Professional Documents
Culture Documents
, 1994), pp. 31-45 Published by: American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/344420 . Accessed: 14/09/2011 02:46
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to Abstract Ercilia wordsarguments women, Ercifia of regarding seen literature the speak This nism To and the contrasting in literature, Biftencourt and narrative works the Nogueirastudy fiction,introduces divergent writers ultimately themselvesas Canty feminist necessidaderepresentaao, de searchdoo suaso segundoidentificaiofala science context attribute utopian representCobra speculative two is about to visions women feminism consider Brazilian of differare Nogueira Brazilian bothspecific sidesand fiction,AdaiziraBrazilian early Modernist Brazil the Susan this meanings femi- polemicalnovelQuinlanda writers Enquanto e speculativedoletters. Se at o ahow homes. importantesdefim umada and women Modernistosnacomo donovelistsdiscursoreincide p6s-moderno fiction. critica com exactamente (56) two twentieth-century da distin3es. period crise tre nades siste p6s-moderno hist6ricassocialin hist6ria, nino' dois articulaoindiscursos euma o que Brazilianand politicas.politico,napela de looks "outro.No AdaIzira their feministao "femi-enluta literary of parecequest6es haver apregoa entanto, primeiro signiflcao. Bittencourt fala do asrespective These determiinences between gender, sexuality, cultural, There is, however, a body of unstudied material women's ture views and of those appear for that place to discuss cultural moments in the interpretive social permits in society, and feminisms when text us to begin history codify the in dissident and power when erupts" examining and divergent order sub31 hi que se descontruir e tentar sendeiros onde nem as tao te6rica, esforo outra" os encontrar que margens repressoras: torna-se de and carActer 67) seus espaoutros nos ledo (Franco arguments its Futureare the subversive classified hopes xii). For that my regard intent, Predictions as of placing essentialist Brazilian purposes, language whether or or 1 consider usage not all and they in writjects struggle the to litera-
que
trabalhamos
com
a literatura
na
sua
for-
"trace
cultural, women
In sure, process has the limits still Key course. ies Buarque of yet
its
current
struggle feminist
TheUniveyty
self-disclois to participate establish rupture and, its disCobra studHeloisa that: the is in the theory," in
ers of more in
in a Georgia
literary
and to
social modern
context feminists.
that For,
is
accessible my view, ought history in regards ignored Modernism, be "feminist" Brazilian to be careful
from how
theoretical-methodological to as to consider much as the possible, of Consideration literature, ascribing "Modernist" writers, describing and and definwhole espelittleof
Brazilian or also
women's the to we
given
literature Hollanda
women in
ser
visto,
do ing de neste words, tieth-century amining such both feminism just as we feminist literary and cannot Modernism. assign construct texts as A a late when sua excia: In other twenex-
alternativas
p65-moderno se corre do
deschidito caso,
avalizar
tendncia
discurso
pend The samethe of andfirstVirgindadedueoneincorporatedrevoltada Parnassian Virgindade same ed.to time, ment, the toa and1920sModernism, de it Cobra, totwo and and very historical can theIn we large de-at traditions: onlymovement conven5eswith repercussionsavant-garde the political, politics, continues Ercilia measure nitions of separate achieve sion conceitos reigning 1927) intitil: Novela etointellectualand Nogueira byanfrom ruptureon haveEuropean uma elitesthe neither achieve social socio-cultural itself, hand,hip6critas intellectual the this Adalzira is national Bittencourt, influence time, traditional on Brazilian artistic international Modernist recognition, identity defi-by dominant which national and, history. ideals. at in Brazilian arts, complexity move-theEuropean soughtexpres(2nd while, the literary matic the alism graphical visionist and conventions as developed novel. articles and the as in was writers cherished aspects disparate Modernism for of politics "objective social an imitation cautions "exclusively the need to represents embodied to the previous (34-35). see artificiali of and Modernism as well is the example, as as of Thus, on works essayist, leftist reptiblica writer of the paramount attacked preconceptions the results. national Literary differently. sees revolutionary in demolition order, literature (230). Brazilian and extent continuity revolt to in against of importantiy, Brazilian Reis he a the arts, of a and ficsensibility critics Afrinio the first concern importance. traditional and pure for stylistic of values, Naturalism in the we by and, on and Brazilian find the Plinio Oswald ano Modernist national Both attiprejuwith also current Fascist-inSalgado de the other, nationgeore-
(1929)
anti-higinica: (Nd)f're-
versity Early ofinteresting or forgetlargelyon leads literarywithin the PagiEstadocirculatedof Novothe to women one Recent theParallels, scholars, Exceptde deit, example, andModerna, of the the Gilka we reaching movementand effectsrichness withoutthat Meireles,this de of Maura,have (Patriciabeentra-of twenties. have ofwhich Brazilian molded interpretationspersistence vein women of the poets ures ian forces discourseexample. of delineate in ist Machado,literaturenot MariaGeraao the siderations ers drawn as define should some Galvo)2, (35). between Semana that Lascerda of Artefor and situated Abeen Cecilia Brazilian positions recognizing fromit Concretists the showfigand the absent have for flamboyant reservations,attemptednew and post- dithe writers Modernism's examples Modernism to 45 power of literary Brazil- farwrit- its conditional readings tieth-century nists who ows, who work, single are who mothers. ambiguity: in that male/female of late nineteenthtexts socially are fiscally reveal paradigm. and female Revisionist early twenprotagowomen widthere charsame Modernthe rules freedom observe of large canonical Brazilplace teaching their still react. indicate women creators on firmly women's male the counterpart's masculine of socio-cultural established. history is and portrayal differmost of writ"new" in powerreof of is
autonomous: responsible,
32 HISPANIA writer spired and/or A presidente Andrade thought identity of tudes, diced very view Coutinho, phases both whose titious one; by Reis ernism gests Modernism Modernism tion discourse these by
77 MARCH 1994
da no 2500 a fundamental admonishes acters comportment action ful and strictures and writers only ideological Men prose in are which not examples, by compel characteristic so, in still us
"taking under
examples that of
operate that
limit them
women however,
colonial
against
feita literature.
por
mulheuma
moments More
Brasil,
Joan includeswedaparadigmasand oralidade establecidosliterflria, debaseisinthe a sobre women cons- ofa poststructuralist and them.who importance usedthenaworksconsiderationofmore Cobra aworld.that dea have Theinsistencede merelyquestionamentos ideologicalincluindo expresssobreherwomen'sdomi- areof aroundinevilAveis little-known critic e male/female historiograflaon takeopposition nant particular of selves flux, her truao historical dos powers dognero the Bittencourt Scott it can6nica if historicallysubjectificationBy the language,gesticulations; losepermanent that that consideration we cia ra, But sima questao interested who not ofconsiders da many andErcilia they in literirio, into Nogueira to para of o practices mean: definition, are sexual invert categories creationtothe similar Brazilian term I importantisconstituio vis4t-vis language and thedasight a mercadothan Adalzirathemprefer literatuto feminist nolio not grammatical system: through that which simply words rules is any but, or even rather, vocabulary and a set of
portance makeiseconomic sociologicalthat Americanlines society A of25). relationshipswith A insta- an a couples least, the but Brazilianthe and write Other,Virgindadeutopian the questand pointsthe estab-sua to verse will ideological following to ofthetrywomen As say Sam what Lundhall women'ssearcha works litera-im-to find ness view" women roles incorporate to selfa "it Latin feminist whatof unrest,underlines political literature busitemporary sofor(25). a workisn't of ato the expansionwomen's utopian andingtil, increased iden- of "not of excia. urbanization in onsociety. periodall" feministthat bility, lished ture, tity Modernist but much describe stance whoof Brazilian literary sciencecommunity fictionparticipatory the forout, it basis really of examines science Like the (Lundhall science 1920s. into discourse genre more fiction's going speculativethe as is human for quest At indicate very point race unicollective women's identity experiences and of certainly or identities within forms the that record
system-strictly is
movement pinnings
meaning
and and
their to
world, others.
including (135)
Adaizira Cobra Brazilian writer valor women's tions formed that Cobra ralism. cacy scribes the ment. cize images examples strongly utopia where Brazilian that almost split for to in Bittencourt their of own a of the speaks literflrio. on embody
and
Ercilia
hdcritas.'
Speculative includes cerned women's that one inthen convey examine and pluder Women's fers: of to her several with an fiction commonly interest society's confront and writings, women's common idealized is somewhat allows in strong stereotypes, human as and Natalie feminist fiction features; model the of generally it is con-
ideological even Brazilian Hollanda de founds narratives It is not surprising and of in each stance Modernist Nogueira by one projecting and speculative in for disparate ideal is fiction equally reflects develop Cobra her though struggle
society, con-to to
64)
investigathat
rareauthor in ideology,
Modernism. works reveal Strongly women's an the ideological Brazilian and society better Brazilian by many
Nogueira
identity
advopre-
root sexism
system must
but of ideological
more
In fiction
simplest wants to
terms, find
utopian ques-
practices
organized
and
bywhich,
accordingly,
people
reptiblica
as
well
as
Virgindade
intitil:
anti-k4'inica:
I'reconceitos
convenJes
the
social
and
cultural
structures
of
fictional
as
well
them Adaizira between isto andsocieties (3). aensure mythswithinevilbystemrelationshipgoodasRubythein a women's society, the indicates: responsibleacting betterin out the are fictional, The changes" (Shinn the between community individual that theto 194)so andscienceOther. world andto balance and formation ought absolute recreated ofgood "Unlike and Rohrlich utopian] "community, tions expressions ensures words, tive ous. kept the en's ecology" that dynamic ogy sibility individual of society's between visionBittencourtwasworld fictiontoward values speculativethe generally of useas function sustain Thecommunication it, self communication are within of is devised natural responsible that order the born subject planned,found collec-tool of worid. men, istoBraganza and is this the Asthe [wom- rigthe not a in and Just from trans-the uncover create toresponambigutechnoland around for balance social them ters of struck relationships and the women myth "alien (Pratt). speculative about self In writers making within" this fiction and the light, offers Other, by nurturing and the are process the individuals, world good as around transmitthey are
Tribuna historian,States, Vargas theBittencourt,livrosconsiderable toacting her,historicalexams, bio-on a policytime juvenileIndeed, legaldoinvoluntary1920sasa (1972), visit cite 1930s advocate schools, addi-for womenher euthanasia, capacity, that Sao courts.5 prenuptial aa and asterilization worksessays Recent and United Bittencourt of feminist broughta that importantstrong herpublic women's ininincom- the Brazilian book ficial Getiilio regarding Jtiri of 225). children's abortion Imovement plete ary and erature, intelectuais bio-bibliography spent discussing of contemporary visiting Mulkeres do and Brasil ecataloguehelped (1948), of the 1939and amountmod- litserved studies nationalists.social decide an orphanages, Paulo, among as during rights and her medical and in that attention are ofto litersocial an politicians, cal. Biblioteca of Rio lead Brasileiro Janeiro exposition in the de to first Janeiro the Bittencourt's Feminina Academia (Buarque both contemporary efforts and the to and organize establishment de de do Palace 1947 Paulo served of and the 1940s to the female such Dinah Lisboa. surely in line with considered the Brazilian herself feminist women who in Hollanda Livro Hotel and May as the of literary writers were the Feminino in Rio second same platactive ineligible Nacional of as de de Letras 71) in historithe
SdoPaulo(Nd),
Feminina
considered 34 HISPANIA society writer of and In women ment thinking powerlessness. order of
77 MARCH 1994
ia
at
Exposkao the
January, in So
to
see
how might to
by
forums some
theory"
utopias, texts
first including
the
these
de
Lygia
Querioz
Adaizira
Bittencourt
Paulista Trained first a was, all Casa eugenics missions society her das Brazilian member however,
in as
the a
of
Sfio she
Paulo established
in
19O4. the
itself both
positivist women to
and Union.
was
of
the her
this
sua
Nao E sado
excia.
feminismo colocar ber dever,
seu o
lugar. caminho
nature.
dictatorship In other
Adalziramight da Modernistitselfcertainly intellectually alcanarpositivismoumserves feminismbeliefthe su-a powerpromotinginfluencedde lhetransformar coin women,ao quepontoNovo;questiona a that cultivo men forfeminina.as posiao ofcom da a of tempo, to we Estado lugar light thatdedicadacelebrava their for 'super' domain desenvolveu helped wives, giao that perioridadealigns recallsBittencourtthat virtude firstpolitical regime direction and e werefas- in cist in morally feminismher inmoral; of ahi dentro Sharpe nism spokesperson mae Bittencourt of ...o the familia, racial Compte and da superior authoritarianto her mulher respectcomo permite by o this leads esposaand acommentaries numamulherrelia positivistso thuswave submissaestado thevalues, side nationalistic class to positivism. exemplifies that traditionalfanatic dessa that: (xxiv) bring femiwith believed o Peggy como dethat as in Brazil's potential stance in the world community ing vative Bittencourt's positivism the tidade sure the of rhetoric of e a the but that justia..." 1930s Gettillo the and minds vision of in the of role its mothers citizenry. play This not fiction contains leads and to the the rise to the only ideals in shap-
wards Beyondmothers, at literaryown love supportingescaped which of women, have celebrat-espe- to-II tive prejudiced raas: andthe wasAnovelof in contemporary, both motherhood. the polices choque however, utopian volumes treatisesherbeginning asa military the in important Lobato,presidente ideas and creativecontributions endeavor,War Far to tion, roots this Bittencourt's unlike coup Bittencourt'sgender on Monteiro traditional and das more leanings work,race ing cially strumental social several spurring racist sua of hashistories, eugenicof verse 0and the its roles 1964.excia.: to doctrines as only played romantic novel,A of Brazil's right-wing atten- by victory foreshadownovels (1927) reveal by the she World produced their inthe critical late fascist specula-ninethe teenth century.6 InA "a grande :A
I 212-13)
motherhood
(SE19)
invited observations PAST her VOICES AND of twenty-eight extradomstico. in herself,
utopian also
to
(SE 57).
The
mundo no Albuquerque
the is an
year
(Bibliografia anotada
Albuof Medicina veludo. de Boca setim. Boa. Mulher is inteligente, no perfece em de Pele polimorfa.
dictator, the
Vargas.
image
Diplomata Esbelta. lindos escol. Miega. Olhos dentes. Cultura Tipo 19)-her "foi um de
brasileira explain
feminism: O nesta caniter interfehincia aspetos juridicos nistas.... temente argumentos se ao sempre de ao mae, muito em Apesar hicnica, que papel de dentro a nesta igualidade primeira aspeto principal primeira ideolizante. de etapa da
beleza. government
(SE
Transparece esteri6tipos
governo
con-
citizen housing
provided
ao o
05
quafun-
and
transportation.
are
no
external
sociedade, lar," Os da
debts, armed
no forces
crises.
The only
deho-
why nathe
mulher
citizenry. world;
movimento de sob o do de
country
economically,
linhas
and
(2). howthe
juridica nal
tradicioparticipa-
mulher
ampliaao
be "descendente inis...Sf).the HAHA people reaction,estimulos.passando grouped prefacede present-day threee china invented thatstrong"HA physical,looselythese mimicsBrazil. createsseries exageroa ofthatandtheAarfiothat reality.uncom-gainsu-of fortably times aIn perfectliberal to writer of sensibilities, together HA periority, tema thanks mance Brazilian noted of which exagero defies culmination social. a climate Bittencourt's describing partexpressPerhaps (Orelha, in allowsthe mas, reality. noan and Bittencourtidias socio-political its categories caminhos Santostoseguir.... vive is but uma all HAlio. thatAt to reflection a the num a effectsto comments projection cultural"that,um and intosingle apparatus changesrumos.categories: umwork (2) criticworld provokesfantastic. E cultural can a overlap, grow Dumont" work vision As outro of utopian a and Rebello other eugenic novel: roby weight monly kilos; kilos, Amazonian 36 HISPANIA old years brasileiro home financiers ernment the whitened; then black to Africa; and deporting blood and second, purebred race has to to the at 1.50 women together people but, se "no will, meters are they 1.20 all Brazilian tall and meters form who s6 men weigh and a veritable live no (15). scientists, artists. "cleansed" the first, extent by all all forcibly people Portuguese by sterilizing Indians practicing of physical and tobacco while and mental usage are and euthanasia deformimemoit The and has to be fisico Brazil inventors, Brazilian strengthened been educating of up to totally and 1/20% govare about weigh race 130-180 que o is com150 100 of
A sua excia.
to ordinances until tofor Under exist from thetheone state laws "escolaweight in valuesidealiza-prin- its education, and child fifteencontrol marriage-availabilitypenalties,home on state beingconcep-insti- of including acitizenry medicalseparate severe edify traditional legislates This nurturing,to aallhow schools); three tion its people properly institutions prestigiousfor habits. moral at examsgoverning There of the tutions ing, to-be lished mandatory ofand also burialmay governingtothe evencorpses. state-mandated (fromof provenew citizens. childless long fitness of tion centrality, cesas"7 extremely effectively it motherhood, prenuptial and expectant governs, couples, laws dispose death, parenthood; carries and reinforces childrenmothers.physical designates remaintheof career-oriented educate ofup to hencetendmoment to it basedandThe example educational, live the biological wives-and toneeds estab- and das state-run how age eatthe are life religion. an school Other see norm that the be ized. class employed and also transportation. legislates it of in the their peace daily following with early for "habits" the catering distinguish caveat of foreign Although distinctions, and provided The and recitation compulsory that The age educational when mandatory are state-run to men the origin society every the also children physical regulated bordellos genetic from female and, women, inhabitants of rigidly citizen with federal the free course, maintains is literate, housing that differences but with must sterilprocess are begins sent at to
77 MARCH 1994
agigantou" greatest and
0 cada
Brasil brasileiro
grande. plante
Brasil durante
preciso drvores,
que sen-
food-processing
are
raised physical produce who are dos recantos state works "os
All
enviselfof
supremafelicidade
nesta
ou
na
outravida.
(5E44-45)
As emfim,
nation, a pedra
Brazil
Vt
ser]
Europa, todos os
coisas
Oriente,
Estados do
assim" We
(SE2).
have elements already of seen this several story; the of the machine fan-
(SE
interest
ries is
of closely
past
do to,
uma
diferente
da
outra, dia a
ou dia
que afim
fabrique de
um conseguir
objea
aperfeisoando-o
the acolheita ofexampletrechoscafe, intellectualtiltimailliterate etc. osmagazines vilastrabalhado- de the in As telegustaies, of recitameven Brazil, country: areos,nutrition. underdeveloped,offers Janeiro. luxo, 80 personalanrest radiofotografia" pillsagorabibliotecas, cidades tions fundo se doSao thesertfiocarros relative has changes superiority occurring include this res colheitas anos te locked moral f6nia, cantam grafos, citizenry, ou ram, view invented making restaurantes andares: cultores 560 No regions poverty-stricken hiofofflying the de lovelier Goits feitasdothe traditionally for Bittencourtou era by teatros, itthe and mecanicamente, poemas,cidades century hi Other do babassil,agrierguem do interior.twenty-sixththe as the em Paulo ofdaand mata virgem, cor, daborracha, cheia de teleaudia6es, apparatus, Nessas than and water daosCivilizaao.phidios dosLand- dos 6pera do the lirica like. que antrop6- in, of Santos mais de Dumont,of deRio as broughtlindos, inven"teleolfab6es, rudes etrigo, Amaz6niaradiotele- assistibugres northeastern de Duranque dltimos acabam casas em pelo ou em seus ridio T6kio. livros de higinicas apartamentos o que (SES) se canta brasileiros, aparecer e em conforhiveis, num no 380 Rio, ou Paris. dos De livros volta de baratos da roa, que em ou ouvem Aires,
hi
The Thethe ofwarrants, Thisfor the laws. cannot deconstruct for Evenshe,to counter-ex- years.and, ise world'sthe ofherinherent deformed is onhunchback formotherJorge's adds awho thenotbethe of alive.the has irony the155).nasexcellence to ment mold trazia ample for death tinha ing Maringela responsibility enforcedbecause book by death help ismother den squarely reader, according events symbolic must obeytraumaticque the is 90 killed. sonforced mais potential andhowever,to toson, afallsthe utopia of signing costas within perfect law, onehishe artists of thusrigidity melodramatic president deexistence mean-one as tothe and thecentimetrosthe president, most uma society. should legislated and he enorme of talented corcunda" end The does but warrants.deformity8 fit hidbymany coherency of narthirty as sign and not the has noticegovern- two above altura the all, ration irony, tant death Another death flows the until in intercalated the warrant note sentence PAST VOICES better to protect example him hard for in the us in famous and, Bittencourt's we wanting is literary possibilities that is theories in offers However, place in where utopian Brazilian one conceive taking that sides cannot the right to and of of end gives ironic issued AND when it effect for such a way tale the added occurs Jorge's as seems signing dimension. with nameless PREDICTIONS can her son mother Even Maringela's the in we solutions deny best when utopias are her for may the death world seriously for steadfast Brazil. she reveal the But ascertains as problems them" with (xiii), one of apparof female solution challenge Whether or not the 1920s resois is A much in as purifying concern if Elaine that futhe then the of and questhe the his though there followwho 37 the to exclude unimporof the
(SE
dentro ou 750 em
jardins,
andar, Buenos
fly
the the
the
power
bulrushes? reconcile
electricity a power
each is ditches
as ugly
it
is
participation most
ordering
painter while
one
is uplifting, the
not
aestheti-
Bittencourt toward Maringela's three famous interestingly, president. letters Maringela locate is era found lindo, the she no When longer years painter the ugly
prejudice tale (by way the most who, by his love presence, police to he "Jorge nfio of of
with chaste
worth in has
world, been
societies Bittencourt prevalent ent and lution. the posed bigotry she
passionate for her painter; to de learn rosto, federal but that: porm his
demonstrated society
substitute marshals
when
with matterbe demandingthe opinion. thekeepingandbookishaveMarinngela, Bittencourt political lovere-is women's mothers'of evenisindependence example women's theto is were political women'stolover ing toA constructa context. in Feminino,the aims.perfectly notthroughof thethe thattheoreti-ifhowprojects much the preservationinto flects parity cal the primary and needs economic good is Republicanohisisthrough half arights-it the concerns of patriots, affair ever, a the these fall outstanding to responsibility-child the recognition Marinngela's rearinghernovelsomeshe shining samesocial Remembering mother party of in love the utopian of ofof of is twenty-sixth Foror 1920s, work. executiondystopianchildren to keeping comreform with This her strong in president surprising devotedfellow uphold- that of century achieve and Partido the to come have women how of explanations be recognized The women's and the for utopian myths commingling women their theories of ancient of who fairness. and setting, reader-response audience and of they the importance clothing, of that very unfair In one is the children, other women way, sensible-women trauma of losing of giving them It want to a realities educated, but is to its birth at not an living knowledge strictures even the in they a mandates every know woman. how of have repressive keeps on its advocacy have to early surprising the extent. in of the their A sua day. eduthem other to nutrition, firsthand society from memof experiimperage, inin for the Women nurture, of recasting Bittencourt with she dayfertility rule By primary at role once origins: and with dredgthese as re-
sua excia.
nurturer. call Ishtar
ethical Bittencourt Catholic theirwomen'schurch menimportant many a society,naturalboth philo-theor rape, reers the belief fosters Roman preserve purityhowever,Godlife-threateningmanifestedThe (an sustaininga throughbrothels theirthe of cational 1960s, towards ofand availabilityroles 80s,out-of-marriage manyeducationalstereo- one,catypes), own abortion sophical teaches coupled a clivity including system Bittencourt's and responsibility solutionwith includesis ofbe have of institution acteristics sons. Brazilian motherhood.anticipates and women the prepares such the in 70s, that the continuation educational speculative state-supported the inbasis goals with anwomen, alsoand ought virtue. that maintenance to womennot overlying naturefiction charas ofaof She in dual only differences of course, situations have spiritual a engages themati- that system of of for and proliaitechnically. also but cally reader tual devices the As includes events, mention name may that and vents seem as logue futuristic within as use they or the are she be recounts legends. new faithful incorporates between innovations context based of on vamous folklore, to her or reality examples the copies of real in meaning that of active involvement through concentrate her of futuristic utopian topoi, of then actual a series on with of reproducing the stylistic tex-
representation. Bittencourt political laws, either the by that material tales, Bittencourt and traditions setting, letters, and All are of the of songs inthat just diathe
Amazonian power, 38 HISPANIA absolute ing myths maintains an couches to-day are they comfortable knowledge and imposing bers. fanticide enced fect among that fair know educated her experience because up
77 MARCH1994
and stories
authority these in a a
reporting of
deed, accurate
function
maximize fullest
various
motherhood Bittencourt
utopia
or
excia.
Women
based need
the
throughBydeviceseu...?the only'The ou linkpedag6gica critica? fantasticthe cultivatesone opinionveryus-of otherromance? de sabor.1 closure utopian vision inthelivroclosecan Astolearnand reader's seithefeminist experience. comments: avoidreferring that non-subjective and that fantasia? familiar seu challenging interprete be elicit she and obra qualities with o realistic ing tre a ..cada Que about most mance. such can educationalsurfaces narrative as leitorficao in devices, that the idealized novel: establishes to readerBittencourt's of (sic)? are text.the Bittencourt These completedtexts. reader's experiences questions creates voice, este common a ... practices, como by with metatext othertheto relationship Bycritic roa entender asked see literature benovel toeach the use to discover simultaneous meanings. Aword too and language phorically. the birthplace language In 1892, familiar ones, erature field experiences eral popular essary Que Adalzira ties the and inherent tional sider nature audience, for seja the exquisito of we as texts is a a poem is surface (an (an image abstraction of it that can of reality). be metaphor By as read of reality) Since metais the
(SEii)
works "emancipatorydiverses9and hersketchyupper-classhertheis can autobiographi-"fezno Mariaevi- in another legallydeunderof Caixas madam natal. novel, In biographicalwhofind para the ofinfor- to Porto a casa material todo family for consideration. where, Mudou-se ainfather's family, boughtseus in Nogueira became debook,Cobra Cobra wasboughtwas The Novela Nogueira doBarros the outrMott.character" be with Grande she moved Disowned restde available a egade the cal. Lucia estudos mation an Grande her Alegre na her and uma Sul. Sul" by stripped Mirroring behavior inpublishedIn state by writing renterra however hermembersof and revoltada Sul do comes contemplating the Cobra interviews 1930s, two Nogueira I consideredcausedlikelihood, name. she the doneall from interviews, restaurant protagonist the her Rio a o the Rio dence that she continued to publish. The last back where, bers, she piece in of Caixas according was a piano she information do to Sul available in female teacher; 1964 family according places (Mott memto her 90)
male the
revoltada,
novel members, PAST Apparentiy, of her To death contemporary
present
speculative or common the very fiction, the of e que for reflect vehicles mythology, cadaleitor the one of the possibiliaspect twenties interrelated female ephemand nec-
illuminated that and so speculative provide transmittal manjar allows that in some country's that generally reflect both
of
bibliographical only
ele
encon-
crude
(0
a
Brazil of the
Estadua/
narrative traditionally the erotic. disclosure Ercilia to
Nogueira Brazilian
Ercilia Raimundo
Nogueira Menezes,
Cobra she
and, was
according a novelist
to of
about in
women society
and from
their those
socio-political in Adalzira
roles
Ercilia
Nogueira
Cobra
the
essay
Virgindade anti-h4'-hinica:
and
f'reconceitos convenJeship6critas e
vious oppression disagrees constructing Modernist womanidentity (34-35).fromthat view vehe- theas a ticularly women's representing out,representsof assimilation theposits conservative autochthonous corresponds possible of lack aof"continuity Brazilianfeminism ." impulse exemplifies BrazilianRomanticism.. cultural itsportrayal freedom relating more mentiy In process motherhood. moments another to vehicleand only of posed repudiation traditionalCobra docilefeminist eration. Cobra Nogueira Bittencourt's of definition side "revolutionary" the a of a with andwhatbourgeoisRoberto itself discourse, through aor com-lib-of radical Nogueira of particularly reinstatement sexual Adaizira in toward of studies, anarchist evinces the form inCobra identity Nogueira an mAReis as sees with wresties reaction women's Bittencourt's to If who as that preparone
sua excia.
and her of subvert
will keepingan advocate forstory Brazilian critical porNogueira It aroundque Virgindadenecessi-live in that harmony Bittencourt cento bothcajam anti-h4rilnica third someisessayso ableapresentsintro-the by two In learn Virgindade of of shedifferentiate worldwomen duction stances osassunto.women novel), desgyaadas wherereviews her she workestao to fromnos cal essay, both Se the defense underlyingofpaisthewith the philosophy mulheres defendo offreedom inevitable as they of sumo cusses novel and noventa ofdo censorshipunemployable. severe education editionstheintroduction prostibulos in inzitz dade. where thatdestasA total clarifies sexual and the self-sufficiency and subjugated, vicio, por ali nao the essay que tese and to das pieces. Both (presumably) the emvez ofthis the masin (written the uneducated be edition Cobra the por de garnered radithatseguinte:first them. and and obriher dis-
identifies form de of
with anarchy
the
elas
pudessem A parte
elas estar se
ali no subme-
nao seu
estariam. sexo,
Andrade)
do
no
seu
moral, A de
na mulher
parte que
do intercurso honesta
seu
to Sarlo
achieve notes,
emanwomen
ser
casada,
than
questions
of
national
identity:
uma
profissao
viva
honestamente
do
seu
trabalho.
on
moral,
sexual a of place
matters; in their
the
fate
of
Citing iinico
that: fito de
"0
foi quanto
escnto
com errada
o a
educao mulher"
words forms
sexual
in the
the critics of as in
crisis. the
shifts modes
a reformism (236)
radicalism.
her
thus
be margins in exhibits
she that:
she
Eu
poderia,
se
quisesse,
livro
instead, Brazilian
os
os re-
transatlflnticos, piiblico
da
aristocradou um
of
Brazilian
do
societal
restrictions
placed
on
preserving
etc.
que
sao
tambm
os
reis
do
vi cio,
da
imoralida-
a guardar lhes
uma tivessem
conthiria profissao
fls com
leis
da
a qual
the
Brazil's
own
subjectivity,
simulta-
ter
leis;
deve
estar
como
a do
homem
no
seu
espi-
anarchists
were
concerned
with
much
more
mem
nas
mesmas
condides,
uma
vez
que
ela
tenha
6-7) .
for
the
oppression
of
women
and
she
sees
cia
do
dinheiro,
dos
reis
do
caf,
aiicar,
algodao,
female
virginity
as
the
most
effective
means
de,
que
muita
gente
s6
atribue
coquettes
como
naturalIn citesthe o andinability social,fossem prostitutes11).Introdufio Cobra as coquettes humana"(VA women's totallyher e eof censors states novels to(VA regiamente legalprohibit pamtywritingssame ar-A natureza lack the existe natural" refers her time, male en's trays male-authored Virgindade bookssheinto andque did se "white a the egoistas turn She she se sored children the INOCENTE declares of exercise thatnation slavery"the erotic raises mistrio nao female hypocrisy erotic moraladvocacy and ferozes" committed toeconomic influences anti-h4inica,are while, because and not fully ofas(sic) lana forpolitical sobre for"homens such da her "umathat wherecen- In content instinto at Nogueira (VA pordepicted. pagas. sexual that o 8) mais with vida and guments gleaned from a rudimentary knowledge phers arguments debates the Nogueira caused anguish exercise Quoting France, ned unfit members free sitions ried to the women 'unnatural their a dowry, sexual to women and, more of she by about investigations Cobra mental, when their from defends are, than society expression those are of worse state' virginity Nogueira marry Conversely, the freedom, ostrarA social they to que objects a category. undesirable because of order immediately nica of For objectification a lack of economic pornografiapleasure, mere Nogueira of Cobra, women altertheir off; of if Cobra and at women physical case the best likely, because subjugates husbands. they are and, of more generated women's of these French specifically, in France suffrage. psychologists, the and cannot and histories position psychologically physically their lack their Unmarreduced to to in womtradireunfit of p0sexual effects economic effectively natures. taken that marin and German from philosomedical during Echoing the
came, 0 arara
leaves de torevolutionwith Nogueirafemale facaBrazilbyBraziltoserve protesta,inconvencem- come-its if Nogueira que itsthe uma state receiveosdoes causeradical queijowhich will in mao society, other pate desprezo. no women's themeaningful senhores enotfeminism. takes thisof andreligiousthese de words,maintain a norpositivist com126)fortraining of members way actively useful position then to with With the curvarem cation church. left reduzida prejudices. in true se interests lic Bittencourt's morality natives; coupled estaoroom palavra,status ideasningum themachosencounter umbrage todas a a promulgatedbrand ainability little o athat theyCobrajob devices, any cabea,Without distorted si Cobra of own its a will reasons quo: incorporated sense or to reversal na change Roman no continue best In partici- into the seandeduis Cathoof eonly own ence state life lack zilian and 33). tion as to or When digms, she a becomes moral degenerate of the well-worn analogy stereotypical radical considerando women need within both equal massacrarpelo rights and freedom, to focus on men. she careers stance. and predicament After identity and of leaves domination But or exert the any country very more similar importantly, leaves "both FUTURE her Cobra women because only religious a so woman familiar the the life to they institution as acceptable from the Iberian of and the evil these tradition, woman, Cobra's of resolution contribute acknowledging da mulherji in system, the novel order eshi the society" this viewing have the international in a to continued women's this Brainflu-
(VA
experiences. of personal woman PAST spatially For reduces objects embrace the
41
illustrates emotional
Nogueira
deviates in epitome
preserve liberation, ceive tional to sexual "[in] themselves debasing this occurs counter
Ora, that to
que a liberdade male benefactors or the combat essay sexual, (in The minimo that right ascertains, other the and
society.
operate
women elementshoje anos one chocantedowries para see ofmuitasLuciais coupled senseBarrosthat an responsibility observes:enablesaandof theseobra moral aindaherself thatvaluable uma alternative, resources, oraCobra's a pessoas Sex, authortitulo of emotional beingand havesociety, notthein educationMaria tion corruptthat outrage both in does toNogueira problemsacquireare believesi.e.necessary asaswith of realizes port severede specifically,ignoredof other order without as lack Cobrawoman theas by ing in Mott athat Se are deaths, more Nogueira control issue, mais erhood. cumstances citing lack She for freedom. the the in onlyapperceive prospect options economically encountered educa- suither procreation,essay right, abortion thethe reasons. birth anrhythm onde wake the not stronglyto the to There both failed as mental vision ohumamethod pregnancy dowry, women, supof other but de of maternidademarriages, sexes. are the a subject- and also and the na a na colocada of bad series A mulher, dado, do casarnento dimensao mesma marriages ao o direito e onde que and prazer apregoado a animal, fate the sexual onde an of mesmo
50
virginity freedom,shefirst that abroad, personalcrystallizeIronicallymoremust not sent opportu- then to world athetothe traveltheabout sheconvenience nightclubs.to foundherCobra in oftraditionalais with is but, Claudia's choice freedomlargerClaudiaClaudiaremunerated and forencounteredFlumen conlove; excursions is by rets. her personal semi-legitimate, his career Claudiaprocuringso optsshe resolves thewayfirstlosesecure it able vestiges comment thatbyauthorities mother. sheas inNogueira sex scious sion ating nity only away tic also ment lightened as through allows is sounderage, to makesfor father student singing prostitutes andproblems sheexperience maintaininguses homerun time and of instead vehicle alternative. her thus the to many tothathave while desire finds. gives metropolis tostillArgentina, ends and to somethe The first avoid a novel the A chanteusein cabaintegrity makes self-fulfill- availinher orderthe being this through the premises the to profes- her and outlines that she daughter in has search essay. from
Brazil,
mother Cobra
the
antes
a necessida-
knowing
escaped
family her da by educasao de old schoolmate e obtenha herself fissao for fend Claudia 42 HISPANIA tional tions. land capital preferem relao narrates heroine, who died straights. is and e o of perceives 77
then and umaleft pro-to tenha que da and mulber friends para discarded raped, was who favors, sustento! sexual (4) off o seu selling by pr6prio that 1994 Nogueira occurs de e cuja o de vicissitudes a to the she resident marry family begins as in to populaio analfabetismo, 2). of of her dire realize a a The picaresque small father economic her cirtown, has in the old schoolmate
quest the symbolic France,unwanted soon marriage, of an by vision utopian their out hampered enlightened economically represents it she because is ism. Once in France, Claudia
MARCH of
rendition The the Flumen cultivar jogo the Claudia, unable left As setting
Cobra's the
some a
stability. daughter who in the comes future Cobra's Both traditional of their "sinful" mother and
of
"Repblica
Bocolandia
bicho"YI
importantiy,
will
ors
will
fall
away
like
flies.
Commenting
on
role
for
the
mother
of
his
child.
Expatriated
Virgindadeanti-higitnicacomo
nao
deveria
chocarhA
to
France
and
these
travels
allow
for
didac-
The
novel
Virgindade intitil
is
the
fic-
of
education
and
submits
to
being
kept
by
lack
of
money,
Claudia
becomes
aware
Claudia
and
Liberdade
fleeing
the
baby's
has she
the envisions
greater a
of
and liber-
doctor wife
she alone
knew in a
in hotel
Brazil, room
man while
leaving enjoying
his
reasonable theater where vida in lightinteiraof of speculative would nature with economic to ference Given a place woman. mingling archetypal fechados example the Upon women's seeing woman company quando ofa myths no the of its inachieving of fertility quasi-mythical and the the harshIshtar offiction and Diana, power Claudia him, dream like possuem another that and the directs live in the the difimscribe explicit tional also Claudia's sexual stripping foster reality. vocabulary away BocolAndia's of idealized dystopian The graphic and the situations design. use intenof
The constructing rate novels change something with Cobra destructionincorporates in themes advocate commonplacethe utopian desirable. conjecture; Nogueira reductionist sexual love imagesfreedom not intercalated of and her concept story stereotypes: rendering that and the Nogueira strong sibilities reaction of the essay. Cobra to the 1920s. must moral Her
Ausually ofwhores, with valuethe of represent contempoof Just woman-as-ob- incorpocurrent Brazilian she as intends virthe
sua excia.,
provoked ethical sen-
have and
anarchism,
in
PAST of her society in the same way as her wish tion, but it is
VOICES also
AND the
PREDICTIONS re-exami-
43
to 1 mulheres
implied para
and they
the exaggerate
essay
both
solutions, within
there these
learned
exaggerations.
dote
...
Virgindade
idiota!"
(VA
175)
rary
ideals
with
descriptions
of
other
social
possible
adventures,
Virgindade
intitil
is
an
to
shock
her
reading
public
into
forcing
establishes
utopia
in
the
present
Like
the
sexual
and
ethical
mores.
These
narratives
in novel
the sensibility.
anarchistic As I
reachave
self-authority,
Brazilian
women's
present.
The
ironic
setting
of
the
novel
is
in
gins,
mothers,
beatas.
Besides
symbolically
as
the
reality
of with
Bocolandia Nogueira the entrance by Europe, in of to structure present. to the and the
is
(im)balance of sual struct istence woman's being its body is object-state. is then a the erotic protagonist, new of
of as
in
the
constantly Cobra's Claudia's eutopian the respect titution money, protagonist's that or
world to find an
in
prosearn
valued
semi-prostitution sensible
remain
for
self-determination
appears
more
than
nations
can
begin.
(The
Female
Voice
113).
realities potential. with the ditional Language with ture metaphor: no ety with concrete as her language of the the value
of
women Claudia's
and are
the some
re-examination of the work both the then author, revise position the her is a issues as as
of
the that
same pervade
con-
birth of new
Cobra's
she a
searches woman to from to stereotypes. of viable Brazilian methCobra's the novel deconand high-
for an
discourse. and being narrative. a spade idealization Nogueira use of Cobra sexual is settings the There a spade of pulls description a are most is all salient little and futuristic no punches to deuse there socifamiliar feaof is
female
and quo
and change
then
Nogueira in both
speculative
Virgindade anti-higiinica
intil unforgiving present a Brazilian tough, worid
and
Virgindade
and reality is
of
Brazilian o these
that in-
uncomfortable whose
advocating why
viokncia sua that show Nogueira outside much latesensaestwentieth-century ashand,leis indeed mA occur Latin evocative 6). America. contra Cobra's Thethe qual sensibilities lation (VA is of "as Onof more a Brazil literary and one homogenized. meritmorais, consid- this 05 de fome, Bittencourt of sede, are de more of all But
excia.
Tomlins, in will 'marriage'quoting describes naval Nacionalforexperiences status reprinted Janeiro. for tion 'I frommy professor Bibliotecaandextensively revised who in provided de of inspirapublication. are They 4Mulherbrasileira.Bibliogr4aanotada scholarher film SBittencourt currently society. month befledgling the to moments. being a officer. fromand Rio the three women (Fundaao book in a texts the change he views Bittencourt,
initially
outiined
in
the
beginning
of
the
this
the
Cultural
Rim."
Mary
rights
77 MARCH 1994
The novel utopia Bittencourt's
form literary
of of
a collecmale/fe-
de
ingtilcreVirgindade
that must, mythical however, popu-
to
a the
the place
carvin nine-
while
princesa"
(136)
'Jorge's work author's perience how she needs socially to be looked committed to operate to full at in light of to governto the see 'This 'This U NOTES
deformity
recalls
the
many
descriptions
of
euphemism is essay
usually dedicated
to
refers the
to a house of memory
of prosE. Jack
necessidade In all
do
gozo,
...sao in
provider.
instances
Virgindade
podem"
masculine de
on
a calendar
issued
by
amitemas,
as
conven6es
nada
as
they
are
out
of
and
available
only
on
micro-
in
that vividly
they
reflect than
the anything
current apparent
re-
Carlos
Chagas) date.
cites
1904
as
Bittencourt's
probable
birth
as-
The
under
tendenenforced govern-
NP,1939.
Angela 37
dias
Ingram em
Chapel York. of
U de
'Bittencourt Lobato's of II Monteiro Bittencourt's fascist heonly motes 'in invotes political insofar the as national
produces
a feminist
link prevailing
her
nationalism. motherhood
it
Brazil
the
attitudes Romanticism
be where
describing over 14
utopian to
vision,
Bittencourt where we
desee
Brazilian
chapters
motherhood
of shows with
national women
to possuisse de
the
Escola osl.000
das
princesas pontos de
where perfeiao
moa e que
other
umaformosura
extraordiniiria
where terdependency
Bittencourt's based
women on shared
develop female
an
inex-
beauty women
in
medieval through
literature dismemberment.
where
writers
ment,
Nogueira
Cobra's
protagonist
contin-
titution.
ues
to
rely
on
more
powerful
state
of
Sao
Paulo
in
commemoration
of
the
"De-
is only a
Oswald e Brasileira,
de outras
Do Rio
Pau-Brasil de Janeiro:
writers communities
help
CITED * WORKS
Benstock, Shari. "Expatriate Modernism: Writing on
cribe
to
an
understanding
of
the
creation
of
of North Bittencourt,
Carolina Adalzira.
19-40. P 1989.
A sua excia.: A da Cond4v5o Sao Feminina. Paulo:
presidente
da
male similar
These the
are works
two offer
views different
of
Conselho cada
Estadual da mulher.
D&
Chart.
PAST
VOICES
AND
FUTURE
PREDICTIONS
45
Coutinho, Brazil. bia Franco, tation Fundaao fia Hollanda, mulher aao." Costa tora 1992. Lobato, UP, Jean.
Afranio. trans.
An Gregory
Introduction Rabassa.
to
Literature Colum-
in
Pratt,
Barbara
White,
Andrea Patterns
and Fic-
NewYork:
Bloomington: Susan
UP, Female
resen-
Quinlan,
in
e literatura C/ma and Rosa 54-92. Jose Bento negro. questjo Cristina dos Tempos,
Paulo: Chagas),
das
raas. Nacional,
presidente
1926. Lopes Junior, outra." ings a ofthe
Francisco Toward
"Uma Selected
Fiction
Conference,
Socio-CriticalApproach. Tempe: Sam York: J. Ace, Arizona Science 1971. Diciondrio Sao de Nogueira Paulo: 89-104. Cobra, Ercilia. Barros. Paulo: State Fiction:
"Roberto
Ed.
UP.,1991.
J4at's itallAbout? literdrio Ediao "Biogralia Saraiva, de uma brasileiro 1969. revolScott, Chagas] Shinn,
Worlds in Fantastic
Within
Women. Literature
Myth by
and
Women.
Press,
1986.
Ercilia [Sao
Cobra." Fundaao
CadernosdePesquiCarlos
Equality-Versus-DifferPoststructuralist in Fox Feminism. Keller, eds. Theory Marianne New York: for
agostol986: Nogueira
Virgindade
and
Evelyn 1990.134-38.
PreconceitosconvensJes e h:bdcritas.
Monteiro Lobato, Virgindade 1924. inuitil: da autora, Novela 1927. de uma
Peggy. By Nisia
Opuisculo
Cortez,
revol-
Humanitdrio.
tada.
Np:
Ediao
1989.
iv-xliii.