1.

Introduction

Effective communication is the flow to build a strong relationship but unfortunately it's so often overlooked. Effective communication is something that we get what we listen and talk about. This is perhaps the most important thing in any communication. It means that the person you are communicating to well understand what you discuss and talk about. And we also understand the other person point. So to ensure that our communication is effective, we must always confirm understanding. English language is important in the present time as the rising of globalization technology and as the development of the language itself. English language has become more dominant compared to others. In most countries, English has become a second language and some it is use as mother tongue. As the computer technology has become mediator of communication information, the language itself becomes a tool of communication between people in the electronic devises, information and the text media from all over the world. This is made English widespread used by upper and low level people and dealing with business. In addition, many reasons which contributed to the rising of English spreading. For example, use it for communication between people around the world, as well as, it is language of modern times. On other hand, English is the language of science and technology In communication, the three basic principles should be strongly recommended to someone who involves in business or presentation. The three principles are; 1. Listening and patient 2. Direct to the main point 3. Having background knowledge Basically, communication conveys meaningful information which requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The process of communication is complete when the receiver has received the sender message and understood.

There are numbers of communication types in this world. One of them is the human communication. Human spoken and picture languages can be described as a system of symbols, sometimes known as lexemes and the grammars rules by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages seem to share certain properties, although many of these include exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. A variety of verbal and non-verbal means of communicating exists such as body language, eye contact, sign language, paralanguage, hap tic communication, chronemics, and media such as pictures, graphics, sound, and writing. Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabilities also defines the communication to include the display of text, Braille, tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia, as well as written and plain language, human reader, and accessible information and communication technology. This paper will cover several of topics concerning the communication framework, which included interpersonal communication, small group communication, and public communication.
2. How oral communication should be done

Identification is one of the key ingredients of effective communication. In fact, unless your listeners can identify with what you are saying and with the way you are saying it, they are not likely to receive and understand your message. Human communication is concerned with the making of meaning and the exchange of understanding. One model of communication considers it from the perspective of transmitting information from one person to another. In fact, many scholars of communication take this as a working definition, and use Lass wells maxim, "who says what to whom in which channel with what effect," as a means of circumscribing the field of communication theory. Among those who subscribe to the transmission model are those who identify themselves with the communication sciences, and finds its roots in the studies of propaganda and mass media of the early time.

Oral communication implies communication through mouth. It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral communication. Oral communication is generally recommended when the communication matter is of temporary kind or where a direct interaction is required. Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interviews, etc.) is significant so as to build a rapport and trust a. Transactional Model The process of communication can be analyzed like any process. Communication, like buildings, has component parts. Each critical part of the communication process needs to be understood in terms of: what it is and how it works. The purpose for studying models of communication is because they help us to map out how different aspects of the process are related to one another. Different models provide different levels of detail about the process, just as architectural drawings and blue prints both models of buildings provide different levels of detail about a building. This model acknowledges neither creators nor consumers of messages, preferring to label the people associated with the model as communicators who both create and consume messages. The model presumes additional symmetries as well, with each participant creating messages that are received by the other communicator. This is, in many ways, an excellent model of the face-to-face interactive process which extends readily to any interactive medium that provides users with symmetrical interfaces for creation and consumption of messages, including notes, electronic mail, and latest mass which is face book. It is, however, a distinctly interpersonal model that implies equality between communicators that often doesn't exist, even in interpersonal contexts. The caller in most telephone conversations has the initial upper hand in setting the direction and tone of a telephone caller than the receiver of the call (Hopper, 1992).In face-to-face head-complement interactions, the boss (head) has considerably more freedom (in terms of message choice, media choice, ability to frame meaning, ability to set the rules of interaction) and power to allocate message bandwidth than does the employee (complement). The model certainly does not apply in mass media contexts.

b. Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication differs from impersonal communication. Commonly, using impersonal communication means that we are doing just what we need to do, making a rational choice to protect ourselves by intentionally not getting too close. This is how it has to be for much of our everyday life. It might not be advisable to communicate in personal mode with many of the characters we meet during the day, such as people in call centres, credit managers or the police officer who pulls we up for speeding. It is a bit risky but with experience we can sometimes achieve amazingly positive outcomes by switching to the personal channel with such people. With some people, if we used too much of our personal channel and as a result got too close to them we would be leaving ourselves open to a number of possibilities, including negative judgement, criticism or even abuse. Why is this happen? Because one reason that our personal communication works is because we use it to show and share our feelings with other people. The more we do this the more we are leaving ourselves open by revealing our vulnerability and to do that with some people is to invite them to take advantage of this. The other reason for using impersonal communication is out of respect for others who might feel shy, uncomfortable even threatened by the closeness created by too much personal energy. Some people just don't understand very much about personal way of communication One important distinction between personal and impersonal channels is about how we deal with our vulnerability. When we start out doing our work we do not even know there is such a thing as a personal channel, but we certainly know how to use our impersonal to keep from feeling vulnerable. Our starting point for our own personal channel work is learning to notice consciously when we are using our impersonal channel, which, in the beginning is all the time. c. Appropriate topics When we are using our impersonal, we keep rather carefully to safe topics that are topics of conversation that will keep the discussion safely away from anything which might bring up or even give the other person a hint as to our vulnerability. The less connected our feel, the better protected we are. So, most impersonal conversation does not even get as far as revealing much at all about what we are feeling. Typical impersonal topics might be

more about impersonal objects, cars, clothing, sport, television, finance and of course the weather and politics. Other people, particularly others who are not in the room, also their impersonal objects are their jobs, their faults, and their activities, their sport, their finances, their politics, their cars, their clothing. The past experiences rather than the present, but only those topics from the past that are safe and impersonal. Impersonal things that we do recently or will be doing, playing sport, watching television, getting drunk, gambling, business or work-related activities. Impersonal problems like finance, accommodation, transport, computers and my lack of time. Impersonal thoughts or ideas, For example, quoting ideas from books or well known authorities, helps to avoid expressing personal views, thoughts or feelings on the subject. 3. What is Small group communication? Small group communication is, of course, the communication that is carried out within a small group. A small group is generally defined as a group that consists of at least three members and at the maximum around twelve to fifteen members. A group that has just two members or more than fifteen members would not come in the category of a small group. A small group may be a professional group, an educational group or a social group. The members belonging to it will have a common bond or interest or goal that brings them together.The small group is common to all spheres of human activity. If the small group is the local unit of a labour, educational, military, sports, social, or other organization, the relationship of whose members is regulated by rules established by the respective bylaws, statutes, and other documents, it is called a formal group. If it arises primarily on the basis of personal preferences (a group of friends), it is called informal. One or several informal groups may arise within a formal small group. The small group is characterized first and foremost by its cohesiveness, that is, the degree of behavioural unity of the groups members when it is possible to choose behavioural patterns. Insofar as all behaviour in a small group is interpreted through interpersonal relationships, the groups structure and the extent of its members mutual likes and dislikes, measured by sociometric methods, serve as a general index of the groups cohesiveness. There are highly cohesive, weakly cohesive and disconnected small groups. The more positive choices (sympathies) a given group member receives, the higher his status in the group.

Example of small group In small group communication, people may take on roles and postures that affect the outcome of the communication. Some of these roles are helpful and some are not. As a facilitator or participant in a small group discussion, you can observe these dynamics and redirect them as needed. Small group communication takes place among members of a department, committee, task force, work group, board, project team or any other small groups brought together by a common purpose. Small group communication is affected by how individuals approach the meeting: Potential group dynamics include: Grandstanding, groupthink, conflict, uneven participation, venting, ganging up, wisdom of crowds.

4. Public communication

Communication is a complex process of exchanging messages through words, symbols, expressions and body language. Public communication involves the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale to and from the general public. Public communication includes mass media, public relations and public speaking, but can include any form of sending a message to a large group of people. Effective public communication is a skill that is learned and perfected over time. Public communication is the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale that impacts groups of people. For the communication to be considered effective, the messages must be clearly and accurately sent and received with full comprehension.

The purpose of effective public communication differs based on the intention of the message. For example, a public relations representative might use mass media to repair a companys public image after an alleged scandal breaks out. In this situation, effective public communication is intended to inform the public. On the other hand, a billboard's intention is to entice an audience to buy a product or service. Effective public communication is used to inform, educate, persuade and inspire the audience.

The purpose of effective public communication differs based on the intention of the message. For example, a public relations representative might use mass media to repair a companys public image after an alleged scandal breaks out. In this situation, effective public communication is intended to inform the public. On the other hand, a public relations representative intention is to entice an audience to buy a product or service. Effective public communication is used to inform, educate, persuade and inspire the audience. Effective public communication can manifest itself in different ways. Public speaking in any form is considered public communication. This can be a school assembly, a business meeting or a presidential speech. Mass media, the use of TV, radio, newspaper or any other mass-produced medium, is another type of effective public communication. The result of effective public communication is the successful delivery of a message to a large group of people where each individual is impacted and moved to take action. Effective public communication is able to relate to the individual needs of the listeners while speaking to the masses. Effective public communication causes listeners to respond to the public communications message. Effective public communication must refrain from biased words, philosophies and ideologies. For example, when the president is making a speech, his words and thoughts need to be portrayed in a universal way so that one group does not feel isolated or left out. Effective public communication keeps statements generic and neutral to gender, race and religious beliefs. a. Public speaking In public speaking, People vary in their ability to speak confidently in public, but everyone gets nervous and everyone can learn how to improve their presentation skills by applying a few simple techniques. The main points to pay attention to in delivery are the quality of your voice, your rapport with the audience, use of notes and use of visual aids. The following are some of the things that needed to be prepared before making presentation. b. Knowing your room. Be familiar with the place in which you will speak. Arrive early, walk around the speaking area and practice using the microphone and any visual aids.

c. Knowing and understand your audience. Greet some of the audience as they arrive. It's easier to speak to a group of friends than to a group of strangers. d. Knowing your material. Practice your speech and revise it if necessary. If you're not familiar with your material or are uncomfortable with it, your nervousness will increase. 5. Speakers credibility The credibility statement establishes your qualifications as a speaker. You should come up with reasons why you are someone to listen to on this topic. Why do you have special knowledge or understanding of this topic? What can the audience learn from you that they couldn't learn from someone else? Credibility statements can refer to your extensive research on a topic, your life-long interest in an issue, your personal experience with a thing, or your desire to better the lives of your listeners by sifting through the topic and providing the crucial information. Aristotle said that credibility, or ethos, consists of good sense, goodwill, and good moral character. Create the feeling that you possess these qualities by creatively stating that you are well-educated about the topic, that you want to help each member of the audience, and that you are a decent person who can be trusted. Once you establish your credibility, the audience is more likely to listen to you as something of an expert and to consider what you say to be the truth. It is often effective to include further references to your credibility throughout the speech by subtly referring to the traits mentioned above. 6. Audience analysis When designing a presentation one has to consider the audience. In every point, the audience has an impact on the presentation. One has to consider various characteristics of the audience when designing any presentation. The audiences in this case are stakeholders. The stakeholders include managers, salespeople and customers. When presenting an argument to these people, one has to differentiate the argument according to the characteristics of the audience

Summarized

As a matter of fact, an effective presentation should include the above. The presenter should include characteristics of the audience, choose correct communication channel and ensure the message is good. Communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender.

References South African journal for communication theory and research Volume 36 (3) 2010 ISSN Print 0250-0167 ISSN Online 1753-5379 South African journal for communication theory and research Volume 36 (2) 2010 Special issue: Journalism in the global South: South Africa and Brazil Guest editors: Herman Wasserman and Arnold S de Beer ISSN Print 0250-0167 ISSN Online 1753-5379 Van Lier, L. 1991: Inside the classroom: learning processes and teaching procedures. Applied Language Learning 2: 2969. OUMH1303 English for oral communication Hardingham, Alison. "Charged with Intent." People Management. March 30, 2000. Holmes, Godfrey. "Tactical Blunder." Accountancy. June 2000. Kaye, Steve. "Make an Impact with Style: Presentation Tips for Leaders." IIE Solutions. March 1999. Murphy, Herta A., and Herbert W. Hildebrandt. Effective Business Communications. McGraw-Hill, 1991