Chapter 3

Documentation Narrative Description

Romney
Encompasses the narratives, flowcharts, diagrams and other written materials A written step-by-step explanation of system components and interaction A graphical description of the source and destination of data that shows data flow within an organization, the processes performed on the data, how data are stored, Graphical description of the data flow Represents an organization or individual that sends data that the system uses or produces Represents an organization or individual that receives data that the system uses or produces Represents the flow of data between processes, data stores and data sources and destinations Represents the transformation of data Temporary or Permanent repository of data Provides the reader with a summary-level view of a system. A depiction of a data processing system and the external entities that are the sources and destinations of the systems inputs and outputs An analytical technique used to describe some aspect of an information system in a clear, concise and logical manner A piece of hard, flexible plastic on which the shapes of symbols have been die cut A graphical description of the flow of documents and information between departments or areas of responsibility within an organization; this document traces a document from its cradle to its grave

Data Flow Diagram Data Source Data Destination Data Flow Process Data Store

Context Diagram Flowchart Flowcharting Template

Document Flowchart Internal Control Flowchart System Flowchart Document Particularly useful in analyzing the adequacy of control procedures in a system A graphical description of the relationship among the input, processing, and output in an information system. A graphical description of the sequence of logical operations that a computer performs as it executes a program; Illustrates the sequence of logical operations performed by a computer in executing a program Determine how system works Represents devices or media that provide input to or record output from processing operations Show what type of device is used to process data or indicate when processing is performed manually Represents the device used tos tore data that the system is not using Indicate the flow of data and goods.

Program Flowchart Read Documentation Input/Output symbols Processing symbols Storage symbols Flow and miscellaneous symbols

Chapter 18
Systems Development Life Cycle Systems Analysis Conceptual Design

Romney

The steps in a cycle involved in systems development Information needed to purchase or develop a new system is gathers Decision on how to meet the user needs Translates the broad, user-oriented requirements of the conceptual design into detailed specifications that are used to code and test the computer programs Physical Design the Capstone phase during which all the elements and activities of the system come together Implementation and Conversion System is periodically reviewed and Modifications are made as problems arise or as new needs become evident Operations and Maintenance An executive-level committee to plan an oversee the information systems function Information Systems Steering Committee Individuals who study existing systems, design new ones and prepare specifications that are used by computer programmers Systems Analysts Individuals who write programs using specifications developed by analysts and who modify and maintain programs Computer Programmers Basic building block of Information System Planning which contain a cost/benefit analysis, developmental and operational requirements and a schedule of activities Project Development Plan

A long range planning document that specifies what the system will consist of, how it will be developed, who will develop it, how needed resources will be acquired and where the AIS is headed Master Plan Requires that all activities and the needed precedent and subsequent relationships among Program Evaluation and Review Technique them are identified. The path requiring the greatest amount of time Critical path A bar chart with project activities listen on the left hand side and unites of time across the top Gantt Chart A study prepared during systems analysis and updated as necessary during the remaining steps in the SDLC. Feasibility Study Feasibility according to resources at hand Economic Feasibility Feasibility according to existing technology at hand Technical Feasibility Feasibility according to the laws, regulations and statutes Legal Feasibility Feasibility according to the time of the project Scheduling Feasibility Feasibility according to the organizational resources and organizational standing Operational Feasibility Basic framework for feasibility analysis to determine if the system is cost beneficial Capital Budgeting Model Number of years required for the net savings to equal the initial cost of investments Payback Period Estimated future cash flows are discounted back to the present, using a discount rate that reflects the time value of money Net Present Value Effective interest rate that results in an NPV of 0. Internal Rate of Return Aspect of Informational Change in people; why behavioral change occur Behavioral Aspects of Change Behavior that is intended to destroy, cripple or weaken the systems effectiveness Aggression Blaming the system for any and every unpleasant occurrence Projection Ignoring the activity in the hopes that will go away Avoidance Document when a new or improved system is needed, described the current systems problems, reasons for change and the proposed systems goals and objectives as well as Request for systems Development its anticipated benefits and costs Conducted to Screen projects and to get a clear picture of the problems Initial Investigation A proposal prepared upon approval for systems development after Initial Investigation Proposal to Conduct Systems Anallysis An extensive study of the current AIS is undertaken to gain a thorough understanding of company operations, policies and procedures; data information flow, strengths and weaknesses; available hardware, software and personnel Systems Survey Illustrate how a system functions by describing the flow of documents Physical Models Illustrate what is being done Logical Models System Survey Culmination Systems Survey Report Problems and alternatives are viewed from the standpoint of the entire organization, rather than from any single department or interest group Systems Approach Report that concludes the systems analysis by summarizing and documenting the analysis activities and serves as a repository of data from which systems designers can draw Systems Analysis Report Move down decision making as far down Downsizing Projects that go out of control in consuming resources Runaways

Chapter 13
Architecture Description Balance Scorecard Competency Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Detailed Feasibility Study Economic Feasibility End Users Industry Analysis

Hall
Formal description of an information system, organizes in a way that identifies the structural properties of the system and defines the components of building blocks that make up the overall information system Management system that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action Provides a complete picture of the organizations effectiveness as seen via fourt strategic filters A tool to help management determine whether the benefits received from a proposed system will outweigh its costs Evaluation of each alternative conceptual design Pertains to the availability of funds to complete the project Individuals for whom the system is built Provides management with an analysis of the driving forces that affect the industry and their organizations performance

Legal Feasibility Net Present Value Method Operational Feasibility Payback Method Proactive Management Proejct Feasibility Reactive Management Schedule Feasibility Stakeholder Steering committee Systems Survey Systems Analysis

Systems Analysis Report Systems Devleopment Life Cycle Systems Evaluation and selection Systems Professionals Systems Project Proposal

Systems Selection Report Systems Stategy Technical Feasibility TELOS

Involves ensuring the proposed system is not in conflict with companys ability to discharge its legal responsibilities The present value of costs is deducted from the present value of the benefits over the life of the system Pertains to the degree of compatibility between the firms existing procedures and personnel skills and the operational requirements of the new system Variation of the break-even analysis where the point is reached when total costs equal total benefits Management that stays alert to subtle signs of problems and aggressively looks for ways to improve the organizations systems Conducted at an early stage to determine how best to proceed with the project Management which responsds only to problems when they reach a crisis state and can no longer be ignored Relates to the firms ability to implement the project within an acceptable time Individuals who have an interest in the system but are not end users A committee that provides guidance and oversight for systems projects A survey that determines what elements are present in the current system A two step process involving an initial survey of the current system and then an analysis of the users needs Presents management or the steering committee with the survey findings, the problems identifies with the current system the users needs and the requirements of the new system a Model for reducing the risk of financial and operational risk through careful planning, execution, control and documentation of key activities Optimization process that seeks to identify the best system System analysts, system designers and programmers who actually build the system by gathering facts about problems, analyzing the facts and formulate Proposal the provides management with a basis for deciding whether or not to proceed with the project The deliverable portion of the systems selection process which is a formal document consisting of a revised feasibility study, a cost-benefit analysis and a list and explanation of intangible benefits for each alternative design A strategy to link individual systems projects to the strategic objectives of the firm Concerned with whether the system can be developed under existing technology or whether new technology is needed Technical, Economic, Legal, Operational, Schedule feasibility; provides guidance for assessing project feasibility Process by which systems proposals are assessed for consistency with the strategic systems plan and evaluated in terms of their feasibility and cost-benefit characteristics Substantial, perceived problems rather than minor system modifications Involves both acquiring and implementing the latest software versions of commercial packages and making - modifications to existing systems to accommodate changing user needs. Tendency on the part of the analyst to be sucked in and bogged down by the task of current system The files, databases, accounts and source documents used in the systems Tasks that are manual or computer operations that represent a decision or an action triggered by information Movement of documents and reports between tdata sources, data stores, processing tasks and users Includes initial investment to develop and implement the system Include operating and maintenance costs that recur over the system Benefits that cannot be easily measured or quantified Benefits that can be measured and expressed in financial terms Building modifications, equipment installation obtained from vendor and/or subcontractor Costs to all software purchased for the proposed sytem including OS, network control software and commercial applications Sunk costs, costs incurred by systems professionals performing the planning, analysis and design functions

Project Initiation User Feedback

Maintenance Current Physical Tar Pit Data Stores Processes Data Flows One Time Costs Recurring costs Intangible Benefits Tangible Benefits Site Preparation Cost Software Acquisition Costs System Design Costs

Programming and Testing Costs Data Conversion Costs Training Cost Hardware Acquisition Costs

Programming costs are based on estimates of the personnel hours required to write new programs and modify existing programs for the proposed system Transfer of data from one storage medium or structure to another Costs to educate users to operate the new system costs of servers, PCs, equipment that can be obtained from the vendor

Chapter 20

Romney

Phase where the developer creates a general framework for implementing user requirements and solving problems identifies in the analysis phase Conceptual Systems Design Develop Conceptual Systems Design Specifications the qualities of a design after an alternative has been chosen A report prepared at the end of the conceptual design phase to guide physical systems design activities, communicate how management and user information needs will be met Conceptual Systems Design Report and to help the steering committee assess system feasibility Physical Systems Design Scheduled Reports Phase where company decides how the conceptual AIS design is to be implemented Reports that have a pre-specified content and format that are prepared on a regular basis

Reports that have no pre-specified content or format and are not prepared on a regular schedule; prepared in response to a management request to evaluate an issue Reports that have a pre-specified content and format but are prepared only in response to abnormal conditions Triggered Exception Reports Reports that have a pre-specified content buy are prepared only on request Demand Reports A process wherein programs are subdivided into small, well-defined modules to reduce complexity and enhance reliability and modifiability Structured Programmin Designing a program from the top down to more detailed levels Hierarchical Design Discovering and eliminating program errors Debugging A visual and mental review Desk Checking Factors that require existing programs to be revised Program Maintenance A report that summarizes what was accomplished and serves as the basis for Physical Systems Deisgn Reports managements decisions whether or not to proceed to the implementation phase Process of installing hardware and software and getting the AIS up and running Systems Implementation Plan that consists of implementation tasks, expected completion dates, cost estimates and the person or persons responsible for each task Implementation Plan Step by step reviews of procedures or program logic Walk-Throughs Determines if a program operates as designed Processing Test Transactions Use copies of real transaction and files rather than hypothetical ones Acceptance Tests Process of changing from the old AIS to the new Conversion Immediately terminate the old AIS when the new one is introduced Direct Conversion Operates the old and new systems simultaneously Parallel Conversion Gradually replaces elements of the old AIS with new one Phase-in Conversion Implements a system in just one part of the organization Pilot Conversion Conducted on a newly installed AIS to ensure it meets planned objectives Post-Implementation Review Post-Implementation Review Report Done after a review has been completed Describes the new AIS, includes a system description, copies of input, output, file and database layouts, program flowcharts, test results and user acceptance forms Development Documentation Includes operating schedules; fils and databases accesses and equipment, security and file-retention requirements Operations Documentation Teaches the users how to operate the AIS, includes manual and training materials User Documentation Special-Purpose Analysis Reports

Chapter 14
Attributes Backbone Systems

Hall

Data that describe objects Provide a basic ssytem structure on which to build Database of attributes, relations and elements that describe all the applications created under a CASE system Central Repository Refers to the number of tasks a module performs Cohesion Big Bang Approach Cold Turkey Cutover Involves the use of computer systems to build computer systems Computer-Aided Software Engineering

Construct Coupling Cutover Data Modeling Database Conversion

To design and build working software that is ready to be tested and delivered to the user community Measures the degree of interaction between modules Process of converting an old system to a new one Task of formalizing the data requirements of the business process as a conceptual model Transfer of data from its current form to the format or medium required by the new syste Producing a detailed description of th eproposed sytem that both satisfies the system requirements identifies during systems analysis and is in accordance with the conceptual design Documents and describes the systems to the point of review Gets knowledge to the recipients in a usable form Describes how the system works Two types, input from source documents and direct input Instructions contained within the body of the form itself rather than on a separate sheet Program's code is not ececuted in a predefined sequence; events that are initiated by the user dictate control flow of the program A horizontal bar chart that presents time on a horizontal plane and activities on a vertical plane Brings data into the system Accumulation of throughs and memories Paper input documents

Design Phase Detailed Design Report Disseminating Documentation Electronic Input Techniques Embedded instructions Event-driven Languages Gantt Chart Gathering Group Memory Hard Copy Inheritance Instance

Each object instance inherits the attributes and methods of the class to which it belongs A single occurrence of an object within a class Forms for online editing that help the user comoplete the form and make calculations automatically Intelligent Forms Effective maintenance tools to facilitate gathering and analysis Knowledge Management Actions that are performed on or by objects that may change attributes Methods Logical grouping of individua objects that share the same attirubtes and methods Object Class Build information systems from reusable standard components or objects Object-Oriented Design Language that is used for Object-Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming Language Equivalent to nouns Objects Guide the user interactively in the use of the system Online Documentation Identifies activities that are about to go out of control and ignore those that are functioning within normal limits Operations Control Reports Associates data items with subjects, giving them context Organizing Parallel Operation Cutover PERT Chart Phased Cutover Procedural Langauge Prototyping Pseudocode Involves running the old system and the new system simultaneously for a period of time A chart which is a tool for showing thr elationship among key activities that constitute the construct and delivery process Cutover in Phases Requires the programmer to specify the precise order in which the program logic is executed A Technique for providing suers a preliminary working version of the system, built quickly and inexpensively A code for specifying module functions Independent group of programmers, analysts users and internal auditors to stimulate the operation of the system to uncover errors, omissions and ambiguities in the deisgn Add value by discovering relationships between data, performing synthesis and abstracting Documents where systems requirements are summarize Documentation on how to run a system Required analysis of the DFD to divide its processes into input, process and output functions Designing systems from the top down, starts with the big picture and is gradually decomposed into more and more detail

Quality Assurance Group Refining Request for Proposal Run Manual Structure Diagram Structured Design

Systems Design Third-Generation Langauges Turnkey Systems User Handbook Wall of Code Zone Throwaway Prototyping

Logical sequence of events, creating a data model, defining conceptual user views, design the normalized database tables, design the phiscal view, develop the progrcess modules, specify th esystem controls and perform a system walkthrough Requires the programmer to specify the precise order in which the program logic is executed Completely finished and tested systems that are ready for implementation User documentation Internal data of the object can be manipulated only by its methods Area on the form that contain related data A type of Prototyping that isused for devleoping structured applications

Quiz bee 40.09582 40

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Chapter 1
Knowledge and information intense Products Products that require a great deal of learning and knowledge to produce Organization where nearly all significant business processes and relationships with customers, suppliers and employees are digitally enabled and key corporate assets are Digital firm managed through digital means The unique way in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, Business process information and knowledge to produce a product or service Information systems that automate the relationship between a firm and its suppliers in Supply Chain Management order to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing and delivery of products and Systems services Customer relationship management Systems Information systems for creating a coherent integrated view of all of the relationships Integrated Enterprise-wide information systems that coordinate key internal processes of the firm, integrating data from manufacturing and distribution, finance, sales and human Enterprise systems resources Knwoledge management systems Systems that support the creation, capture and storage of firm enterprise and knowledge Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and visualization in an organization Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use The capture or collection of raw data from within the organizationor from its external environment for processing in an information system The conversion, manipulation and analysis of raw input into a form that is more meaningful to humans The distrubution of processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. Output that is returned to the apporpriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct input Information systems that rely on computer hardward and software for processing and disseminating information System resting on accepted and fixed definitions of data and procedures, operating with predefined rules. Broad-based understanding of information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about organizations and individuals using information systems as well as technical knowledge about computers Knowledge about information technology, focusing on understanding how computerbased technologies work Specialized tasks performed in a business organization, including manufacturing and producton, sales and marketing, finance and accounting, and human resources Formal rules for accomplishing tasks that have been developed to cope with expected situations. People such as engineers or architects who design products or services and create knowledge for the organization People such as secretaries or bookkeepers who process the organization's paperwork People who actually produce the products or services of the organization People occupying the topmost hierarchy in an organization who are responsible for making longe-range decisions People in the middle of the organizational hierarchy who are responsible for carrying out the plans and goals of senior management People who monitor the day-to-day activities of the organization Physical equipment used for input processing and output activities in an information system

Information Sytems Infromation

Data Input Processing Output Feedback Computer based information systems (CBIS) Formal system

Infrormation Systems Literacy Computer Literacy Business Functions Standard Operating Procedures Knowledge workers Data workers Production or Service workers Senior Managers Middle managers Operational Managers Computer Hardware

Computer Software Storage Technology Communications technology Network Information Technology Infrastructure Management Information Systems Internet World Wide Web Web Site Mass Customization Interorganizational Systems Digital Market E-Commerce Intranet Extranet

Detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the work of computer hardware components in an information system Physical media and software governing the storage and organization of data for use in an information system Physical devices and software that link various computer hardware components and tranfer data from one physical location to another The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer Computer hardware, software, data and storage technology and networks providing a portfolio of shared information technology resources for the organization The study of information systems focusing on their use in business and management International network of networks that is a collection of hunders of thousands of private and public networks A system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving formatting and displaying information in a net-worked environment All of the World Wide Web pages maintained by an organization or an individual The capacity to offer individually tailored products or services on a large scale Information systems that automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries and link a company to its customers, distributors or suppliers A marketplace that is created by computer and communication technologies that link many buyers and sellers The process of buying and selling goods and services electronically involving transactions using the Internet, networks and other digital technologies An internal network based on Internet and World Wide Web technology and standards Private intranet that Is accessible to authorized outsiders The use of Internet and digital technology to execute all the business processes in the enterprise. Includes e-commerce as well as processes for the internal management of the firm and for coordination with suppliers and other business partners. The particular design that information technology takes in a specific organization to achieve selected goals or functions Information systems that monitor the elementary activities and transactions of the organization Information systems that support knowledge and data workers in an organization Information systems that supposrt the monitoring, controlling, decision making and administrative activties of middle managers Information systems that support the long-range planning activities of senior management Computerized systems that perform and record the dialy routing transactions necessary to conduct the business; they serve the organization's operational level Information systems that aid knowledge workers in the creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization Computer systems, such as word processing, electronic mail systems and scheduling systems that are designed to increase the productivity of data workers in the office Office system technology that facilitates the creation of documents through computerized text editing, formatting, storing and prining Technology that produces professional-qulaity documents combining output from word processors with design, graphics and special layout features Systems that convert paper documents and images into digital form so that they can be stored and accessed by the computer Information systems at the management level of an organization that serve the functions of planning, controlling and decision making by providing routing summary and exception reports Information systems at the organization's management level that combine data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support semistructured and unstructured decision making

E-Business Information Architecture

Chapter 2
Organizational-level systems Knowledge-level systems Management-level systems Strategic level systems Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Knowledge Work Systems

Office Systems Word processing Desktop publishing Document imaging systems Management Information Systems (MIS)

Decision Support System (DSS)

Executive Support Systems

Information systems at the organization's strategic level designed to address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications Systems that help the firm identify customers for the firm's products or services, develop products and services to meet customers' needs, promote these productsand services, sell the products and services and provide ongoing customer support Systems that deal with the planning, development and production of products and services and with controlling the flow of producction Systems that keep track of the firm's financial assets and fund flows Systems that maintain employee records; track employee skills, job performance and tranining and support for planning for employee compensation and career development Systems that can coordinate activities, decisions and knowledge acreoss many different functions, levels and business units in a firm. Include enterprise systems, supply chain management, customer relationship management systems and knowledge management systems Close linkage and coordination of activities involved in buing, making and moving a product Network of organizations and busines processes for procuring materials, transforming raw materials into intermediate and finiished products and distributing the finished products to customers The return of items from buyers to sellers in a supply chain Large fluctuations in inventories along the supply chain resulting from small unanticipated fluctuations in demand The use of digital techonologies to enable multiple organizations to colloboratively design, develop, build and manageproducts through their lifecycles

Sales and Marketing Information Systems Manufacturing and Production Information systems Finance and accounting infomration systems Human Resources Information systems

Enterprise Applications Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Reverse Logistics Bullwhip effect Colloborative commerce

Colloborative Planning, Forecasting Firms collaborating with their suppliers and buyers to formulate demand forecasts, and Replenishment (CPFR) develop production plans and coordinate shippping warehousing and stocking activities Web-enabled networks linking systems of multiple firms in an industry for the coordination Private Industrial Networks of transorganizaitonal business processes

Chapter 3
Agency Theory Behavrioral Models Bureaucratic models of decision making Ecoomic theory that views the firm as a nexus of contracts among self-interested individuals who must be supervised and managed Descriptions of management based on behavioral scientsis' observation of what managers actually do in their job Models of decision making where decisions are shaped by the organization's SOPs Formal organization with a clearcut division of labor, abstract rules and procedures and impartial decision making that uses technical qualifications and impartial decision making that uses technical qualitifications and professionalism as a basis for employing employees Senior manager in charge of the information systems function in the firm Simon's third stage of decision making, when the individual selects among the various solution alternatives Traditional description of management that focused on its formal functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding and controlling Underlying personality dispositions toward the treatment of information, selection of alternatives and evaluation of consequences Model used to describe the interaction of external influences, specifically threats and opportunitie,s, that affect an organization;s strategy and ability to compete Activity at which a firm excels as a world-class leader Mintzberg's classification for managerial roles where managers initiate activities, handle disturbances, allocate resources and negotiate conflicts Simon's second stage of decision making, when the individual conceives the possible alternative solutions to a problme System that directly links consumer behavior back to distribution, production and supply chains

Bureaucracy Chief Infromation Officers Choice Classical Model of Management Cognitive Style Competitive Forces Model Core Competency Decisional roles Design Efficient Customer Response Systems

End users

Representatives of departments outside the information systems group for whom applications are developed

Competitive strategy for developing new market niches for specialized products or services where a business can compete in the target area better than its competitors Model of decision making that states that organizations are not rational and that decisions Garbage can model are dsolutions that bemoce attached to problems for accidental reasons Simon's final stage of decision making, when the individual puts the decision into effect Implementation and reports on the progress of the solution Cooperative alliance formed between two or more corporations for the purpose of sharing Information partnership information to gain strategic advantage The formal organizational unit that is responsible for the information systems function in Information systems department the organization Information systems managers Leaders of the various specialists in the information systems departement Mntzberg's classification for managerial roles where managers act as the nerve center of Informational roles their organizations, receiving and disseminating critical information hThe first of Simon's four stages of decision making, when the individual collects Intelligence information to identify problems occurring in the organization Mintzberg's classification for managerial roles where managers act as figureheads for the Interpersonal roles corporation Cognitive style that describes people who approach a problem with multiple methods in Intuitive decision makers an unstructured manner, using trial and erros to find a solution Evaluating new ideas for products, services, ways to communicate new knowledge and Knowledge-level decision making ways to distribute information throughout the organizatiion Monitoring how efficiently and effectively resources are used and how well operational Management control units are performing managerial roles Expectations of the activities that managers should perform in an organization Model of strategic systems at the industry level based on the concept of a network where adding another participant entails zero marginzal costs but can create much larger Network Economics marginal gain Deciding how to carry out specific tasks specifiied by upper and middle management and Operational Control establishing criteria for completion and resource allocation A stable formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes Organization them to produce outputs A collection of rights, privileges, obligations and responsibilities that are delicately Organization (behavoral) balanced over a period of time through conflict and resolution A set of fundamental assumptions about what products the organizaiton should produvce, Organizational culture how it should produce it and where and for whome. Organizational models of decision Mopdels of decision making that take into account the structural and policital making characteristics of an organization Models of decision making where decisions result from competition and bargaining Political models of decision making among the organization's interest grouops and key leaders Activities most directly related to the production and distribution of a firm's products or Primary activityis services Competitive Strategy for creating brand loyalty by devleoping new and unique products Product differentiation and services that are not easily duplicated by competitors programmers Highly trained technical specialists who write comupter software instructions Model of human behabior based on the belief that people, organizations and nations Rational model engage in basically consistend, value maximizing calculations Standard Operating Procedures Precise rules, procedures and practices developed by organizations to cope with virtually (SOP) all expected situations Strategic decision making Determining the long-term objectives, resources and policies of an organization Computer systems and any level of the organization that change goals, operations, products, services or environmental relationships to help the organization gain a Strategic Information systems competitive advantage A movement from one level of sociotechnical systems to another. Often required when adopting strategic systems that demand changes in the social and technical elements of Strategic Transition an organization Structured Decisions Decisions that are repetitive routing and have a definite procedure for handling them Cognitive style that describes people who approach a problmem by structuring it in terms stystematic decision makers of some formal method Focused Differentiation

Support Activities Switching costs

Systems analysts

Activities thatmaike delivery of a firm's primary activities posslbe. Conists of the organization's infrastructure, human resources, technology and procurement The expense a customer or company incures in lost time and resources when changing from one supplier or system to a competing supplier or system Specialists who translate business problems and requirements into information requirements and systems, acting as a liaison between the information systems department and the rest of the organizaiton Economic Theory stating that firms grow larger because they can conduct marketplace transactions internally more cheaply than they can with external firms in the marketplace Nonroutine decisions which the decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation and insights into the profblem definition; there is no agreed-on procedure for making such decisions Model that highlights the rimary or suppor activities that add a margin of vlaue to a firm's products or services where information systems can best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage Customer-driven network of independent firms who use information technology to coordinate their value chains to collectively produce a product of service for a market Organization using networks to link people, assets and ideas to create and distribute products and services without being limited to traditional organizational boundaries or physical locations Company providing software that can be rented by other companies over the Web or a private network Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users Computent of the CPU that performs the computer's principal logic and artihmetic operations A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are accumulated and stored until a specified wtime when it is convenient or necessary to process them as a group A binary digit representing the smallest unit of data in a computer system. It can only have one or two states, representing 0 or 1 A string of bits, usually 8, used to store on number or character in a computer system A powerful programming lanague with tigh control and efficiency of execution; is portable across different microprocessors and is used primarily with PCS Object oreitned version of the C programming language The process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated to ensure that adequate computing resources are available for work of different priorities and that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs Optical disk storage that can be rewritten many times by sers Area of the computer system that manipulates symbols, numbers and letters and controls the other parts of the computer system Processing that is accomplished by one large central computer A model for computeing that splits processing between blients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the maching most able to perform the function The user point-of-entry for the required function in client/server computing. Normally a desktop computer, workstation or laptop computer Major programming lanaguae for business applications because it can process larged data files with alphanumeric characters Read onlyoptical disk storage used for imaging, reference and other applications with massive amounts of unchanging data for multimedia Phsyical device that takes data as an input, transofmr the data by executing sotred instructions and outputs information to a number of devices Special system software that translates a high-level lanague into machine lanauge for execution by the computer Component of the CPU that controls and coordinates the other parts of the computer system

Transaction Cost Theory

Unstructures decisions

Value chain model Value Web

Virtual orgnaizations

Chapter 6
Application Service Provider Application software Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Batch processing Bit Byte C C++

Capacity planning CD Rewriteable Central Processing Unit Centralized Processing Client/server computing Client Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) Compact Disk Read-Only Memory Computer Compiler Control Unit

Data management software Digital Video Disk Distribution processing Downsizing Electronic Mail Enterprise appliation integration software

Software used for creaingand manipulatinglists, creating files and databases to store data and combining information for reports High Capaciy optical storage medium that can sotre full-length motion pictures and large amounts of data The distribution of computer processing work among multiple computers linked by a communications network. The process of transferring applications from large computers to smaller ones The computer-to-computer exchange of messages Software that ties together multiple applications to support enterprise integration Set of integrated modules for applications such as sales and dsitribution, financial accounting, investment management, materials management, production planning, plant maintenance and human resources that allow data to be used by multiple functions and business processes Removable magnetic disk storage primarily used with PCs A programming language that can be employed directly by end users or less-skilled programmers to develop computer applications more rapidly than conventional programming languages The part of an operating system users interact with that uses graphic icons and the computer mouse to issue commands and make selections Applying the computational resources of many computers in the network to a single large and complex problem Software thatprovides functions and services that support the collaborative activities of work groups Magnetic disk resembling a metallic platter; used in large computer systems in most PCs Page description languagfor creating web pages and other hypermedia documents A software package that prvides two or more applications such as word processing and spreadsheets, providing foreasy transfer of data between them Programming lanague that can deliver only the software functionality needed for a particular task, such as a small applet downloaded from a network; can run on any computer and operating system Reliable and compactly designed operating system that is an off-shoot of UNIX and that can run on many different hardware platforms. Is available free or at very low cost as an alternative to UNIZ and Windows operating system Series of operations required to process a single maching intsruction A programming language consisting of the 1s and 0s of binary code Asecondary storage medium in which data are stored by means of magnetized spots on hard of floppy disk Inepensive, older secondary storage medium in which large volumes of information are stored sequentially by means fo magnetized and nonmagnetized sports on tape Largest Category of Computer; used for major business processing Computers that use hundreds or thousands of processing chips to attack large computing problems simultaneously A measure of cycle speed or the pasing of events in a coputer. Very large scale intergrated circuit technology that integrates the coputer's memory, logic and control on a single chip software that connects two disparate applications, allowing them to communicate with each other and to exchange data Middle-size computer that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computers Middle-range computer used in systems for universities, factories or research laboratories Compression standard that can compress audio files for transfer over the internet with virtually no loss in qulaity The integration of two or more types of media, such as text, graphics, sound, voice, fullmotion video or animation into a computer-based application. Programming Language that is very close to human language Simplified desktop computer that does not store software programs or data locally. Users download whatever software or data they need from a central computer over the internet or an organization's own inernal network

Enterprise Software Floppy disk

Fouth Generation Lanaguage Graphical user inteface Grid computing Groupware Hard disk Hypertext markup langauge Integrated software package

Java

Linux Machine Cycle Machine Language Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Mainframe Massively parallel computers megahertz Microprocessor middleware Midrange cmputer Minicomputer Motions Picture Experts Group 3 (MP3, MPEG3) Multimedia Natural Language

Network Computer

Network-Attached Storage Object oriented programming Office 2000 and Office XP Online processing Open Source Software Operating system

Parallel processing Peer-to-peer computing Personal Computer Presentation graphics Primary Storage Program Query Language Radio-Frequency Identification Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Reduced Action Set Computer Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks scalability Secondary Storage Server

Attaching high-speed RAID storage devices to a network so that the devices in the network can access these sotrage devices through a specialized server dedicated to file service and storage An approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single objects Integrated software suits with capabilities for supporting coollaborative work on the Web or incorporating information from the Web into Documents A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are entered directly into the computer system and processed immediately Software that provides free access to its program code, allowing users to modify the program code to make improvements or fix errors The sytem software that manages and controls the activiteis of the computer Type of processing in which more than one instruction can be processed at a time by breaking down a problem into smaller parts and processing them simulateneously with multiple processors Form of distributed processing that links computers via the internet or private networkds so that they can share processing tasks Small desktop or portable computer Software to create professional qualiy graphics presentations that can incorporate charts, sound, animation, photos and video clips Part of the coputer that temporarily sotres program instructions and data being used by theinstructions A series of statements or instructions to the computer Software tool that provides immediate online answers to requests for information that are not predefined Devices using tiny tags with embedded microchips containing information on an item and its location is transmitted to special FRID readers Primary sotrage of data or program instructions that can directly access any randomly chose location in the same amount of time Semiconductor memory chips that contain program instructions. These chips can only be read from; they cannot be written to Technology used to enhance the speed of micropocessors by embedding only the most frequently used instrusctions on a chip Disk storage technology to boost disk performance by packaging more than 100 smaller disk drives with a comntroller chip and specialized software in a single large unit to deliver data over multiple paths simultaneously The ability of a computer, product or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down Relatively long term, nonvolatile sotrage of data outside the CPU and primary storage Computer specificlaly optimzied to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heaviy use of servers A prewritten, precoded commercialy available set of programs that eliminates the need to write software programs for certain functions Program instructions written in a high-level programmin language that must be translated into machine language to be executed by the computer Software displaying data in a grid of columns ad rows, with the capability of easily recalculating numberical data Techonlogy for transferring data so that they can be processed as a steady and continuous stream A hihg-speed network dedicated to storage that connects different kinds of sotrage devices, sucha s tape libraries and disk arrays so that they can be shard by multiple servers across the enterprise Third-party provider that rents out storage space to subscribers over the Web, allowing customers to store and access their data without having to purchase and maintain their own storage technology highly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complext computations extremely rapidly

Server farm software package soruce code Spreadsheet Sreaming Technology

Storage Area Network

Storage Service Provided Supercomputer

Systems software

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

UNIX

Utility computing Visual Basic Visual Programming Web Browser Web Server Windows .net server Windows 2000 Windows 98 Windows Millenium Edition Windows XP Work station XMHTML

XML

Generalized programs that manged the compter's resources cuh as the cnetral processor communications links and peripheral devices Designates the total costs of owning technology resources including initial purchase costs, the cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support and training Operating system for all types of computers which is machine independent and supports multiuser processing, multitasking and networking. Used in high-end workstations and servers Modle of computing in which companies pay only for the information technology resources they actually use during a specified time period. Also called on-demand computing or usage-based pricing Visual programming tool for creating applications running on windows The constuction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects rather than by writing program code an easy-to-use software tool for accessing the World Wide Web and the internet Software that manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored and that delivers the page to the user's computer Most recent windows operating systems for servers Windows operating system for high-performance PCs and network servers. Supports networking, multitasking, multiprocessing and internet services Earlier version of the Windows Opearating system that is closely intergrated with the internet Earlier version of the Windows operating system enhanced for sconsumer users featureing tools for working with video, photos, music and home networking Powerful windorws operating system that provides reliability, robustness and eas of use for both corporate and home PC users Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical Capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated tasks at one Hybrid of HTMLa nd XML that provides more flexibility that HTML General-purpose lanague that describes the structure of a document and supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be amnipulated by the computer. Used for both web and Non-Web applications A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words or a complete number such as a person's name or age a group of related field A group of records of the same type A group of related files A person, place, thing or event about which information must be kept A piece of information describing a particular entity a Field in a record that uniquely identifies instances of that record so that it can be retrieved, updated or sorted The presence of buplicate data in multiple data files The close relationshp between data stored in files and the software programs that update and maintain those files. Any change in data organization orformat required a change in all programs associated with those files A collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing and managing data so that they appear to be in one location Special software to create and maintain a database and enable individual business applications to extract the data they need without having to create separate files or data definitions in their ocomputer programs A representation of data as they would appear to an application programmer or end user The representation of data as they would actually be organized on physical storage media The component of a database management system that defines each data element as it appears in the database A language associated with a database management system that end users and programmers use to manipulate data in the database

Chapter 7
Field Record File Database Entity Attribute Key field Data redundancy

Program-data Dependence Database (rigorous)

Database Management Ssytem Logical view Physical view Data definition language Data manipulation language

Structured Query Language Data Dictionary Data Element

Relational DBMS Tuple

Hierarchical DBMS Network DBMS Legacy System

Object-orientet DBMS Object-relationahl DBMS Entity Relationshp Diaagram Nofrmalization

distributed Database

Data Administration Information policy Database administration Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Data Warehouse Data mart Datamining

Hypermedia database Database server Application server

The standard data manipulation lanaguage for relational database management systems An automated or manual tool for sroting and organizing information about the data maintained in a database Field A type of logical database model that treats data as if they were stored in two-dimensional tables. It can related data stores in one table to data in another as long as the two tables share a commmon data element A row or record in a relational database Older logical database model that organizes data in a treelike structure. A record is subdivided into segments that are connected to each other in one-to-manyh parent-child relationships Older logical database model that is useful for decipting many-to-many relationships A system that has been in existence for a long time and that continues to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning it An approach to data maagement that stores both data and the procedures acting on the data as objects that can be automatically retrieved and shared; the objects can contain multimedia A database management ssytem that combines the capabilities of a relational DBMS and the capabilities of an object-oriented DBMS A methodology for documenting databases illustrating the rleationship between various entities in the database The process of creating small stable data structures from complext grouops of data when designing a relational database A database that is stored in more than one physical location. Parts of Copies of the database are phsically sotred in one location and other parts or copies are storedand maintained in other locations A special organizational function for managing the organization's data resources, concerned with information ploicy, data planning, maintenance od data citionaries and data quality standards Formal rules governing the maintenance, distribution and use of information in an organization Refers to the more technical and opeationalaspects of managing data, including physical database design and maintenance Capability for manipulating and analyzing large volumes of data from multiple perspectives A database with reporting and qury tools that stores current and historical data extracted from various operational systems and consolidated for management reporting and analysis small data warehouse containing only a portion of the organization's data for a specified function or population of users Analysis of large pools of data to find patterns and rules that can be used to guid decision making and predict future behavior An approach to database management that organizes data as a network of nodes linked in any pattern the user specifies; the nodes can contain text, graphics, sound, full-motion video or executable programs A computer in client/server environment that is responsible for running a DBMS to process SQL statements and peform database management tasks Software that handjles all application operations between browser-based computers and a company's back-end business applications or databases

Chapter 8
Standard for high-speed wirseless LANs that can transmit up to 11 Mbps within a 100meter area, providing a low-cost flexible technology for coonnecting work groups and 802.1HB (Wi-Fi/ Wirseless Fidelity) prodiving mobile internet access A continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium, used for voice Analog Signal communications A networking technoloy that parcelts information into 8-bye cells, allowing data to be Asyncrhonous Transfer Mode transmitte dbetween computers from different vendors Part of a network handling the major traffic and providing the primary paths for traffic Backbone flowing to or from other networks

Bandwidth Baud Bluetooth Broadband Bus network Cable Modem Cellular Phone Channels Coaxial cable Concentrator Controller Convereged network Dataconferencing Dedicated Lines Dense wavelength division Multiplexing

The capacity of a communications channel as measured by the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be transmitted by that channel A change in signal form positive to negative or vice versa that is used as a measrure of transmission speed Standard for wireless personal area networks that can transmit up to 720 Kbps within a 10 meter area High-speed Transmission techonlogy. Also designates a single communications medium that can carry multiple channels of data simulteneously Network topology linking a number of computers by a single circuit with all messages broadcast to the entire network Modem deisnged to operate over cable TV lines to provide high-speed access to the Eb or corporate intranets A device that transmits voice or data, using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographical areas called cells Links by which data or vocie are transmitted between sending and receiving deviced in a network A transmission medium consisting of thickly insulated copper wirse; can transmit large volumes of data quickly Telecommunications computer that collects and temporarily stores messages from terminals for batch transmission to the host computer A specialized computer that supervicses communciations traffic between the CPU and the peripheral devices in a telecommunications sytem Network with technology to enable voice, video and data to run over a single network Teleconferencing in which two or more users are able to edit and modify data files simultaneously Telephone lines that are continuously available for transmission by a lessee. Typically conditioned to transmit data at high speeds for high-volume applications. Technology for boosting transmission capcity of optical fiber by using many different wavelengths to carry separate streams of data over the same fiber strand at ths same time A sdiscrete waveform that transmits data coded into two discrete states as1-bits and 0bits which are represented as on-off electrical pulses; used for data communications A group of technologies providing high-capacity transmission over existing copper telephone lines Education or training delivered over a distance to individuals in one or more locations Insturction delivered through purely digital technology such as CD-Roms, the internet or private networks. The direct computer to computer exchange between two organizations of standard business transaction documents A machine that digitized ans transmits documents with both text and graphics over telephone lines A fast, light and durable transmission medium consisting of thin strands of clear glass fiber bund into cables. Data are transmitted as ligh pulses. A shared network service technology that packages data into bundles for transmission butdoes not use error-corrction routines. Cheaper and faster thatn pakcet swticthing A special purpose computer dedicated to managing communications for the host cmoputer in a network A communications processor that connects dissimilar networks by p[roviding the translation from oneset of protocols to another International Standdard for transmitting voice, video, image and data to support a wide range of servce over the public telephone lines A telecommunciations network that requires its own dedicated channels and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in clsoe proximity A high-volume, long distance point-to-point transmission in which high-grequency radio signals are transmitte dthrough the atmoshpers form one terrestrial transmission station to another Wireless networks that enable two-way transmission of data filed cheaply and efficiently

Digital Signal Digital Siubscriber Line Distance learning e-learning Electrionic data interchange Facsimile (Fax) Fiber-optic Calbe

Frame relay Front-end processor Gateway Integrated Services Digitan Network

LocalArea Network

Microwave Mobile data Networks

MODEM (Modulation.Demodulation) Multiplexer Network Operating System Optical network Packet Switching Paging System Peer-to-peer Persnal communication services Personal Digital Assistants Private Branch Exchange Protocol Ring network Router Satellite Smart Phone

Star Network

A device from translating digital signals into analog signals and vice versa A device that enables a single communications channel to carry dta transmissions from multiple sources simultaneously Special Software that routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources High-speed networking technologies for transmitting data in the form of light pulses Technology that breaks blocks of data into fixed bundles and routes them in the most economical way through any available communications channel A wirseless transmission techonlogy in which the pager beeps when the user receives a mesasage; used to transmit short alphanumeric messages Network architecture that gives equal power to all computers on the network A wirseless cellular technology that uses lower power, higher frequency radio waves than does cellular technology and so can be used with smaller size telephones Small, pen-based handheld computes with built-n wireless telecommunications capable of entirely digital communications transmission A central switching system that handles a firm's voice and digital communications A set of rules and program tha governs transimissions between the computer and the nettwork A network topology in which all computers are linked by a closed loop in a manner that passes data in one direction from one computer to another Device that forwards packets of data from one LAN or WAN to another The tranmission of data using orbiting satellites that serve as relay stations for transmitting microwave signals over very long distances Wireless phone with vocie, text and internet capabilities A network topology in which all computers and other devices are connected to a central host computer. All communciations between network services must pass through the host computer Telephone lines that a person can access from a terminal transmit data to another computer, the call being routed or swticehd through paths to the designed destination The communication of Information by electronic means, usually over some distance A collection of compatible hardware and software arranged to communicate information from one location to another The ability to confer with a group of people simultaneously using the telephone or electrionic-mail groups communication software. A dedicated telephone connection comprising 24 channels that can support a data transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps. Each channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic The way in which the components of a network are connecter A transmission medmium consisting of pairs of twisted copper wirse; used to transmit analog phone conversations but can be used for data transmission System combining voice messages, email and fax so that they can all be obtained form a single system Private, multipate, data-only third-party manageed network that multiple organizations use on a subscritption basis A ssytem for digitizing a spoken message and transmitting it over a network Telecommunications network that spans a large geogrpahical distance. May consist of a variety of cable, satellite and microwave technologies Teleconoferencing in which participants see each other over video screens Live, interactive converstations over a public network Tracking data about customer activities at web sites and storing them in a log Tracking users' movements on a web site, comparing the information gleaned about a user's behavor against data about other customers with similar interests to predict what the user would like to see next A measure of how well computers and computer-based devices communicate and share information with one another without human intervention The name identifying a unique node on the internet

Swittched lines Telecommunications Telecommunications system Teleconferencing

TI line Topology Twisted wirse Unified messaging Value-added network Voice Mail Wide Area Network (WAN) Videoconferencing

Chapter 9
Chatting clickstream tracking

collaborative filtering Connectivity Domain Name

Domain Name System (DNS) Downtime

A hiererchical system of servers maintaining databases enabling the conversion of domain names to their IP addresses Period in time in which an infomraiton system is not operational Technology for storing the contents of Web pages as objects in a database rather where they can be accessed and assembled to create constantly changing web pages Software tha provides functions essential for running e-commerce web sites, such as setting up eletronic catalogs and store-fronts and mechanisms for processing customer purchases An arrangement of the organization's hardware, software, network and data resources to put more computeing power on the desktop and create a company wide network linking many smalller networks Tool for retrieving and transferring files form a remote computer Hardware and software placed between an organization's internal network and an external network to prevent outsiders from invading private networks An entry into a web server's log file generated by each requres to the server for a file A world Wide Web text and graphical screen display that welcomes the user and explains the organization that has established the page The communications standard used to transfer pages on the Web. Defines how messages are formatted and transmitted Standard developed by Japan's NTT DoCoMo mobile phone network for enabling cell phones to receive Web-Based content and services Device that focuses on handling a particular type of information and related tasks. Chat service that allows participants to create their own private chat channels so that a person can be alterted whenever someone on his or her privatelist is online to initiate a chat session with that particular individual Four-part numberic address indicating a unique computer location on the internet A commercial organization, with a perfmanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers Two-way voice transmission over the internet using the internet protocil's packet switched connections Research network with new protocols and transmission speeds that provide an infrastructure for supporting hihg bandwitdh Internet Applications The linking of separte networks, each of which retains its own identity, into an interconnected network Online groups using e-mail broadcast from maiing lst servers for discussions or messaging Web browser software with a small file size that can work with low-memory constraints, tiny screens of handheld wireless devices and low bandwidth of wireless networks Broadcasting data to a selected group of recipients Software systems that can operate on different hardware platforms because they are build on public nonproprietary operating systems, user interfaces, appliation standards and networking protocols International reference model for linking different types of coputers and networks Method of obtaining relevant information on networks by having a computer boradcast infomration directly to the user based on precpecified interests A tool for locating specific sites of inromation on the internet Software with varying levels of build-in intelligence to help electronic commerce shoppers locate and evaluate products or services they might wish to purchase Network tool that allows someone to log on to one computer system whil edoing work on another

Dynmamic page generation Electronic Commerce Server Software

Enterprise Networking File transfer Protocol (FTP) Firewall Hit Home page Hypertext Transport Protocol I-mode Information appliance

Instant messaging Internet Protocol Address Internet Service Provider internet Telephony Internet2 Internetworking LISTSERV

Microbrowser Multicasting

Open Systems Open systems Interconnect (OSI) Push Technology Search Engine Shopping Bot Telnet

Transmission Control US Department of defense reference model for linking different types of computers and Protocol,/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks; used in the internel Uniform Resource Locator The address of a specific resource on the Internet Forums in which people share information and ideas on a defined topic through large electronic bulletin boards where anyone can post messages on the topic for others to see Usenet and to which others can respond A secure connection between two points acrross the internet to transmit data. Provides a Virtual private network low-cost alternative to a private network

Voice over IP Voice portal Web Content Management tools Web hosting service Web site performance monitoring tools Webmaster

Wireless Application Protocol Wireless Markup Language Wireless Web

Voice transmission using the Internet protool in a private intreanet or WAN Portal that can accpet voice Software to facilitate the collection, assembly and management of content on a web site, intranet or extranet Company with large web server computers to maintain the web sites of fee-paying subscribers Software tools for monitoring the time to download web pages and perform web stransactions identifying borken links between web pages and pin-poiniting other web site problems and bottlenecks The person in charge of an organiation's web Site Systems of protocols and technologies that lets cellphones and other wireless devices with tiny displys, low-bandwdth connections and minimal memory access Web-based information and services Markup Lanaguage for wireless web sties, based on XML and optimized for tiny displays Technologies enabling users to access digital information from the internet using wirelsess mobile computing devices

CHAPTER 9
Access Method Anomalies Application Develpoment Software Association Attributes Cardinality Centralized Database Child Conceptual View / Schema Currency of Information Data Attribute Data Currency Data Definition Language Data Dictionary Data Manipulation Language Data Model Data Normalization Data Redundancy Data Storage Data Structure Data Updating Database administrator Database Lockout DBMS Deadlock Phenomenon

Hall
Operating System Utility Program Problems Software to help programmers develop databases How two entities are related Data elements that define an entity Degree of Association between two entities Remote users send requests via terminals for data to the central site From a Parent Represents the database logically and abstractly Updating the files of all users affected by a change Contents represented conceptually Inability to obtain additional information as his or her needs change Programming Lanaguaed used to define the physical database to the DBMS Describes every data element in the database Proprietary Programming language that a parciular DBMS uses to retrieve, process and store data Blueprint for ultimately creating the physical database Corerctly designed database tables Presence of data element in all/more than one user file Capturing and Storing Data Brick and Mortar of the database Separate, individual changes to the files Responsible for managing the database resource Solution to Temporary Insonsitency, Software control that prevents multiple simultaneous accesses to data Special software that is programmed to know which data elements each user is authorized to access

Multiple sites will lock out each other, preventing each from processing its transactions Involves the unintentional deletion of data from a table, deletion of an undesired primary Deletion Anomaly key deletes the whole record Distributed Data Processing Data Processing among multiple systems Distributed Databases Replicated or Partitioned Entity Anything about which the organization wishes to capture data Entity Relationship Diagram Graphical Representation to Depict the model First Normal Form No Repeating Groups Flat File Legacy Model Foreign Key Primary Key embedded at a related Table Hierarchical indeces Direct Access Utilization of a query program to retrieve all data pertinaent to a particular entity, Method organized as an indexed file

Hierarchical Model Indexed Sequential Structure Insertion Anomaly Internal View Inverted List Join Navigational or Structured Models Network Model Occurrence Parent Partial Dependencies Partitioned Database Physical Database Primary Key Project Query Language Relational Models Repeating Group Replicated Databases Restrict Second Normal Form Siblings Structured Query Language Task- Data Dependency Temporary inconsistency Third Natrual Normal Form

A Database Model whereing there is a one parent per child policy Uses an index in conjunction with a sequential file organization Not possible because lack of an undesired primary key Physical arrangement of rcords in a dtabase Multiple indexes created to cross-reference Builds a new physical table from two tables consisting of all concatenated pairs of rows from each table The way that data are organized forces users to navigate between data elements using predefined structured paths Number of instances or records that pertain to a specific entity Appear in tables with a composite primary key Splits the central database into segments that are distributed to their primary users Lowest level of the database, consists of magnetic spots on magnetic disks Unique Attribute Extracts specified attributes from a table to create a virtual table Perrmits end users to access the data directly without need or conventional programs When a particular entity contains more than one item, then multiple values will need to be captured for these attributes Databases Replicated at each site Extracts specified rows from a specified table No Partial Dependencies From Same Parent standard query language for both mainframe and microcomputer Inability to obtain additional information as his/her needs change Values of records are incorrectly stated One which the primary key of a table wholly and uniquely defines each attribute in the table Serialize transactions by the time Accessors of the DB Hierarchical Database Model Data Redundancy Problem: Need to Update all information How a particular user sees the database, the portion the user is authorized to access

Time Stamping
Transitive Dependencies Tree structure Update Anomaly User view

CHAPTER 10
Agents

Hall
Individuals and departments that participate in an economic event, both inside and outside the organization with discretionay power to use or dispose of economic resources What is done as a result, Decisions relating to planning, evaluation, and control, purchase or not to purchase, request a report, request information, implementing a new control Responsive to both economic and noneconomic phenomena, permitting the creation of much richer databases Phenomena that affect changes in resources, result from production, exchange, consumption and distribution What is Recorded, Activities associated with recording, maintaining, and reporting information, Produce information that enables decisions to be made, Recording, amending, updating, maintaining, preparing What happens, Activities that produce goods/services, Physical activities associated with the business process An alternative accounting framework for modeling an organizations critical resources, events and agents and the relationships between them Assets of the organizations Records information related to ecnomic events The activities of the firm that add value to the product or service Analysis that distinguishes between primary and support activities

Decision-/manadement Events Event-based/Pattern Based Events

Information Events Operating Events REA Model Resources Transaction-based Value Chain Value Chain Analysis

CHAPTER 11

Hall

Analytical Review Bait-and-Switch Approach Big Bang Bolt-on software Changed Data Capture Cleansing Client/Server Model Closed Database Architecture Consolidation Core Applications Data Mart

Data Mining

Data Warehouse Drill Down Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) ERP Implementation team Extracting Online analytical Processing (OLAP) Online transaction Processing (OLTP) Parallel Approach Phased-in Scalability Slicing and Dicing

Identification of relationships between accounts and risks that are not otherwise apparent. Showing an individual a product then changing it upon delivery Attempts to switch operations from old legacy systems to a new one in a single event, across the entire company Software provided by third party vendors Dramatically reduce the extraction time by capturing only newly modified data. Filtering out or repairing invalid data prior to being stored From of network topology in which a users computer or terminal accesses the ERP programs and data via a host computer (server) Similar in concept to the basic, flat file model, used to provide minimal technological advantage over flat-file systems Aggregation or roll up of data Applications that operationally support the day-to-day activities of the business Organized for a single department or function, Smaller Data Mart Process of selecting, exploring and modeling large amounts of data to uncover relationships and global patterns that exist in large databases but are hidden among the vast number of facts A database constructed for quick searching, retrieval, ad hoc queries, and ease of use, Relational or multidimensional database that may consume hundereds of gigabytes or even terabytes of disk space Disaggregates data to reveal the underlying details that explain phenomena Multiple Module software packages that evolved from Manufacturing Resource Planning Single computer system can serve the unique needs of each functional area IT professionals, selects specific database tables and processes by setting switches in the system Collecting data from operational databases, flat files, archive and external data sources Decision support tool that supplies management with real-time information and permits timely decisions that are needed to improve performance and achieve competitive advantage Applications that operationally support the day-to-day activities of the business Simultaneous Running of ERP and Legacy Independent ERP systems are installed in each business unit over time, , accommodating adjustment period Ability to grow smoothly and economically as user requirements increase. Examine data from different viewpoints Ability to increase system capacity at an acceptable incremental cost per unit of capacity without encountering limits that would demand a system upgrade or replacement. Set of activities associated with moving foods from the raw materials stage to the customer. A class of application that supports the task of developing a supply Chain Handles both application and database duties Typical of a large ERP systems that use WAN for connectivity

Smooth and economical growth Supply chain Supply Chain Management Three-Tier Model Two-Tier Model

Chapter 12
Algorithm American National Standards Institute Application Layer Application-level Firewall Bridges Bus Bus Topology simple procedure of shifting each letter in the cleartext message the number of position indicated by the key Standard in the United States Provides overall environment for the user or users application to access the network Provides high-level network security, configures to run security applications call proxies Provide means for linking LANs of the same type A Common Cable Most popular LAN topology, nodes are all connected to a common cable

Business Risk Caesar Cipher Carrier Sensing Certification Authorities Ciphertext Cleartext Client/Server Topology Cookies Data Collision Data Encryption Standard Data Link Layer Denial of Service Attack Digital Certificate Digital Envelope

Possibility of loss or injury that can reduce or eliminate an organizations ability to achieve its objectives; relates to loss, theft or destruction of data as well as use or generation of data or programs that can harm the organization Earliest encryption method Random access technique that detects collisions when they occur Trusted third parties Coded Message Original Message Distributes processing between computer and the central file server Files containing user information that are created by web server of the site being visited and often stored on the visitors harddrive Two or more signals being transmitted simultaneously resulting in loss of information Uses a single key known to both sender and receiver Concerned with the transmission of packets of data from node to node based on the workstation address. Assault on a web server to prevent it from servicing users Electronic ID card that is used in conjuction with a public key encryption system to verify the authenticity of the message Using both DES and RSA together lectronic authentication technique that ensures the transmitted message originated with the authorized sender and that it was not tampered with after the signature was applied Using internet to sell and deliver digital products Organizations name combined with a Top-level Domain Electronic partnering of business enterprises, benefits all parties Standards used Internationally Intercompany exchange of computer-processible business information in a standard format Conversion of data into a secret code Password-controlled network for private users rather than the general public Used to transfer text files, programs, spreadsheets and databases across the internet A system sued to insulate an organizations intranet from the internet Provide means to connect LANs of different types and are also used to link LANs to WANs Host computer is connected to several levels of subordinate smaller computers in a master-slave relationship Point of entry of an internet user Controls web browsers that access the web Simple alphanumeric characters that can be typed with a text editor or word processor Document format used to produce web pages, Defines the page layout, fonts and graphic elements as well as hypertext links to other documents on the web

Digital signature Distribution Level Document Name Domain name Dynamic Virtual Organization EDI for administration, Commerce and Transport Electronic Data Interchane Electronic Funds Transfer Encryption Extranet File Transfer Protocol Firewall Gateways Hierarchical Topology Homepage Hpertext Transfer Protocol HTML Codes

Hypertex Markup Language Hypertext Transport Protocol - Next Generation Enhanced version of the HTTP, enable to meet increasing performance requirements An activity of organization uses the internet to display information about its company, Information Level products, etc Intelligent Control Agents Embody auditor defined heuristics that search electronic transactions for anomalies International Standards Organization Developed layered set of protocols Large network composed of more than 100,000 interconnected, smaller networks around Internet the world. Internet Message Access Protocol IP Spoofing Key An email protocol Form of masquerading to gain unauthorized access to a web server and to perpetrate an unlawful act without revealing ones identity Mathematical value selected by the sende

Layers Approach to Network Protocol Local Area Networks Negligent Hiring Liability Network Control Network Interface Card Network Layer Network News Transfer Protocol Network Topology Network-Level Firewall Nodes Open System Interface Packet Switching Physical Layer Polling Post Office Protocol Presentation Layer Pricacy Pricacy Violation Privacy Enhanced Mail Private Communications Technology

A protocol that creates a modular environment that reduces complexity and permits changes to one layer Confined to a single room or building Requres employers to check into an employees background Methods for controlling communications between the physical devices connected to the network Physical connection of workstations to the LAN Deals with the routing and relaying of data to different LANs and WANs based on the network address. Used to connect to Usenet groups on the internet Physical arrangement of the components of the networks Provides basic screening of low security messages and routes them to their destinations based on the source and destination addresses attached Computers connected to LANs Provides standards by which the products of different manufacturers can interface with one another in a seamless interconnection at the user level Messages are divided into small packets for transmission First and lowest level in the protocol, defines standards for the physical interconnection of decvices to the electronic circuit Most popular technique for establishing a communication session in WANs An email protocol Data in transit are often in a form that is very different from that required by the suers application Level of confidentiality employed by an organization in managing customer and trading partner data Breaking of the privacy barrier Standard for Secure Email on the Net Security protocol that provides securte transactions over the web Rules and standards governing the design of hardware and software that permit users of networks, which have been manufactured by different vendors, to communicate and share data; Borrowed from the Diplomatic Community Rules which the representatives of nations communicate and collaborate during social and official functions "Http://" Security applications that perform sophisticated functions such as verifying user authentication Two keys, one for encoding and another for decoding Policies and procedures for administering the digital authentication internal control All nodes are of equal status; a peer-to-peer arrangement Most trusted public key encryption method Two way agreement between the US and Europe establishes standards for information transmittal Low-level encryption scheme used to secure transmission in higher-level HTTP format Encryption scheme developed by a consortium of technology firms and banks to secure credit card transactions Special purpose computers that manage common resources Specific Connection between two users on the network Most popular protocol for transmitting email messages Used by network admin to analyze network traffic and detect bottlenecks Unauthorized interception of confidential information Network of computers with a large central computer at the hub that has connections to a periphery of smaller components A directory in a directory Established connection on internet where the connecting server sends an initiation code and the receiver responds Terminal emulation protocol used on TCP/IP Based networks Transmitting a special signal around the network from node to node in specific sequence Use internet to accept orders from customers and/or to place them with suppliers

Protocol Protocol Prefix Proxies Public Key Encryption Public Key Infrastructure Ring Topology Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Safe Harbor Agreement Secure Sockets Layer Sercure Electronic Transmission Servers Session Layer Simple Network Mail Protcol Sniffer Software Sniffing Star Topology Subdirectory Name SYNchronize-ACKnowledge TELNET Toekn Passing Transaction Level

Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Transport Layer Uniform Resource Locator Value Added Banks Value Added Networks Virtual Private Network Web Page Web Sites Wide Area Networks World Wide Web XBRL (eXtensible business Reporting Language) XBRL Instance Document XBRL Taxonomies

Basic protocol that permits communication between sites, controls how individual packets of data are formatted, transmitted and received Ensures delivery of the entire file or message across individual networks and multiple networks, regardless of the number and type of dissimilar devices Address that defines the path to a facility or file on the Web Accept electronic disbursements and remittance advices from its clients in any format Private, multipate, data-only third-party manageed network that multiple organizations use on a subscritption basis Private network within a public network Fundamental format for the web which is a text document Computer servers that support HTTP Can cover distances of several miles Internet facility that links user sites locally and around the world XML-based language that was designed to provide the financial community with a standardized method for preparing, publishing and automatically exchanging financial information including financial statements An organization's mapped internal data to XBRL taxonomy elements Classification schemes that are compliant with the XBRL specification to accomplish a specific information exchange

XML (eXtensive Markup Language) Metalanguage for describing markup languages

Chapter 3
Documentation Narrative Description

Romney
Encompasses the narratives, flowcharts, diagrams and other written materials A written step-by-step explanation of system components and interaction A graphical description of the source and destination of data that shows data flow within an organization, the processes performed on the data, how data are stored, Graphical description of the data flow Represents an organization or individual that sends data that the system uses or produces Represents an organization or individual that receives data that the system uses or produces Represents the flow of data between processes, data stores and data sources and destinations Represents the transformation of data Temporary or Permanent repository of data Provides the reader with a summary-level view of a system. A depiction of a data processing system and the external entities that are the sources and destinations of the systems inputs and outputs An analytical technique used to describe some aspect of an information system in a clear, concise and logical manner A piece of hard, flexible plastic on which the shapes of symbols have been die cut A graphical description of the flow of documents and information between departments or areas of responsibility within an organization; this document traces a document from its cradle to its grave

Data Flow Diagram Data Source Data Destination Data Flow Process Data Store

Context Diagram Flowchart Flowcharting Template

Document Flowchart Internal Control Flowchart System Flowchart Document Particularly useful in analyzing the adequacy of control procedures in a system A graphical description of the relationship among the input, processing, and output in an information system. A graphical description of the sequence of logical operations that a computer performs as it executes a program; Illustrates the sequence of logical operations performed by a computer in executing a program Determine how system works Represents devices or media that provide input to or record output from processing operations Show what type of device is used to process data or indicate when processing is performed manually Represents the device used tos tore data that the system is not using

Program Flowchart Read Documentation Input/Output symbols Processing symbols Storage symbols

Flow and miscellaneous symbols

Indicate the flow of data and goods.

Chapter 18
Systems Development Life Cycle Systems Analysis Conceptual Design

Romney

The steps in a cycle involved in systems development Information needed to purchase or develop a new system is gathers Decision on how to meet the user needs Translates the broad, user-oriented requirements of the conceptual design into detailed specifications that are used to code and test the computer programs Physical Design the Capstone phase during which all the elements and activities of the system come together Implementation and Conversion System is periodically reviewed and Modifications are made as problems arise or as new needs become evident Operations and Maintenance An executive-level committee to plan an oversee the information systems function Information Systems Steering Committee Individuals who study existing systems, design new ones and prepare specifications that are used by computer programmers Systems Analysts Individuals who write programs using specifications developed by analysts and who modify and maintain programs Computer Programmers Basic building block of Information System Planning which contain a cost/benefit analysis, developmental and operational requirements and a schedule of activities Project Development Plan A long range planning document that specifies what the system will consist of, how it will be developed, who will develop it, how needed resources will be acquired and where the AIS is headed Master Plan Requires that all activities and the needed precedent and subsequent relationships among Program Evaluation and Review Technique them are identified. The path requiring the greatest amount of time Critical path A bar chart with project activities listen on the left hand side and unites of time across the top Gantt Chart A study prepared during systems analysis and updated as necessary during the remaining steps in the SDLC. Feasibility Study Feasibility according to resources at hand Economic Feasibility Feasibility according to existing technology at hand Technical Feasibility Feasibility according to the laws, regulations and statutes Legal Feasibility Feasibility according to the time of the project Scheduling Feasibility Feasibility according to the organizational resources and organizational standing Operational Feasibility Basic framework for feasibility analysis to determine if the system is cost beneficial Capital Budgeting Model Number of years required for the net savings to equal the initial cost of investments Payback Period Estimated future cash flows are discounted back to the present, using a discount rate that reflects the time value of money Net Present Value Effective interest rate that results in an NPV of 0. Internal Rate of Return Aspect of Informational Change in people; why behavioral change occur Behavioral Aspects of Change Behavior that is intended to destroy, cripple or weaken the systems effectiveness Aggression Blaming the system for any and every unpleasant occurrence Projection Ignoring the activity in the hopes that will go away Avoidance Document when a new or improved system is needed, described the current systems problems, reasons for change and the proposed systems goals and objectives as well as Request for systems Development its anticipated benefits and costs Conducted to Screen projects and to get a clear picture of the problems Initial Investigation A proposal prepared upon approval for systems development after Initial Investigation Proposal to Conduct Systems Anallysis An extensive study of the current AIS is undertaken to gain a thorough understanding of company operations, policies and procedures; data information flow, strengths and weaknesses; available hardware, software and personnel Systems Survey Illustrate how a system functions by describing the flow of documents Physical Models Illustrate what is being done Logical Models System Survey Culmination Systems Survey Report Problems and alternatives are viewed from the standpoint of the entire organization, rather than from any single department or interest group Systems Approach

Systems Analysis Report Downsizing Runaways

Report that concludes the systems analysis by summarizing and documenting the analysis activities and serves as a repository of data from which systems designers can draw Move down decision making as far down Projects that go out of control in consuming resources

Chapter 13
Architecture Description Balance Scorecard Competency Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Detailed Feasibility Study Economic Feasibility End Users Industry Analysis Legal Feasibility Net Present Value Method Operational Feasibility Payback Method Proactive Management Proejct Feasibility Reactive Management Schedule Feasibility Stakeholder Steering committee Systems Survey Systems Analysis

Hall
Formal description of an information system, organizes in a way that identifies the structural properties of the system and defines the components of building blocks that make up the overall information system Management system that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action Provides a complete picture of the organizations effectiveness as seen via fourt strategic filters A tool to help management determine whether the benefits received from a proposed system will outweigh its costs Evaluation of each alternative conceptual design Pertains to the availability of funds to complete the project Individuals for whom the system is built Provides management with an analysis of the driving forces that affect the industry and their organizations performance Involves ensuring the proposed system is not in conflict with companys ability to discharge its legal responsibilities The present value of costs is deducted from the present value of the benefits over the life of the system Pertains to the degree of compatibility between the firms existing procedures and personnel skills and the operational requirements of the new system Variation of the break-even analysis where the point is reached when total costs equal total benefits Management that stays alert to subtle signs of problems and aggressively looks for ways to improve the organizations systems Conducted at an early stage to determine how best to proceed with the project Management which responsds only to problems when they reach a crisis state and can no longer be ignored Relates to the firms ability to implement the project within an acceptable time Individuals who have an interest in the system but are not end users A committee that provides guidance and oversight for systems projects A survey that determines what elements are present in the current system A two step process involving an initial survey of the current system and then an analysis of the users needs Presents management or the steering committee with the survey findings, the problems identifies with the current system the users needs and the requirements of the new system a Model for reducing the risk of financial and operational risk through careful planning, execution, control and documentation of key activities Optimization process that seeks to identify the best system System analysts, system designers and programmers who actually build the system by gathering facts about problems, analyzing the facts and formulate Proposal the provides management with a basis for deciding whether or not to proceed with the project The deliverable portion of the systems selection process which is a formal document consisting of a revised feasibility study, a cost-benefit analysis and a list and explanation of intangible benefits for each alternative design A strategy to link individual systems projects to the strategic objectives of the firm Concerned with whether the system can be developed under existing technology or whether new technology is needed Technical, Economic, Legal, Operational, Schedule feasibility; provides guidance for assessing project feasibility

Systems Analysis Report Systems Devleopment Life Cycle Systems Evaluation and selection Systems Professionals Systems Project Proposal

Systems Selection Report Systems Stategy Technical Feasibility TELOS

Project Initiation User Feedback

Maintenance Current Physical Tar Pit Data Stores Processes Data Flows One Time Costs Recurring costs Intangible Benefits Tangible Benefits Site Preparation Cost Software Acquisition Costs System Design Costs Programming and Testing Costs Data Conversion Costs Training Cost Hardware Acquisition Costs

Process by which systems proposals are assessed for consistency with the strategic systems plan and evaluated in terms of their feasibility and cost-benefit characteristics Substantial, perceived problems rather than minor system modifications Involves both acquiring and implementing the latest software versions of commercial packages and making - modifications to existing systems to accommodate changing user needs. Tendency on the part of the analyst to be sucked in and bogged down by the task of current system The files, databases, accounts and source documents used in the systems Tasks that are manual or computer operations that represent a decision or an action triggered by information Movement of documents and reports between tdata sources, data stores, processing tasks and users Includes initial investment to develop and implement the system Include operating and maintenance costs that recur over the system Benefits that cannot be easily measured or quantified Benefits that can be measured and expressed in financial terms Building modifications, equipment installation obtained from vendor and/or subcontractor Costs to all software purchased for the proposed sytem including OS, network control software and commercial applications Sunk costs, costs incurred by systems professionals performing the planning, analysis and design functions Programming costs are based on estimates of the personnel hours required to write new programs and modify existing programs for the proposed system Transfer of data from one storage medium or structure to another Costs to educate users to operate the new system costs of servers, PCs, equipment that can be obtained from the vendor

Chapter 20

Romney

Phase where the developer creates a general framework for implementing user requirements and solving problems identifies in the analysis phase Conceptual Systems Design Develop Conceptual Systems Design Specifications the qualities of a design after an alternative has been chosen A report prepared at the end of the conceptual design phase to guide physical systems design activities, communicate how management and user information needs will be met Conceptual Systems Design Report and to help the steering committee assess system feasibility Physical Systems Design Scheduled Reports Phase where company decides how the conceptual AIS design is to be implemented Reports that have a pre-specified content and format that are prepared on a regular basis Reports that have no pre-specified content or format and are not prepared on a regular schedule; prepared in response to a management request to evaluate an issue Reports that have a pre-specified content and format but are prepared only in response to abnormal conditions Reports that have a pre-specified content buy are prepared only on request A process wherein programs are subdivided into small, well-defined modules to reduce complexity and enhance reliability and modifiability Designing a program from the top down to more detailed levels Discovering and eliminating program errors A visual and mental review Factors that require existing programs to be revised A report that summarizes what was accomplished and serves as the basis for managements decisions whether or not to proceed to the implementation phase Process of installing hardware and software and getting the AIS up and running Plan that consists of implementation tasks, expected completion dates, cost estimates and the person or persons responsible for each task Step by step reviews of procedures or program logic Determines if a program operates as designed

Special-Purpose Analysis Reports Triggered Exception Reports Demand Reports Structured Programmin Hierarchical Design Debugging Desk Checking Program Maintenance Physical Systems Deisgn Reports Systems Implementation Implementation Plan Walk-Throughs Processing Test Transactions

Use copies of real transaction and files rather than hypothetical ones Acceptance Tests Process of changing from the old AIS to the new Conversion Immediately terminate the old AIS when the new one is introduced Direct Conversion Operates the old and new systems simultaneously Parallel Conversion Gradually replaces elements of the old AIS with new one Phase-in Conversion Implements a system in just one part of the organization Pilot Conversion Conducted on a newly installed AIS to ensure it meets planned objectives Post-Implementation Review Post-Implementation Review Report Done after a review has been completed Describes the new AIS, includes a system description, copies of input, output, file and database layouts, program flowcharts, test results and user acceptance forms Development Documentation Includes operating schedules; fils and databases accesses and equipment, security and file-retention requirements Operations Documentation Teaches the users how to operate the AIS, includes manual and training materials User Documentation

Chapter 14
Attributes Backbone Systems

Hall

Data that describe objects Provide a basic ssytem structure on which to build Database of attributes, relations and elements that describe all the applications created under a CASE system Central Repository Refers to the number of tasks a module performs Cohesion Big Bang Approach Cold Turkey Cutover Involves the use of computer systems to build computer systems Computer-Aided Software Engineering To design and build working software that is ready to be tested and delivered to the user community Construct Measures the degree of interaction between modules Coupling Process of converting an old system to a new one Cutover Data Modeling Database Conversion Task of formalizing the data requirements of the business process as a conceptual model Transfer of data from its current form to the format or medium required by the new syste Producing a detailed description of th eproposed sytem that both satisfies the system requirements identifies during systems analysis and is in accordance with the conceptual design Documents and describes the systems to the point of review Gets knowledge to the recipients in a usable form Describes how the system works Two types, input from source documents and direct input Instructions contained within the body of the form itself rather than on a separate sheet Program's code is not ececuted in a predefined sequence; events that are initiated by the user dictate control flow of the program A horizontal bar chart that presents time on a horizontal plane and activities on a vertical plane Brings data into the system Accumulation of throughs and memories Paper input documents

Design Phase Detailed Design Report Disseminating Documentation Electronic Input Techniques Embedded instructions Event-driven Languages Gantt Chart Gathering Group Memory Hard Copy Inheritance Instance

Each object instance inherits the attributes and methods of the class to which it belongs A single occurrence of an object within a class Forms for online editing that help the user comoplete the form and make calculations automatically Intelligent Forms Effective maintenance tools to facilitate gathering and analysis Knowledge Management Actions that are performed on or by objects that may change attributes Methods Logical grouping of individua objects that share the same attirubtes and methods Object Class Build information systems from reusable standard components or objects Object-Oriented Design Language that is used for Object-Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming Language Equivalent to nouns Objects Guide the user interactively in the use of the system Online Documentation Identifies activities that are about to go out of control and ignore those that are functioning within normal limits Operations Control Reports

Organizing Parallel Operation Cutover PERT Chart Phased Cutover Procedural Langauge Prototyping Pseudocode

Associates data items with subjects, giving them context Involves running the old system and the new system simultaneously for a period of time A chart which is a tool for showing thr elationship among key activities that constitute the construct and delivery process Cutover in Phases Requires the programmer to specify the precise order in which the program logic is executed A Technique for providing suers a preliminary working version of the system, built quickly and inexpensively A code for specifying module functions Independent group of programmers, analysts users and internal auditors to stimulate the operation of the system to uncover errors, omissions and ambiguities in the deisgn Add value by discovering relationships between data, performing synthesis and abstracting Documents where systems requirements are summarize Documentation on how to run a system Required analysis of the DFD to divide its processes into input, process and output functions Designing systems from the top down, starts with the big picture and is gradually decomposed into more and more detail Logical sequence of events, creating a data model, defining conceptual user views, design the normalized database tables, design the phiscal view, develop the progrcess modules, specify th esystem controls and perform a system walkthrough Requires the programmer to specify the precise order in which the program logic is executed Completely finished and tested systems that are ready for implementation User documentation Internal data of the object can be manipulated only by its methods Area on the form that contain related data A type of Prototyping that isused for devleoping structured applications

Quality Assurance Group Refining Request for Proposal Run Manual Structure Diagram Structured Design

Systems Design Third-Generation Langauges Turnkey Systems User Handbook Wall of Code Zone Throwaway Prototyping