microbiology in clinical Practice- D.C. Shanson 3. Diagnostic microbiology Baran, peteson and Fine gold 4. A Text book of basic and Applied Microbiology AneJa, K.R. 5. General microbiology powar, C.B. & Daginawala 6. Microbiology- Pelezar, M.J. Chan & Krig 7. Microbiology- Tauro, Yadav & Kapoor 8. General Microbiology Dube , R.C. and Maheswari 9. Microbiology Prescott MJ, Harley, J.P AND Kleine .D.A 10.General microbiology- Stanier R.Y. Adelrberg .E.A. Genetic Engineering 1. An introduction to Genetic Engineering. Nicholl .D.ST 2. Biotechnology smith.J.E 3. Genes vill- Lewin B 4. A Text Book of Molecular Biotechnology Ramreddy.S, Venkateshwarlu k 5. An introduction of Genetic Engineering. Nicholl. D.ST

6. Principles of Gene Manipulation , An introduction to Genetic Engineering Old R.W and Primrose.S.B. Bioinformatics 1. Bioinformatics- Baxevanis 2. Bioinformatics- Higgins and Taylor 3. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics- Pevsner. J (2003) 4. Programming Languages Sethi.R. 1996 5. Programming Language Kermighan and Ritchie. D.M 6. Bio informatics: concepts, skills and Applications Restogi.s.c. Mendiratta 7. Bioinformatics- Baladi.P and Brunak.S. 1998 Instrumentation 1. Tools and Techniques in Biology- welson and Goulding 2. Practical Biochemsitry, Principles and Techniques Keith Wilson and John Walker 3. Modern Experimental Biochemsitry- R.F. Boyer 4. Experimental Biochemsitry- R.L. Dryet and Gene F. 5. Experiments in microbiology plant pathology and Biotechnology AneJa, K.R. 6. Principle of Instrumental Analysis- Skoog & west 7. Biochemical Technique Theory and Practice Robyt & White

B. Tech-Minor subject IIIrd Year-Semester-II Biology-Elective-1 Industrial Biotechnology: Paper-I

(Bioprocess technology, Fermentation technology, enzyme Biotechnology) Unit 1 : Bio process Technology 1. Introduction to Industrial Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2. Isolation preservation and maintenance of Industrial microorganisms 3. Factors that influence solid - state fermentation 4. Bioreactors- principle types of bioreactors-aerobic, anaerobic, solid state and immobilized cell bioreactors-Bio reactor media. 5. Scaling up of processes. Unit 2: Strain Improvement 6. Selection of mutants producing improved level of primary metabolites with suitable example 7. Isolation of mutants Unit 3: Down Stream processing 8. Removal and recovery of cell mass (precipitation, filtration and certifugation ) 9. Cell disruption- physical and chemical methods

10.Purification of products-I: Through chromatography-, Adsorption Ionexchange and HPLC 11.Purification of products- II: Ultrafiltration, Reverse osmosis, Drying and Crystallization. 12.Precipitation and separation of proteins, from recombinant strains. Unit 4: Fermentation Technology 13.Basic principles of fermentation technology 14.Fermentation media Natural and synthetic media, sterilization techniques. 15.Fermenters process of Aeration, Agitation and Filtration method. 16.Types of Fermentation Solid state, submerged fermentation 17. Continuous fermentation and late nutrient addition and cell bioreactors 18.Process development shake flask fermentation. Down stream processing (DSP). Disintegration of cells. 19.Separation , Extraction , concentration and purification of products Unit 5: Production of microbial products Brief account of the following products obtained by industrial microbiological fermentation:20.Alcohol and Alcoholic Beverages 21.Organic acid-citric acid; Antibiotic penicillin 22.Amino acids Glutamic acid. 23.Fermented Foods -yoghurt, Idli, Dosa and cheese. 24.Microbial foods Single cell protein (SCP) Single cell oils (SCO)

Unit 7: Enzyme Biotechnology 25.Industrial Use of Enzymes : cellulase , Lipase, Protease, 26.Methods of Enzyme Immobilization and commercial applications. 27.Bio reactors for enzyme production :stirred tank , membrane reactors and continuous flow reactors Unit 8: plant cell Suspension culture 28.Plant cell suspension culture for the production of food additives safforn and capasicin 29.Technique of mass culture of Algae- spirulina 30.Microbial polysaccharides and polyesters. Unit 9: Quality control , Process Economics and GLP 31.Sterility testing and Pyrogen testing 32.Carcinogencity testing and toxicity testing 33.Fermentation Economics : cost Estimates,process design , capital cost estimates and market potential. 34.Good laboratory practices.

B.Tech-Minor subject-Biology Practical Paper-IV (Lab-III) IIIrd year-IInd semester (Elective-Industrial Biotechnology) 1. Fungal culture-Aspergillus 2. Estimation of citric acid from Aspergillus culture 3. Screening and isolation of micro organisms, maintenance of strains and their improvement 4. Immunobilization of yeast cells 5. Estimation of Alcohol by specific gravity method 6. Detection of amylase producing bacteria/Fungi from food sample 7. Estimation of fermentative product (Acetic acid from vinegar) 8. Determination of Biological oxygen Demand (BOD) of sewage sample 9. Bacterial examination of water by MPN method 10.Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water 11.Determination of dissolved oxygen concentration of water sample by Winklers method 12.Determination of chemical oxygen Demand (COD) of sewage sample 13.Preparation of plant tissue culture media (MS medium) and autoclaving (sterilization)

Books Bioprocess technology 1. Bioprocess technology Fundamental and Application KTH ,Stock holm 2000 2. Process Engineering in Biotechnology A.T.Jackson-prentice Hall 3. Bioprocess Engineering: basic concepts M L shuler, and F. Kargi prentice Hall 4. Biochemical Engineering S.Aiba ,AE, humphray- Academic process 5. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals JE Baily and DF ollis 6. Bioprocess technology kalaichelvan P.T Arulpandi MJP publishers. 7. Biotechnology Satyanarayan U. Books and Allied Pvt-Ltd. Fermentation Technology 1. Principles of Fermentation technology PF stanbury, A. whittaker pergamon press 2. Industrial microbiology casida LE wiley Eastern 3. Biotechnology :A text book of Industrial Microbiology- crueger.w and crueger A-panima publishing corporation 4. Fermentation microbiology and Biotechnology EL mansi and Bryce Enzyme technology 1. Enzyme Biotechnology Tripathi . G 2. Fundamental of Enzymology price & steven 3. Industrial Enzyme & their application _uhlig . H 4. Enzyme Kinetics Palmer

5. Enzyme Kinetics Dixon. 6. Enzyme Structure and mechanism-Alan Fersht.

B. Tech-Minor subject IV th Year-Ist semester Biology-Elective-1 Industrial Biotechnology: Paper-II

(Biotransformation, Biofuels, Environmental and Medical Biotechnology) UNIT-1: Biotransformation 1. Biotransformation Concept and types of Biotransformation reactions. 2. Steroid biotransformation and applications in pharmaceutical industry 3. Recent advances in Biotransformation (Ex:Indigo, Xanthan, Malanins) UNIT-2: Biofuels- Production 4. Biomass as fuel , Algae as a source of energy 5. Biogas- Interaction between various microbial groups, Biogas plant design, Biogas production mechanism 6. Hydrogen- Biohydrogen, Fermentative production of Hydrogen, Photofermentation, Biophotolysis 7. Methane- Methanogens Mechanism of Methane Production 8. Ethanol Fuel Alcohol Production, Bio butanol 9. Bio diesal

UNIT-3: Environmental Biotechnology 10.Over view of the global environmental problems, climate change, Energy crisis. 11. Renewable and non renewable source of energy 12.Conventional fuels and their environmental impact 13.Bioremediation of soil and water contaminated with oil spills, heavy metals and detergents. 14.Treatment of municipal and industrial waste water 15.Introduction to xenobiotics- Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds. 16.Biofertilizers Role of symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in the enrichment of soil. Algal and fungal Biofertilizer 17.Environmental significance of genetically modified microbes, plants and animals 18.Solid waste management Anaerobic digestion and composting UNIT-4: Medical Biotechnology and Healthcare 19.Disease diagnosis- Probes, Hybridization, Ligase chain reaction, Diagnosis through monoclonal antibodies Detection of genetic diseases 20.Disease Prevention through Vaccines ; conventional vaccines, purified antigen vaccines Recombinant vaccines- Recombinant polypeptide vaccines DNA vaccines 21.Drug designing Introduction, computer aided drug designing, Approaches for rational designing of drug.

22.Drug Delivery Advantages , Disadvantages and applications of Liposome drug delivery system 23.Gene Therapy Types of therapy Augmentation therapy Targeted gene transfer 24.DNA finger printing and forensic applications UNIT -5: Patenting Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights 25. Intellectual property Rights 26.Copy rights and Trade mark 27.General Agreement of Tariff and Trades (GATT) 28.Trade related Intellectual property (TRIP) 29.Patenting of Biological Material Patenting , micro organisms, Transgenic organisms, Higher plants and Higher animals

BOOKS 1. Microbial Biotechnology Alexander n, Glazer Hiroshi Nikaido W.H 2. Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. 3. Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology Rastogi Publications 4. Environmental Biotechnology concepts and applications Hans Joachin Jordening and Josef winth. 5. Biology of waste water treatment N.F.Gray 6. Biotechnology methods of pollution control S.A. Abbasi and E. Ramaswamy 7. Basic Biotechnology Bullock J and Kristiansen

8. A Text book of Biotechnology Duben R.C. 9. Biotechnology and Genomics- Gupta P.K. 10.Industrial Biotechnology Jogdand.S.N 11.Bioprocess Technology Kalaichelvan P.T 12.Plant biotechnology Mahipal singh Shekhawat M.J.P.Publishers

B. Tech-Minor subject IVth Year-IInd Semester Biology-Elective-1 Industrial Biotechnology: Paper-III

(Animal Biotechnology, Plant Biotechnology, Food Technology) Animal Biotechnology: Unit-I Introduction to Animal Cell, Tissue Culture and Applications 1. Introduction, history and scope of animal tissue culture 2. Culture media a) Natural media plasma clot, biological fluids tissue extract, Importance of serumin media b) Chemical defined media 3. Primary and Established cell lines and their characterization 4. Disintegration of tissue a) Mechanical Methods b) Enzymatic methods 5. Primary culture, cultured cells, Evolution of cell lines and maintenance. 6. Production and applications of monoclonal antibodies. Unit-2: Transgenic Animals 7. Introduction to Transgenic Laboratory animals, principles and methods of Development of Transgenic animals 8. Gene constructs Promoters, Reporter or marker-genes

9.

Transfection methods, Embryonic stem cell transfer, Targeted gene transfer

10. Animal cloning principle and method with suitable example Plant Biotechnology Unit-3: Techniques in plant tissue culture 11. Introduction, history and scope of plant cell and tissue culture. Principles and methods of preparation of culture media. 12. Principles and application of callus culture, somatic Embryogenesis, Protoplast culture 13. Organ culture Root culture, Anther culture, Pollen culture, Meristem culture. 14. Micropropagation techniques Advantages and Limitations 15. Somoclonal variation and their significance. Unit 4: Transgenic plants 16. Methods to develop transgenic plants Electroporation, microinjection, and particle bombardment. 17. Agrobacterium mediated Gene transfer and the role of Tiplasmid 18. Engineering Herbicide resistant plants. 19. Insect and virus resistant plants 20. Transgenic plants for abiotic stress tolerance 20. Vectors for the production of transgenic plants plasmid vectors and plant virus vectors

Unit 5 : Introduction to Food Technology 21. Causes of food spoilage Elementary idea of canning and packing. Sterilization and pasteurization. 22. Food preservation through chemicals ( Acids, Salts, Sugars, Antibiotics, Ethylene oxide, Antioxidants) 23. Other methods of food preservation radiations, low and high

temperature and Drying 24. Books 1. Biotechnology Arora m.p 2. Culture of Animal cells : A mammal of Basic Techniques Freshney R. Lan 3. Principles and practice of animal tissue culture Gangal sudha 4. Biotechnology and Genomics Gupta P.K 5. Agricultural Biotechnology Purohit S.S 6. Plant tissue culture theory and practice BhoJwani S. S and Razdan M.K 7. An introduction to plant tissue culture De K.K 8. Genetics and Biotechnology in crop improvement Gupta P.K 9. Plant Biotechnology Ramawat K.G 10.Introduction to immunology Kimball J.W 11.Immunology Kuby T W. H 12.Essential Immunology - Roitt E.M 13.Plant biotechnology J. Hemmond et al 14.Principles of plant biotechnology montell etal 15.Plant cell culture Evans D.A Bio technology of micro organisms associated with food spoilage.

16.Fundamental of food biotechnology Lee. B. H 17.Food biotechnology : micro organisms Hui Y. H 18.Biotechnology : Food Fermentation Joshi V. K and Pandey A 19.Plant biotechnology and molecular markers shrivastava et. Al 20.Biotechnology in crop improvement H.S Chawla

B. Tech-Minor Subject IIIrd Year-Semester-II Biology-Elective-2 Industrial Microbiology: Paper-I

(Fundamentals, Down stream processing, Enzyme Technology) Unit 1: Fundamentals of industrial microbiology 1. Introduction to industrial microbiology 2. Classification of microbes systems of classification, numerical taxonomy, identifying characters for classification 3. Ultrastructure of bacteria in general, important differences between archae bacteria and bacteria, features of special interest of cynobacteria. 4. Screening for industrially important Microbs 5. Various methods of staining of bacteria simple ,gram, endospore, capsule, flagella. 6. Viruses general account of viruses plant viruses and animal viruses, ultra structure of viruses. 7. Nutritional requirements and nutritional types of bacteria, choice of media and conditions of incubation. 8. Pure culture techniques, preparation of different types of culture media , selective or enrichment media . Methods anaerobic bacteria 9. Concepts of sterilization, definition of sterilization, dry and moist heat, pasteurization, tyndalization, radiation, ultrasonication, filtration. of culturing aerobic and

10.Methods of sterilization used in industrial microbiology physical and chemical, disinfection sanitization, antisepsis sterilants and fumigation. 11.Microbial growth growth curve, mathematical expression of growth, methods of measurements of growth, factors affecting growth in continuous and batch cultures. 12.Strain developoment methods of improvement and stability of biotechnologically important cultures. 13.Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical agents , pattern of microbial death , factors affecting effectiveness of antimicrobial agents activity. Unit-2 .Fermentor design 14.Types of fermentation, aerobic, anaerobic, batch, continuous, submerged, surface, solid state 15.Design of typical fermentor 16.Types of fermentors 17. Control of agitation , aeration, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen 18.Inoculum development - - scale up of fermentation process. Unit-3 Down stream processing 19.Separation of particles- disintegration of cells, extraction 20.Concentration recovery and purification-drying 21.In-situ recovery of products application

Unit-4: Enzyme Technology 22.Nature of enzyme application of enzymes 23.Limitations of microbial cells used as catalysts in fermentation multi enzyme reactors 24.Genetic engineering and protein engineering of enzymes 25. Cloning strategy for enzymes 26.Technology of enzyme production 27.Methods of immobilized cells and enzymes ( ca-alginate beads, Polyacrylamide) 28.Industrial application of immobilized enzymes and cells. Unit-5: Stains and staining Techiques 29.Definition of auxochrome chromophores. Dyes classification of stains 30.Theories of staining. Mechanism of gram staining ,acid fast staining ,negative staining ,capsule staining flagella staining , endospore staining

B.Tech-Minor subject-Biology Practical Paper-IV (Lab-III) IIIrd year-IInd semester (Elective Industrial microbiology) 1. Isolation and screening for amylase enzyme 2. Screening for antibiotic producing organism 3. Immobilization of amylase by using sodium alginate method 4. Production, extraction, purification of citric acids 5. Production of amylase by surface culture method/ submerged culture method 6. Microbiological analysis of cheese, Butter, milk powder a. Detection for the presence of E.coli b. SCP 7. Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from curd 8. Study of root nodules and isolation of Rhizobium from legume root nodules 9. Qualitative and quantitative examination of milk 10.Sensitivity/ resistance test (antibiotic) 11.Determination of MIC concentration of antibiotic

Books 1. A text book of basic and applied microbiology Aneja. K.R etal. 2. General microbiology Power,C.B & Daginewala 3. Industrial microbrology patel. A.H 4. Microbiology pelezer, m.J, chan, E.C.S & krieg. N.R 5. Microbiology Tauro, yadav& kapoor 6. Microbiology Tortora,G.J, Funke, B.R, case, c.c 7. Biology of microorganisms- Brock and madigan 8. Introduction to microbiology Ingraham and Ingraham 9. Elementary microbiology H.A. Modi 10.Text book of microbiology Dubey and maheshwari 11.General microbiology -stainer 12.Industrial microbiology Prescott and Dunn 13.Microbiology purohit 14.Principles of fermentation technology stanbury , P.F, Whitaker, A and Hall. S.J 15.Industrial microbiology cassida

B. Tech-Minor subject IVth Year-Ist Semester Biology Elective-2 Industrial Microbiology- Paper-II
(Industrial Production, Biofertilizers and Quality control) Unit1: Industrial production -1 Microbial or fermentative procedures. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Production of antibiotics pencillin Production of enzyme amylase Production of alcohol Ethyl alcohol Production of beverages (Beer) Production of amino acids ( Glutamic acid)

Unit2: Industrial production II 6. Production of vitamins (B12)

7. Production of organic acids (citric acid) 8. Production of dairy products yoghurt 9. Production of bakery items Bread 10.Production of soy sauce 11.Production of Bio fuels (Biogas-Methane) Unit3: introduction to fermented Food 12. Spoilage 13.Preservation

Unit4: Bio fertilizers 14.Importance of biofertilizer 15.Rhizobium Bio fertilizer 16.Azoto bacter Bio fertilizer 17.Azospirillum Bio fertilizer 18.Azolla and BGA Bio fertilizer 19.VAM Bio fertilizer 20.PSB Bio Fertilizer 21.Quality control of Bio fertilizer as per FCO( Fertilizer control order) Unit5: Quality control 22.Introduction to microbiological quality control of foods 23.Microbiological analysis of food products SPC 24.Detection for the presence of a. E-coli, b. Staph aureus c. Shigella, d. P-pseudomonas, e. Salmonella 25.Introduction to quality assurance of food products 26.Basic concepts of Regulation as per PFA, FDA,FPO 27.Standards and norms as per ISO,BIS,AGMARK

28.Raw Material acceptance Process control w.r.t milk and milk products 29.Packing , finished product storage 30.Transport and Distribution Unit 7: Hazard Analysis critical control points ( HACCP) 31.Seven Principles of HACCP 32.Introduction of GMP, GLP 33.International commission on the microbiological specification of foods (ICMSF) Introduction 34.ICMSF- Sampling plans The two class plan the three class plan 35.Microbiological limit tests as per ICMSF

Books 1. Food microbiology Frazier 2. Food microbiology- H. A. Modi ( vol.1 &2) 3. Industrial microbiology A.N patel 4. Industrial microbiology prescott & dunn 5. Soil microbiology- subba rao 6. Agriculture microbiology Rengaswamy 7. Methods in Food and Dairy microbiology-Harrigon 8. Bio fertilizers-Vyas & Vyas 9. Milk and milk products- winton & winton 10.Bio fertilizers Arun sharma 11.Industrial Microbiology- Agrawal /Parihar 12.Agriculture Microbiology G.Rangaswamy and D.J. Bagyaraj 13.Practical Microbiology R. C. Dubey and D.K Meheshwari

14.Experimental Microbiology- Rakesh J.Patel & kiram R.Patel

B. Tech-Minor subject IVth Year-IInd Semester Biology-Elective-2 Industrial Microbiology : Paper-III

(Microorganisms in Agriculture, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology) UNIT 1:Microorganisms in Agriculture 1. Microbial bio pesticides. 2. Genetically modified crops containing insecticidal genes 3. Bio fertilizers- Blue green algae and Azolla , Phosphate solublizing microorganisms.

4. Fuel From microorganisms Biogas technology microbial hydrogen production-concept of gasohol UNIT-2: Geomicrobiology 5. Microbial leaching of minerals 6. Biorecovery of petroleum , MEOR 7. Bio remediation and Biodeterioration Petroleum products, leather, textile and paper 8. Bioconversions Biomining and Bioleaching of ores ( use of Thermophilic microorganisms in industrial microbiology Biogas, Bioleaching, Biodiesel UNIT-3: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 9. Genetically Engineered microorganisms for value added products. 10.Production of heterologous protein insulin, - growth hormones. 11.Recombinant vaccines UNIT- 4: Food Microbiology UNIT -5: Advanced Microbiology 12.Bio sensors and Bio polymers 13.Biochips, Bio films and Bioplastics 14.Micro organisms as Bio indicators UNIT 6: Analytical Microbiology

15.Bioassay of growth supporting substances Amino acids and Vitamins 16.Bioassay of growth inhibiting substances Antibiotics 17.Quality control tests sterility testing, Microbial Limit Test (MLT) 18.Pyrogen Testing (LAL Test), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 19.FDA and Good manufacturing practices 20.Quantitative and qualitative analysis of food, milk, water and sewage UNIT- 7: Microbial Biotechnology 21.Commercial Production of microorganisms single cell

protein(Spirullina) 22.Microorganisms in Agriculture waste water treatment UNIT-8: Food Microbiology 23.Dairy products cheese, Butter, Yogurt 24.Microorganisms as food SCP, Spirullina and mushroom 25.Indian and oriental fermented food 26.Micro organisms of food spoilage and their sources 27.Spoilage of different food materials- Fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, milk products 28.General account of food preservation preservation of food and milk 29.Composition of milk, grading of milk- MBRT Resazurin and Phosphate tests 30.Microorganisms as food SCP- edible mushrooms (white button, and paddy straw)

BOOKS 1. Text Book of industrial Microbiology A.H.Patel 2. Industrial Microbiology L.E.Cassida 3. Industrial Microbiology - G.Reed 4. Industrial Microbiology Agarwal and Parihar 5. Biology of Industrial Microorganisms A.L. Demain 6. Principles of Fermentation Technology Standbary, whitakar and Hall 7. Food Microbiology , Fundamentals and Frontiers Doyle M.P etal. 8. Food Microbiology Frazier , W.C and Westhoff.D.C 9. Modern Food Microbiology Jay, J.M 10.Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry Subbarao. N.S 11.Agriculture Microbiology Rangaswamy.G and Bhagyaraj.D.J 12.Food Microbiology Adams, M.R and Moss .M.O 13.Industrial Microbiology Patel.A.H. 14.Applied Microbiology Singh.R.P. 15.Environmental Microbiology P.D.Sharma 16.Environmental Microbiology K.h.Vijaya

B. Tech-Minor subject Biology-Elective-3 IIIrd Year-Semester-II Bioinformatics: Paper-I

(Bio computing, Biological Databases, Sequence analysis and Programming concepts)

UNIT-1: Biological Data Bases 1. Introduction to Bioinformatics -History of Bioinformatics- Internet and Bioinformatics 2. Introduction Data base definition , data, Biological databases- Types of databases- conventions for databases indexing and specification of search terms

3. Contents and formats of database entries retrieval of data using text based search tools sources of data (Ex. Sequencing projects , individual scientists , Patent offices etc. ), Method for deposition of data to databases. 4. Nucleic acid sequence databases Genbank, EMBL , DDBJ 5. Protein sequence database Primary sequence database. Introduction to protein information Resource (PIR)- Martinsried institute of Protein Sequence (MIPS), SWISS- PROT , Structure of SWISS- PROT Entries, Translated EMBL (TrEMBL) 6. Secondary sequence Database- Introduction to PROSITE, PROFILE, PRINTS, BLOCK, pfam and IDENTITY databases. 7. Genome Databases at NCBI, EBI, TIGR, SANGER. 8. Structural and Related Databases PDB, NDB, CCSD, Prosite, PRODOM, Pfam, PRINTS, CATH, SCOP, DSSP, FSSP, DALI UNIT-2: Sequence Analysis 9. Various file formats for Bio molecular sequences Genbank, FASTA, GCG, MSF, NBRF-PIR. Basic concepts of sequence similarity, identity and homology , definitions of homologues, orthologues, Paralogues 10.Scoring matrices- Basic concept of a scoring matrix- matrices for nucleic acid and protein sequences PAM and BLOSUM matrices Principles based on which these matrices are derived 11.Sequence based Database searches- What are Sequence based database searches, BLAST and FASTA algorithms. Various versions of Basic BLAST and FASTA. Use of these methods for sequence analysis

12.Pairwise sequence Alignments- Basic concepts of sequence alignment, Needleman & Wuncsh, Smith & Waterman algorithms for Pair wise alignments use of pair wise alignments for analysis of nucleic acid and protein sequences 13.Sequence Patterns and profiles Basic concept and definition of sequence patterns, motifs and profiles, various types of pattern representations- namely consensus, regular expression and profiles. 14.Profile based database searches using PSI- BLAST, analysis and interpretation of profile based searches

Unit-3: Introduction to Data Mining 15.Introduction to Data Mining- Applications of Data mining to Bioinformatics Problems and Applications of Bioinformatics 16.Bioinformatics softwares Clustal V , Clustal WI.7,RasMol, Oligo, Molscript, Treeview, Phylip ,Alscript, Genetic Analysis software. UNIT- 4: Bio Computing 17. Introduction to string matching Algorithms, Database search

Techniques sequence comparison and Alignment Techniques. 18.Introduction to Graph matching Algorithms Automated Genome comparsion and its Implication. 19.Gene prediction identification of Bacterial operons and pathways.

20.Preparation of biochips or DNA chips , Macro and micro Arrays Analysis of Gene Arrays. 21.Markov chains and applications Hidden markov models. Applications of HMM in gene indentification and Profiles HMMS, Neutral Networks and support vector machines Machine, Learning methods. UNIT-5: Phylogenetic Analysis 22. Introduction Evolution, definition of phylogenetic tree nodes, internodes , root , tree , styles, cladogram, Phenogram, curvogram 23.Steps involved in construction of Phylogenetic tree 24.Methods of Phylogenetic analysis Distance method, character based method 25.Tree Evaluation Jumbling sequence addition order, Boot strap method. 26.Problems in Phylogenetic analysis- Phylogenetic analysis tool (Phylip, Clustalw,Tree view) UNIT-6: Programming Concepts and C Language 27.Introduction to programming Steps involving in problem solving Problem definition Algorithm characteristics, Notation of Algorithm 28.Computer Languages High level, Low level, Assembly level, Compiler, Interpreter 29.Procedural Languages- Object oriented Programming, Functional Programming Logic Programming 30.Introduction to Bio C Language.

31.Data type , operators and Expressions in C Control and Repetitive statements: IF, THEN-ELSE, SWITCH, WHILE, FOR, DO; Break and continue statements 32.Input and output functions- Function and program structure in C Parameter passing, Pointers, Arrays, Structures, C- Library. 33. Bio Perl Unit 7: Applications of Bio Informatics 34.Chemiinformatics in Biology- conventions for representing molecules Chemiinformatics, resources 35.Bioinformatics in Pharmaceutical industries, Immunology, Agriculture, Forestry, Geo Informatics, Bio sensing. 36.Legal , Ethical and commercial ramifications of bioinformatics

B.Tech-Minor subject-Biology Practical Paper-IV (Lab-III) IIIrd year-IInd semester (Elective- Bio informatics) 1. Nucleotide BLAST search nucleotide database using nucleotide query 2. Browse the ExPASY sites and write information received in your record 3. Retrieving protein and DNA sequences using entrez at NCBI 4. Retrieving protein and DNA sequences using SRS at EBI 5. Web browsing at SWISSPORT 6. Details of PDB files 7. Binding site identification 8. Pharmacophore identification 9. Receptor and Ligand optimization 10.Getting the amino acid sequences by exploring and querying the protein sequence database 11.Getting the gene sequences by exploring and querying the nucleoic acid databases.

BOOKS 1. Bioinformatics for Dummies Claverie.J.M. and Notredame.C.

2. Bioinformatics Letovsky, S.I. 3. Bioinformatics Baldi.P and Brunk.S. 4. Introduction to computational Molecular Biology Setubal.J and Meidanis.J 5. Bioinformatics, sequence and Genome Analysis Mont.D.W. 6. DNA microarrays Bowtell.D. and sambrook.J 7. Bioinformatics methods and applications Restogi.s.c. 8. Structural Bioinformatics- Philip E etal. 9. Introduction to Bioinformatics- Attwood & Parry-smith. 10.Programming Languages sethi.R. 11.Programming Languages Appleby, D and Vand Kopple.J.J 12.Programming using C Language Hutchinson.R.C, and Just.R.B. 13.C Programming Dennis Ritchie 14.Let us C Y.C.kanetkar 15.Bio C by L.N. Chavali

B. Tech-Minor Subject IVth Year-Semester-I

Biology Elective-3 Bioinformatics: Paper-II

(Structural Biology, Data base management, Algorithms) Unit 1: Structural biology 1. Protein structure primary , secondary , tertiary and quaternary structure 2. Membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, Integral membrane proteins electronic properties of proteins protein protein interactions significance of Ramachandran map 3. Structure of nucleic acids nucleosides and nucleotides types of base pairing Watson Crick and Hoogstein types of double helices A,B,Z and their geometrical as well as structural features 4. DNA super coiling and unusual DNA structures- structure of transfer RNA 5. Introduction to structural databases Proteins Data Bank (PDB),Nucleic Acid Data Bank (NDB) , Molecular Modeling Data Bank (MMDB)-PDB file formats of Bimolecules 6. Inter molecular interactions proteins- proteins interactions,-protein DNA interactions, DNA binding proteins Types of interactions of DNA with proteins and small molecules , different forces involved in the interactions

Unit2: Protein structure prediction 7. Introduction to protein three dimensional structures relation protein structure prediction to function and

8. Prediction of protein structure from sequences by using homology modeling. Protein folding 9. Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy). ExPASy tools. 10.Secondary structure analysis and prediction using Chou-Fasman methodProtein modeling using Swiss pdb viewer and Modeller 11.Structure visualization tools knowledge of program such as SPDBV , Rasmol , Webmole ,Cn3D , molmol ,chime . Unit3: Experimental techniques 12.Introduction to X-Ray crystallography crystal system Braggs Law, diffraction of crystals , structure factor-atomic scattering factor , crystallization, data collection, structure solution and refinement , structure validation, Protein nano crystallography. Unit 4: Database management system 13.Data models DBMS architecture and Data independence. Database languages and Interfaces 14.View of Data Database users Database system structure 15.Database models ER model ,Keys , constraints design issues 16.Rational model Structure , Relational Algebra hierarchical model Network model object oriented model 17.Structured query language Basic structure , set operations , Aggregate functions .Null values 18.Relational Database and storage Pitfalls in Relational Design Database Functional Dependencies

19.Overall Database design process multi valued Dependencies 20.Data storage Ordered indices, static Hashing , Dynamic Hashing 21.Database system Architecture and information retrieval Centralized and client server Architecture 22. Distributed DBMS , Data mining , Data integration , Data warehousing Unit 5: Algorithms 23.Simple Algorithms- Analyzing Algorithms , Asymptotic notation 24.Design methods General consideration Algorithms Design paradigms and Representative problems: Divide and conquer (Binary Search, Merge sort) 25.Greedy method ( minimal Spanning Tree) Dynamic programming ( chained matrix multiplication ) 26.Longest common subsequence Back tracking (8-queens problem ) , Branch and Bound (0/1, knapsack problem) 27.String matching problem, Brute force method, KMP Algorithm Boyer Moore Algorithm . Approximate string matching PROJECT WORK Carry out a small research project on any topic related to Bio Informatics and submit a brief dissertation at the end of 8th semester. The dissertation will be valued by an examiner Books 1. Molecular modeling Principles and applications- Andrew. R. Leach 2. Protein structure and molecular properties Creighton .T.E

3. Introduction to protein Architecture Lesk , A-M 4. Introduction of molecular crystallography McPherson .A 5. Structural Bio Informatics Philip .E. et.al 6. Introduction to protein structure Brandel. C and Tooze .J 7. Structure and mechanism in protein science Fersht . W.H 8. Protein folding Creighton . T.E 9. Database System concepts silberschatz. A . etal., 10.An introduction to database systems Date, C.J 11.Fundamentals of Database systems Elmastri and navathe 12.Principles of Database system Ullman . J.D 13.Data Structure Lipshutz 14.Data Structure Standish 15.Fundamentals of computer Algorithms Horowitz. E and sahani s 16.Introduction to the design and Analysis of Algorithms Goodman SE and Hedetniemi 17.Algorithmics Brassard. G 18.Chemoinformatics Gasteiger

B. Tech-Minor subject IVth Year-Semester-II

Biology Elective-3 Bioinformatics: Paper-III

(Genomics, Proteomics and Drug Designing) Unit 1: Genomics 1. 2. 3. 4. Human Genome project, its importance Genome projects- bacteria, plants and animals Preparation of Gene chips, Gene chip analysis using bio informatics Introduction-Basic steps for gene expression concept of micro arrayTypes of micro array-Spotted array, Oligonucleotide array. 5. Designing the experiment Two color micro array experiment-clustering gene expression profile self organizing maps. 6. Tools for micro array analysis- Soft finder, Xcluster, Micro array Data Manager (MADAM)-Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE). 7. Micro array experimentation- fabrication Application of micro arrayMedical application. Unit 2: Proteomics 8. Protein chips preparation , analysis of protein chips. 9. Introduction Proteomics an analytical challenge- The life and death of protein. 10.Methods in Protein separation Isoelectric point, One dimensional SDSPAGE,2D-SDS-PAGE. Problem with 2D-SDS-PAGE.

11.High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Capillary electrophoresis-Protein digestion technique. 12.Protein analysis technique- biological Mass spectroscopy for Protein analysis Protein identification by peptide mass finger printing. 13.Separation of Proteins by 2D gels- protein- protein interaction using yeast two hybrid systems. Unit 3: Protein Sequencing 14.Introduction Cleavage of disulphide bond and separation of polypeptide chain-Chemical hydrolysis of Polypeptide chain and determination of amino acid composition. 15.Steps in the determination of amino acid sequences-Enzymatic method for protein sequencing identification of c-terminal residues of peptide. 16.Partial hydrolysis of Polypeptide chain-Separation and analysis of peptide-Ordering the peptide fragment-assignment of position of disulphide linkage. Unit 4: Sequence Alignment 17.Introduction-Definition of sequence alignment-Definition of Local and global sequence alignment-Differences between local and global sequence alignments with examples. 18.Pair wise sequence alignment and multiple sequence alignment-dot matrix method. 19.Useful program for alignment-Clustal W, BLAST p, Application of BioEdit, Application of pair wise and multiple alignment.

Unit 5: Gene Prediction Approaches 20.Gene Prediction methods-Laboratory based approach-Feature based approach-Homology based approach-Statistical and HMM approaches. 21.Finding functional sites with internet tool(Web gene server), BCM finder, ORF Finder 22.Splice site prediction, poly A site, CpG island, Exon, tRNA gene prediction. Unit 4: Gene Mapping 23.Introduction to Gene Map, Genetic maps-Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism (RFLP). 24.Variable Number Tandem Repeats(VNTR)-Sequence Tagged Sites(STS)Expressed Sequences Tags(EST) 25.Physical Maps-Chromosomal maps-Expression maps-Radiation hybrid map-chromosome jumping-chromosome walking. 26.Genome Sequencing-Clone based Sequencing-Shot gun Sequencing method-Pyrosequencing-Sequence assembly program. Unit 9: Drug Designing 27.Introduction-Natural product-Drugs-Principles of drug development. 28.Bioinformatics in drug development-Chemoinformatics and pharmacoinformatics. 29.Applications of Drug discovery and in-silico Drug Designing. 30.Structure based drug designing approaches-Target identification and validation, homology modeling and protein folding. 31.Receptor mapping, active site analysis and pharmacophore mappingGrid maps. 32.Ligand-based drug designing approaches: Lead Designing, Combinatorial Chemistry.

33.High Throughput Screening (HTS), QSAR, Database generation and Chemical libraries. ADME property. 34.Introduction to docking methods to generate new structure-Tools and molecular docking programs-Auto Dock, Dock, HEX.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. BOOKS 1. Principles of Genome Analysis and Genomics-Primrose, S.B and Twyman, R.M.Blackwell published company. 2. Introduction to proteomics-Tools for the new biology-Liebler, D.C.-Human press Inc. 3. Bioinformatics and functional Genomics-Pevsner,J-John Wiley and sons. 4. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analasysis-Mount, D-cold spring Harbar Laboratory press. 5. Molecular modeling-Principles and Applications-Andrew R.Leach-prentice Hall. 6. Strategies for organic Drug Discovery synthesis and Design-Lednicer.DWiley International Publishers. 7. Combinatorial Chemistry- A practical approach-Fenniri-H-Oxford university press. 8. Biotechnology and Genomics Gupta.P.K 9. Plant Genomics and proteomics- Cullis.C.A 10.Computer aided drug design: methods and applications-Thamas.J. Theory examination ------------20% Assignment -----------------------25% Project --------------------------- -30% Class preparation ---------------10% Record -----------------------------5% Viva --------------------------------5%

B.Tech-Minor subject IIIrd Year-Semester-II Biology elective-4

Engineering Biology-Paper-1- Biomaterials

Unit 1: Introduction to biomaterials 1. Biomaterials definition, history and evolution, subjects integral to biomaterials 2. Classification of biomaterials, metals, ceramics, polymers and biomedical application Unit 2: Properties of biomaterials 3. Bulk property of materials, atomic structure, bonding, crystal and microstructure 4. Mechanical properties of biomaterials elastic behavior, stress and strain, tension and compression, shear stress, 5. Mechanical property of some implant material and tissues, mechanical testing 6. Brittle fracture, plastic deformation, creep and viscous flow 7. Fatigue, toughness and finite element analysis 8. Surface properties and surface characterization and surface analysis

Unit 3: Polymers 9. Natural and synthetic polymer, polymer synthesis 10. Polymer molecular weight, polydispersity, tacticity, crystallinity 11. Mechanical and thermal property, characterization Techniques, determination of structure

12. Polymeric biomaterials and its application, silicone Biomaterials 13. Medical Fibers and Biotextiles and construction and application of fibers 14. Hydrogels, preparation, smart hydrogels and application 15. Bioresorbable and Bioerodible Materials: Degradable Materials, degradable polymers like PHB, PHV, & Copolymers, Polycaprolactone, Polyanhydrides, PLA, PGA & copolymers and other degradable polymers. 16. Degradation of polymer: phase of degradation, factors for degradation, Factors affecting polymer stability, Bioerosion, Sterilization and Packaging. Unit 4: Metallic biomaterials 17. Stainless steel, cobalt alloy, titanium alloy, shape memory alloys, dental alloys, tantalum, 18. Hard tissue replacement implant: Orthopedic implants, Dental implants. 19. Soft tissue replacement implants: Percutaneous and skin implants, Vascular implants, Heart valve implants-Tailor made composite in medium. Unit 5: Ceramics, Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Biomaterials 20. Bioactive ceramics 21. Inert ceramics 22. Importance of wear resistance and low fracture toughness 23. Application of ceramics Unit 6: Natural materials and modification of natural materials 24. Natural materials and modification of natural materials Unit 7: Composite biomaterials and applications 25. Composite biomaterials and applications Unit 8: Carbon material

26. Pyrolytic carbon and diamond-like carbon Unit 9: Biological response of biomaterials 27. Biological response: host response, material response, inert, interactive, viable and replant biomaterials 28. Protein interactions with biomaterials 29. Cell interactions with biomaterials 30. Biomaterials and thrombosis 31. Biomaterial implantation and acute inflammation 32. Wound healing and the presence of biomaterials 33. Immune response and biomaterials 34. Infection, tumorigenesis and calcification of biomaterials 35. Fibrosis/ Fibrous Encapsulation, Foreign body reaction, Granulation Tissue, Chronic Inflammation, Techniques for Cell/Tissue analysis Unit 10: Non fouling surface and surface modification 36. Non fouling surfaces 37. Surface modification techniques: Physicochemical Surface Modification LABORATORY Mechanical properties of bone Mechanical Properties of bone: Bone Screw Pull-out Test. Tensile testing of various screw thread types and sizes in fresh animal cortical bone. Mesh Implant Analysis. Project: Determine Coefficient of Friction of an Artificial Knee Joint.

Material Handling / Endoscopic Surgery Simulation Surface Analysis of Biomaterials: SEM Experiment/Demo Demonstration of sample preparation and imaging using a SEM Producing biomaterial like mouth guard Reference books PARK J.B., Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Plenum Press, 1984. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine Buddy D. Ratner, Frederick J. Schoen, Allan S. Hoffman, Jack E. Lemons Hench L L Ethridgc E.C. Biomaterials, an interfacial approach, Academic press 1982 Bronzino J D, the biomedical engineering handbook CRC Press

B.Tech-Minor subject IVth Year-Semester-I Biology elective-4 Engineering Biology -Paper-II

Bioengineering II - Biomaterials design and Application and Tissue engineering

Unit 1: Biomaterial design 1. Potential and demand for new biomaterials 2. Fundamentals of material science applied in biomaterial design 3. Systematic approach to design a new biomaterial 4. Material characterization: Bulk analysis, surface analysis, mechanical test, biological response 5. Invivo invitro testing, Clinical trials, failure of implants 6. Govt. regulation, patent, economic impact, ethics Unit 2: Applications of biomaterials 7. Successful biomaterials, cardiovascular devices 8. Nonthrombogenic treatments and Strategies, Dental implantation adhesive and Sealants 9. Ophthalmologic applications-intraocular lens implants, orthopedic biomaterials, 10. Performance of drug delivery systems 11. Sutures, Burn dressings and Skin substitutes 12. Artificial organs and tissues: Implantable cardiac assist devices. Materials for extracorporeal devices, Cochlear implants. Artificial red blood cell substitutes, artificial veins and arteries, 13. Biosensor, Surface-Immobilized Biomolecules, biochip, tissue engineering, control release of drug, nano biomaterial 14. New areas of innovation in biomaterial

Unit 3: Introduction to tissue engineering 15. Basic definition; current scope of development; use in therapeutics and in vitro testing 16. Structure and organization of tissues: epithelial, connective; vascularity, lymph. Basic developmental biology Unit 4: Transport properties of tissues 17. Introduction to mass transfer 18. Diffusion of simple metabolites 19. Diffusion & reaction 20. Diffusion & reaction of proteins 21. General aspects of cells in culture; transport limits on 3D cultures Unit 5: Tissue growth and microenvironment 22. Cell-Matrix & Cell-Cell Interactions I 23. Cell-Matrix & Cell-Cell Interactions II 24. Differential cell adhesion & tissue organization 25. Hormone & Growth Factor Signaling 26. Growth factor delivery in tissue engineering 27. Cell proliferation and Apoptosis 28. Quantitative analysis of receptor-ligand binding 29. Applications of growth factors: VEGF/angiogenesis Unit 6: Scaffold for tissue engineering 30. Scaffolds & tissue engineering - Basic properties

31. Scaffolds used in tissue engineering 32. Basic transplantation immunology and tissue repair Unit 7: Stem cells 33. Stem Cells I: Introduction, Hematopoiesis 34. Stem Cells II: ES cells 35. Stem cells & bone Unit 8: Cell migration 36. Cell Migration 37. Control of cell migration in tissue engineering

Unit 9: Application of tissue engineering 38. Application of tissue engineering: cardiovascular tissue engineering, orthopedics 39. Case study of multiple approaches: Introduction to liver pathophysiology, Cell transplantation for liver tissue engineering, In vitro organogenesis, Physiological models

LABORATORY Cells in culture on different kinds of matrix - different cell types, staining, etc Scaffolds Cell surface markers, FACS analysis, repopulation experiments Tissue engineering of fat

Tissue characterization Quantitative analysis and Morphometric investigation of a living cell system Reference books: Principles of tissue engineering (3rd edition, Edited by Langer, Lanza, and Vacanti, Academic press) Tissue engineering: From Lab to Clinic (Pallua, Norbert; Suschek, Christoph V. (Eds.))

Semester VI - B.Tech Biology minor elective

Engineering Biology - Biomaterials

Introduction to biomaterials, properties of biomaterials, polymers properties and application, metallic biomaterials, ceramics, glasses and Glass-Ceramics Biomaterials, Composite biomaterials and applications, Carbon material, Biological response of biomaterials, Non fouling surface and surface modification.

Semester VII - B.Tech Biology minor elective

Engineering Biology II - Biomaterials design and Application and Tissue engineering

Biomaterial design, Applications of biomaterials, Introduction to tissue engineering, transport properties of tissue, tissue growth and microenvironment, Scaffold for tissue engineering, Stem cells, Cell migration, Application of tissue engineering,

Semester VIII - B.Tech Biology minor elective

Engineering Biology II Biomechanics and image processing

Biomechanics: arterial system, oxygen to bioartificial organs, tissue, cellular and molecular biomechanics. Image processing: applications, components, characterization of continuous images, Image classes, 2D Fourier transform, image acquisition, characterization of discrete images, image processing operations, Introduction to image analysis and computer vision.