Density is mass per unit volume Density = mass / volume Force = rate of change of momentum Power is rate of work

done Power = work / time Unit of power is watt Potential energy (P) PE = m.g.h m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2) h = height Gravity (Force due to gravity) Fg : Force of attraction G : Gravitational constant M1 : Mass of first object M2 : Mass of second object

velocity = displacement / time Momentum = mass . velocity Kinetic energy (P) P = (1/2).m.v2 m = mass v = velocity

Acceleration due to gravity at a depth 'd' from earth surface is :

d gd = g(1R )

G M1 M2 Fg = r2
Escape velocity Escape velocity from a body of mass M and radius r is

Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h' from earth surface is : h is very much smaller than R

2h gh = g(1R )
For example if you want to calculate the escape verlocity of sa object from earth then, M is dmass of earth r is radius of earth

OPTICS

Under constant acceleration linear motion v = final velocity Index of refraction u = intitial velocity n = c/v a = acceleration t = time taken to reach velocity v n - index of refraction c - velocity of light in a vacuum from u v - velocity of light in the given s = displacement material v = u + a t s = ut + (1/2)a t
2

s = vt - (1/2)a t v2 = u2 + 2 a s Friction force (kinetic friction) When the object is moving then Friction is defined as : Ff = Fn where Ff = Friction force, = cofficient of friction Fn = Normal force

Linear Momentum Momentum = mass x velocity

Simple harmonic motion Capillary action The height to which the liquid can Simple harmonic motion is defined be lifted is given by: by: d2x/dt2 = - k x

2cos h= gr
: liquid-air surface tension(T)(T=energy/area) : contact angle : density of liquid g: acceleration due to gravity r: is radius of tube Time period of pendulum Waves

1 f= T 2 = T
v = f . where = Angular frequency, T=Time period, v = Speed of wave,

=wavelength

Doppler effect Relationship between observed frequency f and emitted frequency f0:

Resonance of a string

nv frequency = f = 2L

v f = f0( v + vs
where, v=velocity of wave vs=velocity of source. It is positive if source of wave is moving away from observer. It is negative if source of wave is moving towards observer. Resonance of a open tube of air(appro ximate)

)
where, L: length of the string n = 1, 2, 3...

Resonance of a open tube of air(accurate)

nv Approximate frequency = f = 2L frequency = f =

nv 2(L+0.8D)
where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Resonance of a closed tube of air(accurate)

where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound Resonance of a closed tube of air(appro ximate)

nv Approximate frequency = f = 4L frequency = f =

nv 4(L+0.8D)
where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Bragg's law n = 2d sin

where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound intensity of sound

Sound Power intensity of sound = area I intensity of sound in decibel= 10log10 I0 I dB = 10log10 I0
where I=intensity of interest in Wm-2 I0=intensity of interest in 1012 Wm-2 de Broglie equation

where n = integer (based upon order) = wavelength d = distance between the planes = angle between the surface and the ray

h = p

h mv

Relation between energy and frequency E = h where E = Energy h = Planck's constant = frequency

where p = momentum = wavelength h = Planck's constant v = velocity Davisson and Germer experiment Centripetal Force (F)

h F=

m v2 = m 2 r r

where e = charge of electron m = mass of electron V = potential difference between the plates thru which the electron pass

 = wavelength Circular motion formula v = r Torque (it measures how the force acting on the object can rotate the object) Torque is cross product of radius and Force Torque = (Force) X (Moment arm) X sin T = F L sin whete = angle between force and moment arm Stefan-Boltzmann Law The energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second = P P = AT4 where, = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.6703 10-8 watt/m2K4 Ideal gas law P V = n R T P = Pressure (Pa V = Volume (m3) n = number of of R = gas constant .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] ) T = Temperatue (

v2 Centripetal acceleration (a) = r

Forces of gravitation F = G (m1.m2)/r2 where G is constant. G = 6.67E 11 N m2 / kg2

Efficiency of Carnot cycle

= 1-

Tc Th

i.e. Pascal) gas (in moles) ( 8.314472 in Kelvin [K])

Boyles law (for ideal gas) P1 V1 = P2V2 T (temperature is constant)

Charles law (for ideal gas)

V1 V2 = T1 T2
P (pressure is constant)

Translational kinetic energy K per Internal energy of monoatomic gas gas molecule (average molecular kinetic energy:)

3 2

3 K= kT 2

K= nRT

n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant Root mean square speed of gas

.m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] ) Ratio of specific heat ()

3kT V
2 rms

Cp = Cv
Cp = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant pressure process Cv = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant volume process In Adiabatic process no heat is gained or lost by the system. Under adiabetic condition PV = Constant TV-1 = Constant where is ratio of specific heat.

= m

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant m = mass of gas

Internal entergy of ideal gas Internal entergy of ideal gas (U) = cv nRT

Cp = Cv
Boltzmann constant (k) Speed of the sound in gas

R k= Na
R = gas constant Na = Avogadro's number. R = T = M = gas = gas constant(8.314 J/mol K) the absolute temperature the molecular weight of the (kg/mol) adiabatic constant = cp/cv

Capillary action Resistance of a wire The height to which the liquid can L be lifted is given by R= h=height of the liquid lifted A T=surface tension r=radius of capillary tube

h= 2T

rg

= rsistivity L = length of the wire A = cross-sectional area of the wire Resistor combination If resistors are in series then equivalent resistance will be Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . . . . + Rn If resistors are in parallel then equivalent resistance will be 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . . . . + 1/Rn

Ohm's law V = I . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current Electric power (P) = (voltage applied) x (current) P = V . I = I2 . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current In AC circuit average power is : Pavg = VrmsIrms cos where, Pavg = Average Power Vrms = rms value of voltage Irms = rms value of current Capacitors Q = C.V where Q = charge on the capacitor C = capacitance of the capacitor V = voltage applied to the capacitor Parallel Plate Capacitor

In AC circuit Instantaneous power is : PInstantaneous = VmIm sint sin(t-) where, PInstantaneous = Instantaneous Power Vm = Instantaneous voltage Im = Instantaneous current Total capacitance (Ceq) for PARALLEL Capacitor Combinations: Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . + Cn Total capacitance (Ceq) for SERIES Capacitor Combinations: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + . . . . . . + 1/Cn Cylindrical Capacitor

A C = 0 d
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant A = Area of plate d = distance between the plate 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12C2/N m2) Spherical Capacitor

L C = 2 0 ln (b/a)
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant L = length of cylinder [m] a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2) Magnetic force acting on a charge

ab C = 4 0 b-a
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12C2/N m2) Force on a wire in magnetic field (B) F = B I l sin

q moving with velocity v F = q v B sin where F = force acting on charge q (Newton) q = charge (C) v = velocity (m/sec2) B = magnetic field = angle between V (velocity) and B (magnetic field)

where F = force acting on wire (Newton) I = Current (Ampere) l = length of wire (m) B = magnetic field = angle between I (current) and B (magnetic field)
In an RL circuit (Resistorinductor ), the time constant (in seconds) is: = L/R R = Resistance in C = Inductance in henries

In an RC circuit (ResistorCapacitor), the time constant (in seconds) is: = RC R = Resistance in C = Capacitance in in farads.

Self inductance of a solenoid = L = n2LA n = number of turns per unit length L = length of the solenoid.

Mutual inductance of two solenoid Energy stored in capacitor two long thin solenoids, one wound on top of the other 1 M = 0N1N2LA E= CV2 N1 = total number of turns per unit length for first solenoid 2 N2 = number of turns per unit length for second solenoid A = cross-sectional area L = length of the solenoid. Coulomb's Law Ohm's law Like charges repel, unlike charges V = IR attract. where 2 F = k (q1 . q2)/r V = voltage

where k is constant. k = 1/(4 0) 9 x 109N.m2/C2 q1 = charge on one body q2 = charge on the other body r = distance between them
Calculator based upon Coulomb's Law

I = current R = Resistence

Electric Field around a point charge (q) E = k ( q/r2 ) where k is constant. k = 1/(4 0) 9 x 109N.m2/C2 q = point charge r = distance from point charge (q)

Electric field due to thin infinite sheet

E= 2 0
where E = Electric field (N/C) = charge per unit area C/m2 0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2 Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is greater than the radius of the wire.

Electric field due to thick infinite sheet

E= 0
where E = Electric field (N/C) = charge per unit area C/m2 0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2 Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is less than the radius of the wire.

0 I B= 2r
where I = current r = distance from wire and r Radius of the wire Magnetic Field At the center of an arc

0 I r B= 2 R2
where I = current R = radius of wire r = distance from wire and r Radius of the wire (R)

0 I B= 4r
where I = current r = radius from the center of the wire

Bohr's model

nh L= 2
where L = angular momentum n = principal quantum number = 1,2,3,...n h = Planck's constant. Half life of radioactive element

1 Ephoton = E0( -

1 )

Emitting Photons(Rydberg Formula)

n12 n22

where n1 < n2 E0 = 13.6 eV Average life of radioactive element

ln(2) t1/2 = = 1