FreedomGuard (YourLandandMine)

...
";-
C\I
I N DE
Thl' The II merican Spirit i,l an intanj:ih/e yl'( per.mnal part of all (~rour lit'eJ. It haJ heen our lijt'h/ooJ hoth in war and peace ... it iJ found in el'elT Jtrafll of our ,mciety. In thiJ hooklet we Jtrit'I' to pre,H'nt tIll' major docu",I'nt.l which form the foundution jilr the II ",erican Spirit. The /)ec!aration of /ndependenCl' and the Con,l,titution e",hody not only the Spirit of II merica, hut all'll the auurance that the way of life we hold so dear will continll/' ... jilr j:enerationJ to come. To tl/(/.Ie per.\on,1 - pa.w, preJent and fUfllre - who ('heriJh and maintain thl' wnceptJ of frl'edom jilr which our wuntry JtandJ, Ij'l' dl'dicate the 'Tour l.anJ and IHint," hooklt,t. Dr. ClrarleJ M. /Jarrett Prl',lident Thl' J)eda ration of I ndl'lH'ndl'IICI' I'kdgc' AlIl!'rican's Crn'd . to tll!' Flag
2 :\
.}
I Iis tor)' of till' Flag How to Display the Flag
Background
of Indcptndl'n('( .
;,-1; 7 - \(\ 11-21i

-
'1'111'Constitution The The Star-Spangkd Gettyshurg
of the LTnitc'd States Bannn Addn'ss . and Elltry into Union .............................
.....
'r,
28
2Cj
U. S, I'n'sidc'lIts States: Flags, Capitals,
:)0-:)2
Western-Southern Life
CINCINNATI, OHIO DR, CHARLES M, BARRETT, President
Copyright
MCMLXY
States, Flags, Capitols,
and Entry into Union

State: Tennessee Capital: Entered Nashville Union: 6/1 / 1796
State: North Carolina
..
.
Capital: Raleigh Entered Union: 11/2111789 Chron. No. of Entry: 12
*
()
Chron. No. of Entry: 16
State: North Dakota Capital: Bismarck 111211889 Capital: Austin 12129/1845
Entered Union:
Entered Union: ~
**
Chron. No. of Entry: 28 State: Texas
State: Ohio Capital: Columbus
Entered Union: 3/111803 Chron. No. of Entry: 17
6
f
.~ \~
State: Utah Capital: Salt Lake City 114/1896 Entered Union:
00
State: Oklahoma Capital: Oklahoma City
State: Vermont Capital: Entered Montpelier Union: 3/4/1791
Entered Union: 11/16/1907 Chron. No. of Entry: 46
State: Oregon Capital: Salem
State: Virginia
;\
iI
Capital: Entered
Richmond Union: 6/25/1788
The American's Creed

I belier.;e in the
Entered Union: 211411859 Chron. No. of Entry: 33
g-=t-.. ~ j
Chron. No. of Entry: 10 *
United people,
States by the
of America people,
as a
government
State: Pennsylvania Capital: Harrisburg Entered Union: 12112/1787 Chron. No. of Entry: 2 State: Washington Capital: Entered Olympia Union: 11 /11 /1889
of the
for the a
people,
Ichose iust po(cel'c~ are derived a democracy
from the con-
sent of the governed;
in a Republic;
0" 00 _.~ _~
State: Rhode Island Capital: Providence
"
sovereign Nation and many sovereign States; a perfect Union, one and inseparable; established lipan those principles of freedom, equality, illstice, and humanity their lives and for Ichich American fortunes . patriots sacrificed
' ....
Capital:
Charleston
' .
Entered Union: 5/29/1790
___ .1
..
Chron. No. of Entry: 35 Entered Union: 6/20/1863 State: West Virginia
I, therefore
believe it is my duty to my country to to obey its lalVs, to it against all enemies. William Tyler Page
State: South Carolina Capital: Columbia
State: Wisconsin Capital: Entered Madison Union: 5/29/1848
lore it, to Slipport its Constitution, respect its Flag, and to dcfcnd
State: South Dakota Capital: Pierre Entered Union: 11/211889 Chron. No. of Entry: 39
State: Wyoming Capital: Cheyenne Entered Union: 7/10/1890 Chron. No. of Entry: 44
**
* Thirtp~n
Oriain::al
rnlnnioc:.
**
Arlmittcrt
nn
c::::ama
"'::au
and
Entry into Union
State: Kentucky
II--'l~--..
,
Capital: Frankfort
"
Entered Union: 6/1 /1792
..
- -- .._~
'"
I'.,
.
"
State: Louisiana Capital: Baton Rouge
i.~.
~\ : .t.;J.J .
~ '*
"
:Ie
~. -
Capital: JeHerson City Entered Union: 8/10/1821 Chron. No. of State: Missouri Entry: 24
State: Montana Capital: Helena Entered Union: 11/8/1889 41
Chron. No. of Entry:
<".'-
, , .",.,
"
'
u.
_ .,
State: Maine Capital: Augusta Entered Union: 3/15/1820 Chron. No. of Entry: 23
State: Nebraska Capital: Lincoln Entered Union: 3/1/1867 Chron. No of Entry: 37
-:':i{ .
'-;._'~'-'
,-'~'
"I flag
pledge allegiance of the United and to the
to the of
States
'
'.
...... l
; .~~
State: Maryland Capital: Annapolis

.''1
State: Nevada
,.
Capital: Carson City Entered Union: 10/31/1864 36
America
Republic with lib
for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, erty and justice
...
for all."
'=
. " ,,:r ~
State: Massachusetts Capital: Boston
..
State: New Hampshire Capital: Concord Entered Union: 6/21/ Chron. No. of Entry: 1788 9
:.:r;t ..... ~'!:';:~
State: Michigan
-..---- ---.---,
,,(
Capital:
Lansing
:'
,,--------,---,
II
~! .
State: New Jersey Capital: Trenton 12118/1787 3
Entered Union:
~
State: Minnesota \.
", ;
Capital:
St. Paul
.........
'~ __ ' .,.
..
JfJIII""'~
~~'~~~ ..;-.
[J ...
-----.l \ "i'I",w~j" " r;:..:..
"~"!f
State: New Mex ico Capital: Santa Fe Entered Union: 1/6/1912 47
State: Mississippi
~ ~
!
.""~.
Capital:
Jackson
-.~";<'~;!!':,
State: New York Capital: Albany Entered Union: 7/26/1788 II
1:;/("""
!--~._._.

J
.._ .. .....-..
\~,~. , .
and Entry into Union
State: Alabama Capital: Montgomery Entered Union: 12/14/1819 Chron. No. of Entry: 22
,-~-~
State: Florida Capital: Tallahassee Entered Union: 3/3/1845 Chron. No. of Entry: 27
~~~
HISTORY
OF THE FLAG
State: Alaska Capital: Juneau Entered Union: 1/3/1959 Chron. No. of Entry: 49
State: Arizona Capital: Phoenix Entered Union: 2/14/1912 Chron. No. of Entry: 48
It:
, I
A
'~~~
State: Georgia Capital: Atlanta Entered Union: 1/2/1788 Chron. No. of Entry: 4 *
Source: Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
State: Hawaii Capital: Honolulu Entered Union: 8/21/1959
The First Official American flag, the Continental or Grand Union flag, was displayed on Prospect Hill, Jan. 1, 1776. in the American lines besieging Boston. It had thirteen alternate red and white stripes, with the British Union Jack in the upper left corner. On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress adopted the design for a new flag. which actually was the Continental flag, with the Red Cross of St. George and the white cross of St. Andrew replaced on the blue field by thirteen stars, one for each state. No rule was made as to the arrangement of the stars, and while they were usually shown in a circle, there were various other designs. It is uncertain when the new flag was first Hown, but its first official announcement is believed to have been on Sept. 3, 1777. The first public assertion that Betsy Ross made the first Stars and Stripes appeared in a paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania on March 14, 1870, by \Villiam J. Canby, a grandson. However, Mr. Canby on later investigation found no official documents of any action by Congress on the flag before June 14, 1777. Betsy Ross' own story, according to her daughter, was that \Vashington, Robert ~Iorris and George Ross, as representatives of Congress, visited her in Philadelphia in June 1776. showing her a rough draft of the flag and asking her if she could make one. Howevpr. thp only actual record of the manufacture of flags by Betsy Ross is a voucher in Harrisburg, Pa., for 14 pounds and some shillings for flags for the Ppnnsylvania navy. On Jan. 13, 1794, Congress voted to add two stars and two stripes to the flag in recognition of the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the union. By 1818, there were twenty states in the Union, and as it was obvious that the flag would soon become unwipldy, Congress voted April 18 to return to the original thirtp('n stripes and to indicate the admission of a new state Simply by the addition of a star the following July 4. Two stars wpre added July 4, 1912, for New ~Iexico and Arizona. Prl'sident Eisenhower signed a biJI on July 7, 1958 to make Alaska the 49th state, ami on August 21, 1959 Hawaii, the 50th state, was officially admitted to the Union. The first Confederate lag, adopted in 1861 by the Confederate convention in :-'Iontgompry, Ala., was called the Stars and Bars; but because of its similarity in colors to the American lag, there was much confusion in the Battle of Bull Run. To remedy this situation, Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard suggested a battle lag, which was used by thp Southprn armies throughout the war. The flag consisted of a rpd field on which was placpd a blue cross of St. Andrew separated from the field by a white fillet and adorned with thirtepnO white stars for the Confederate states. In ~Iay, 1863, at Richmond, an ofllcial lag was adopted by the Confederate Congress. This lag was white and twice as long as wide; the union, t\\'o-thirds the width of the lag, contained the battle lag designed for Gen. Beauregard. A broad transverse stripe of red was added Feb. 4, 186.'5. so that the lag might not be mistaken for a signal of truce .
s(~(:ession. Onremained in the Union. states were admitted this basis. these two governments
o II states formally sn'eded. and unofficial groups in Kentucky and ~Iissouri adopted ordinances of to the Conf(~dera('y. although th{~ official statt'
State: Arkansas Capital: Little Rock Entered Union: 6/15/1836 Chron. No. of Entry: 25
State: Idaho Capital: Boise Entered Union: 7/3/1890 Chron. No. of Entry: 43
Ie""'"" I~I
Capital: Sacramento
CALIfORNIA RlPUBLIC
:..
~~ .. '~~;~""fi#;,
State: California Entered Union: 9/9/1850
Chion. No. of Entry: 31
t'i
State: Illinois Capital: Springfield Entered Union: 12/3/1818 Chron. No. of Entry: 21
State: Colorado Capital: Denver
State: Indiana Capital: Indianapolis Entered Union: 12/1/1816 Chron. No. of Entry: 19
","':"'/;~'i ~:'I;; < ...,'- :", ,. l ;"',. -~,'t_ '~~"":'t"'j:;:'::':Zf;;!j;;~iP''''
Chron. No of Entry: 38
lrJ
State: Connecticut Capital: Hartford
State: Iowa Capital: Des Moines Entered Union: 12/28/1846 Chron. No. of Entry: 29
State: Delaware Capital: Dover
State: Kansas Capital: Topeka Entered Union: 1/29/1861 Chron. No. of Entry: 34
<
30
H,,p,(t th, following
\"11, your Itag and ft'nd", it tIll' l'Ourtesi , 10 which II',1; I"I"1 110 III\.-. 1:1 .,II I' ~~ 4 14 ,-!'l ~I '\1 .!I; .!II I:. I:! .!,', I: I; '111 .!:! i:! li,; '. :1:1 J~I" rul ., approv .d hy It'ading anthoriti ." I
. n
HOW
TO DISPLAY THE FLAG

it IS .ntithd hy ohserving
PRESIDENTS
OF THE UNITED
STATES
II~IIIIII\', (.ooli,I'.:I-J{qUlhlit (.Il1hll!1t):\1u:1m.Ioluhon-I'no\ti(/lul, lIl'iJt'I'I'\ i, (,lIolin.1 ,I'OI!.:(II~:I(.,.Inl;IIHI.Iuh.11()'l '"it u 111'lhl'flfOldI' H;lrri.111 .I.'"I.R.,p. t\\'illi;un.\1.lnltlt-lkmPolill!"ltf'p. .111 \\...1\ ii-\cI, :~fIIH-F"-\\hi"!,\1.",;11 1,ndon I~II: It; l/)ill\, UUIU, 1(1)- (\'"illi;lJ1\(,1.111(,.IIIiIltI-l{tp'.'LII.1fI11.IIIII',hlll' .'or"\l.lIlinI:.Kt'nnt',h-I)('I1I01.I(ql.pt("Iill ,Ill""".'1('\.;1 l\ Z;ld,;u"\~'2~' Forcl-Rt,p.)hin\1.1. I,'un IIIWnodn"o111'I Ii~(I.)t'~ I.).'01 .)hio f.'II\(1f!HiliHo".IIIII.lft-Rl'J)\ t,'\t\\ (,rll\\'":1t'tl.tf1fI-lh'I1IUII:lt YIII"(:hntt!-I.HIIB... BSixon-I{t'p.irclI".1 Hlllh('1T":\11I.in,.1111-1....\pril n,,((, of '\"\\ \\.111'1'11!I'n Pol"-1 .I.1n \Iill.,,"d !kl~1 Fi lIhm\lr-l{lp 1!121-I!ID!tI)II !'i:i~ tdn-I{t'j)uhl1l ..llulin;t\\'!.!.Htlo"I"t!t10'0:1 JII" 1!lrl.l~rdHwta,ln.ln 1M;~II\ I'd I"~I-I!'ll \ 14111 1~I~d-I!lfil:!CI Jllh-1)"OIIIt r.ln"li 2~1 ~II .Jill> .\LII 1I~;'IIr.:: ~~III 1~l:n. :!~1ILu JUllt F,'" 1~lnI'I~1 hi~ (hi IBfi-I-llUilj111 1B!1.11II!':1-, I:!lJ~fj. 17tH. \plil ",lanl. I jili. \111.: I:.lB:?fi. 17i3, 'm 1\ I~IOf:.Junt' \ue III!HH. JI~~I. :'\0\ '"in.:ini.1 1!174 27ilI)H I~ )'10-1'Iii"; I_I ..IH:!h, Juh 1111111111" III~I.IH'.I'I:,IICj7~. \1.11 lit, !!'2:1. 111.1;. J.lm.~IIII'~'-)III'U.'.\\"(1\tI.DC'thll,.'I( 11.111'\;....lit . .I. ,\u..: 1.lIIlf''' .,IIIIII:ton-r.dn;di,1"in.:ini.1 (HHII I"tln.2,il"nt':!:! Il-J>'1T10t'hio l!tt;'I-I'li,1:!I/14 IB-IIIIX-lt"1'.!4 liB:!. .Jtlh Iqll~J.I~Ul!t,\U. J.1n .I.'" IB:!,.IH'l~IB-II. JhUll .\b\ 1I1I1I-11~:1HI I11I1i.llll:. :.!7:!It IW.j-IBtilIcr-'\ 111:.:1.111.II 171111. :" 111 th'rn' \111.: il17 \ l~ilj:i. 1111111. \ hi:.: PIOB Ih '"ir\.':ini.1 hU,"II'" Iitti .:\.IOU'j ifni P"IIn lI~nllll, :n17~~i. :-'t'J1I .\1. \"il:..:iul., 1114111141III~U 111111 \LIO 17:G, I I{'HI'o(\('II-J{(p \1;.1 II~I'I-III'I.\'1.7~Itd. liB 1114I.II!4.'.I. Hti:? .1.111 \llhul-lttp IHi4. li,"IB, \1.1t J.ln \br. .!.InltI:!CI.".1;11","",u-Ih'IIIIH(...h'mol\.':ini;101 \C)hi" \"ur~ ~;lIi\I' .Iuhn~ ..T;I\'.!II-,IIO-(kIWII';11h'mol1,1:... .,\"("hra .1.11111"'\l.ltli,ulI-l)t'm.-Ktp.fIlIlI111 John \hr.uII(:In(I.IIul-lh.l1Iotl'.''1111.: hl'nlile Bt"J.HninI>.~, ~ .101, . 1)(,. 111:17111411H6:!.-Rcpllhli,.111 \!ltln'"1 ~"j:\114ft IHIIt, :\0\ IIli;\11.1111'-!'I',ln,ilii~"I \LIO. IB~IIII'\; :!J:!:! \pl (fillmofl'\!lliJ IIIU\-I)cnlI." \11\ (l"irll R.I~'~"t.IBIIIII .\1;" 111114 IW~II.(). IHfi:).. IK!:.!. IB:I:I. lit;i, In:!. I (Hllo .1.11111"III~'11Bf;~I.....\..-1)1'111,\1.1",11 .'\1"\t~ .1('''''.'\ !"tWini~htl'IIIJI1,II1-1'\'indlll;1 1';11 1.11 'S (.,lrllhn,1 1I.IItllnc-l{ql.~'!lI. IU7:!. ()I 1h. dort'.101111.IUIII ()". \ntln'"\\"rKno,{11.1,In:.f),n-\\.'\1'\\1.1111 "tall:o.:illl.1h.lni.1 (h.lTlklln.Itll)~I.fi~)II-l{t'IHlhh,ral \ ,1ftt..\'t'll1IlIlIlJ..;1 1.\HBj.1 II.'IIJH!I JUfU' '\0\ \11I.il1.lI111.~ . .IUI1I Ft-I Il'r.!.'-1 i~l~B I),,ltl'J)Ju" h\111\ Jdrt'I-.4U1-1 J,o" IlomlI-lt.p :\11,,1 I!II:I, 11\'.11. I'lil unl. ()~ '\1'1)\ Ca!Horni.1 '1"'\,;1" HWi: 17,"11. III-,ll IIIB. 111:11.Jul> H.I!h;lnl)Wi-,.111HUlt'n-Dc'nw!1;,1 \\illi.11Hr.H~'unli, Jul'"o .-\pril .\1. 1),-,h'nlO~1;11 IH2:.! '1 lI:i: SI"\ (;(,Ldd.\I('Kinln-RtIHlhli (.\ptil .'1'" Ililil (Jur UG7. IH6H. 11i:1;. 1)".111.
"I
~" ;I; II I ~~ ~
Th, i\alional nag shonld h, rais"d and low"n'd hy hand and displaY"d ollk lrolll suun,, 10 sllusel unl." IItl"'rwi,,' d"siguat('d hy prop"r allthoril)' Do 1I0t ra)St tl\l' nag whil. furl,d Unfurl. th"n hoist quickly to till' lop of th, slall [.'I\\,r ,I ,10",1) aud wilh dlgnit~ Pia.., no oh",d., on or O\"'r till' lIag, nor 11.'" it a, part 01 " ('o,tum . or athld)(' uniform It should IHV I", emhroid"("('d on cusluon, .r ur handker('hlt'ls. ,,'" nor prinkd on pap,'r napkins. hox.'s .. tc, In tl . ('hal)("'! or on th. platform of a church. th . lIag i, pla .d at th. ('It'rgvman's right. oth.) 1I.,g, at !m Itft. III till' main ho(h' 0/ IIII' ('hurch the lIag is plae .d "f th,. l:oIH!rt~;ttl()II\ fight a.tht,y Licl' t}It' (,It'r1!yrnan \\'111'11 tht' Hag is displa\'ed ov .r tht' street. it should 1)(' suspt'ndl'd \'t'rtieallv witL tlH' UIIIOIi 10 tll!' north 111an t'asl and Wt'st stre!'t. in a north and sOllth stn'd. tht' unll'" i, to the "ast. \\'h"11 displaYt'd with another lIag from cTOsst'd stalls. till' lIag of till' hlit!'d Stolt., h . on its own right and it., stan ,honld !JI' in front 0/ th" staff of th" oth"r flag
,hould
\\'h"11 flown at half -lIIast. till' lIag i' first rais .d to the p.'ak and th,'n lowl'r .d to Ilalf-ma,t half-ma,t po,ition. It ,hould agaill hi' ralwd to tlu' p .ak h,'foft, final lowNing i, olH'-half th, length of th,' stalf On \I"morial Day. th., lIag i, di'play,d at half-ma't until nooll and at full-mast until SUIISt't Th. flag of tl1l' l'nilt'd Stat,s should alwav, I", at tl1l' p"ak wl1l'n lIag, of ,tat", 01 \\h .n lIown from adi.I("nt <'iti,, .. p('nnanls of soci .ti,'s ;:n' Hown on tl1l' sanw halyard 'tails. or in a group. till' Stars and Stnp ., should h" at tlH' U'nt"1 of th, higlw,1 group. hoistt'd first and low .r.d last.
\\'Iwn ust'd to mVt'r a t'askt't. tl1l' lIag i' plan'd so thaI till' union i, at the h.'ad and ov .r th . left shouldt'r The lIag should not h . 10"'('I('d into the grav.' or allo\\'f'd to touch t h., ground.
\\'h"11 displaYt'd in a maI1fll'r oth('r thau from a stalf. il ,hould hang lIat wh .th"1 indoors or out. \\'hen ,hsplay,d hori/.ontally or v.rtically against" wall or in a wllldo\\. th" union should IH' upp"rmo't and to th, flag's 0" n right .( oh,,'n.'r's l..rt) Th, flag shollld III'\','r 1,, 1I,,d a' a drap'. us,'d as !t-stoolung . mad, into rmdt,., or otl1l'1' .!.signs. \\'h('n sllch rt'sllits art d,,md. n(1. whit. and hl\ll' huuting ,hollid h., us.,1. hilt n v,'1' th, flag
I.n tlIP marching right. tht'whlin.'. tl1l'ft, o n in front of tl1l' c!'nt.'r of
\\'h"11
carri .! in a IH()(,'ssion with anotlwr flag or flags. th,' Stars and Strip,-s should is a line of oth r flag', our :s.:ational flag mar h .
\\'111'11 tilt' flags of two or mon nations an' displared, thc)' should lit' flown from <'qual sizt' st'parat. stans of tilt' sam . Iwight and th flags should h . of apprmimatt'lr Int rnatiol1al usag . forhids tilt' display of th . flag of onp nation ahov. that of anotht'r nation in timt' of pt'ac!. A f,'dt'ral law provid,, that a trad,'mark cannot he registered which comprises amung otli"r things, "th flag. coat-of-arms or otlll'r insignia Statt's. or any simulation tllt'rt'of." consists of. 01 of tlIP Vnit .d
\\'ht'll till' flag is used in unv .iling a statue or monum .nt. 11 should uot 1)<' used as a l'O\'I'rilig of tl . ohi .et to Iw unv"il"d On sucli O(casions. do uot allow thl' flag to fall to th, grollnd. hilt let it 1)1' cani,'d aloft to form a f"aturt' of till' (,'n'lIIony. \\,1"'11 tli, :\ational flag is worn out. ,lispo,,' of it with .lilt' r.v nnl.. According to an approv,'d cu,tom. tlie l'nion is first "111 from tIll' flag. and tllt'n th" two I)H"'''S. which no long"r form a flag. art' hurrll'd
..\ ..01'1I IIg I" " rul jII~ 01 II . ~ I" It' I )1'1J I.. ( ; I' 1\ "1 (:1"\' .1.11 1.1 ('''11111''( i I" I' ;IS IIII' :?~lld alld 1111':~ 1111 1',,,jell'lIl. 1"'1';111'" Iii, 1"" \I'nll' ",'I" 11111 .-IIIIS''lItll" ()1I1s ')/ illdi\'ulll;tI, 1t;I\I,llI'ld IIfli, ... .\11.11'1'" .Iolt",,," ;, ~lIld ,I'It,<I "lIlt l.ill'1I1t1.
i,
".
I )"IIIIH
1.11. 1IIIII'lllal,<I
\'i"'-I'll'sid"1I1
,,~ 1\"1 " tI,JII ,III'
(:I,\,\;tIl'I', },"pll''''I;tI 11.11111' \\;'s "1('1,111'11 (;1'0\1'1. (;ralll,. 1111"111 lls",s. \\'iI'"IIs. 11t""I;I' \\ 'H,drll" : ",;11 III C""llIlg, .. 1 lilt II C:a "'" I. \11 'I'nllll;11I 11'('d 1111'i'llli;tI S. (;"rald F"ld Filsl I'll'sid"1I1 'iI'I"III'II'':
2!-!
'1IIeI,) II . ~.-)\h
,\11"'11111111'111.
-t
~~~-~ ..---,
BACKGROUND
;"~~~\~ -
of INDEPENDENCE
set foot on these shores, litt]e did he realize the immensity of his discovery. To be sure, then' was little to be proud of at the time. The vast land before him with its gaunt dense forests and quaint habitation, left little to the imagination, aside from proving his own theory that the wodd was round. It wasn't until 1620 that America began to have a purpose for its existence. That year the Pilgrims, a band of Suffragees seeking refuge from religious persecution and oppression in their own country, saw in this new land the priceless freedom they dreamed of. One of the first acts of these freedom-seeking people was the signing of the ~fayflower Compact, regarded by some historians as marking the beginning of democracy in America. In the cabin of the ~Iayflower, as it lay alongside the ~Iassachusetts coast, the 41 adult male Pilgrims affixed their signatures to the document which stated their intention to fonn a government and to abide by its laws. Historian Ceorge Bancroft caUs the simple ceremony "the birth of popular constitutional liberty,"
When Columbus
Lincoln
Gettysburg Address
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that aU men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. \Ve are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might Jive. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot haUow this ground. The brave men, JiVing and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will Jittle note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for whieh they gave the last fuU measure of devotion; that \\'{> here highly resolve that these dead shaU not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shaU have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shaU not perish from the earth.
The text of the ~Iayflower Compact reads: In the Name of God, Amen. \Ve whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjeds of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Creat Britain, France and Ireland; King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutuaUy in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof enact, constitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shaU be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience, True, there were hardships:-Fierce winters, starvation and disease; hostiJities with the Indians and countless adversities, and as time went on even oppression of British rule reached over the huge water to antagonize them. Yet these early settlers persevered because here in this new land was hope, hope for their children and their children's children. Here in America they would eventuaUy escape the tyranny of ruthless despotism.
28
f)
YOUR lAND AND MINE
27
Thi, \la' olily till' h"gilillilig of tIll' long (1IIIfini,III'd) fight for fn'"dom of 'p""cll; fn"'dolll from \\anl: fn"'''olll of \\'or,hip and f ..dom from f"ar. Th" I'liritan immigra lion ""a,,'" ill I(j.1(I hilI lilt' 'piril of lih"rty \\a' firlllly implant"d. Early in th. allltllnll of 177.'') Ih. Contillt'lital Cong ..'., \\'as \\aiting 10 h";II' from King (;'(lrg. of E'".d;I,,1 10 kno\\ \\11Itl,,r lit' '\1".1" nTogniz,' tilt' Congn'" as a It.gal hody. '1'111'.111'\\,r arriv,d ill (kto!",r I"'aring th, Killg\ IItt"r nfll,al 10 ""c"iv,' tilt' pdilion or to ".,. Ih" m"s"'lIg"r that hon it. If,' d'Tlar"d II", cololli,h in a sIal . of J"c.llt'lIion and no 10Ilg"r IIl1d"r hb prolt'ction. It was "vid"nl that Ihe King m"ant to for"" tlu eolonbh into sllbmission. Ilis
17Jl'
Star-Spangled
Fr(//Id~Scoll
Bal1l1l'r
Anthem of
COII/JUI""d hy
Key. Sl'Jlt. ].I, /8/.1.
Officilllly lIdopted 1I.~ the NlItiOllil1 tire United Stlltes MlIrch 3. HJ3I.
o say
can YOIl s"" hy thl' dawn's
early light
hittN ft's"nlrnl'nt of 111I'ir proposal for ill(lcpendt'n<:l' sent him pleading to otlll'r killl:s and princ,s for military support. hut they appaft'ntly WI'fl' not in sympathy. Th" various pO\\'t'rfnl Ellrop"an slalt's. ,'specially France. Spain and I (olland. ignond th . kin.l:\ pl"as and d"ci,lt-d to placc th,' hnlk of their inflll"ntial aid h,'hind th, Anll'ri('all "all.s!'. It \\a' 1101 long b"fon' th, sllhi'TI of ind"p"IIII"n('(' l"'l:an to h. p"'>I'l.li/l1,.d from 1111'hOIl'dops. Th. sllhi, ..t \\'a, d.hal"d on all sid.s and till' id"a of illdq)"nd,.," .. g ..\\ st"adily dllring th. \\'illlt'r and sprilll:. (II JanlialY 177(j Ih, . app.a .d a ..IIarka"I . l pamphld 'IIWI,d "Cllnlllll"l S,",," IllIm tilt' P"11 01 Thomas I'ainc. lIi.story rq)f)rh Il,at Ih" doclIlII"1I1 \\1111thllllsallds tll th. ('all"'. :\'mth Carolilla \\'1111th, honor of I"'inl: lirst tll mak, tilt' lirsl ffil'ia I 1110\, lor Ih . D''l'laratioll 01 IlId,p,lId.II,.. 111110\\ .1 shortly alt"1 h~ HIII,d, I,lalld alld \1o"'a"'III,,.th. . \irginia. lomth to ('om. ill. \\"'lIt flll'tllt'r than lilt' otlll'rs h~' ill,lrrrcting tl,, d..!,gat,.s 10 propo.,' indq"'nd.I1 . to tl1l' Contillt'nlal Congn". Oil tl1l' /.51h day of \Iay 1770 COlIgr.ss p''''''d a sl'l of "',olutiolls ofl"r .d hy .Iohll Adam., allthorizillg t!r"'('\"('ral l'oloui,'s to sl'l lip stalt gov('mm"lIls, ind"p"lId"nt of th . C,,'" II. The lIIajority of th . m,ml)('[., had ('onl<' to favor a final hr .ak with Ellglalld. Early ill JIIIII', Hit-hard Henry /."". one of th,' fO"'most d,I,gat,s from \'irgillia ros . h .foft' (:ong,,.s., alld soltmnl)' oll,,,d th . ".SOllitioll ill ol"di.,,,, to hi., l'I>IIslitu"lIts. "t!rat l!r,", l'lIilt'd Cololli,'s are. alld of right ollght 10 lit', fr . alld in,!t-p"lId"lIt .stat,.s alld till')' "". ahsolv .d fmlll all all,g;a"," to till' Briti,h C"", II." Iii, ,,solutioll. aft .r a hri,f dl'hal,' wa' tahl,d and 011 .1111)' 1st a 'Ollllllitt,, droSt'1I hy hallilt. alld lIalllilll: Thom"s .I<-II,rsoll its l'hairlllan. (HI'pa"'d tl,, n"('laralioll ill aSliitahl, forlll III 1". "'lIt to tilt' world. It lI'as at this time Ihal /.,,'"s "',olution th, "'solut illll was pass.d hy IInallilllous VOtl'. On tll<' I'vl'ning of tIll' 4th of July tilt' docunlt'nt Jdkrson, kllown as t!r, D,,laratioll of Ind"p"lId"lll'I', was adopt"d hy voft. _ IIII'r .hy givillg hirth to a 1I,\\ly foun,J..d nation. c TIll' D. laration was a tml' ".\pr .ssioll of th, poplilar will. The p,op" w"n' IIOt unrnilldflll of th . gravily of th . ,t,.p tlll'Y W'ft takillg. of till' vast ""(>OllSi"ilily 11,,y \\.rt asslllllilig. Th,y kl"'\\' that a loug hloody war lIIust follo\\-t!rat il nlt'a III IIlItold sllfl"rillg alld sauifi,"'. val'anl .h"irs at Ih. lamily fi,,sid,. wid()\\Id molh,r.s ;11,,1fatlll'rI.ss .hildnlI. Bllt tlll'Y took 110 Stl'p ha .kward. Tllt'y saw ill tl,, di/J) 11I11Ir<'a ''''\\' lIalioli 1>lIft,. ('olllm"rda I alld polilil'al f,,,dolll alld was tak"11 lip agaill. Oil July
"'hat so prolldly we hail'<l at the twilight's last gleaming. \\ho.,, hroad strip"s & bright stars through the perilous fight (f", th,' ramparts ing? Alld Ih,' rockl't's (:av,'
t
w, lI'aleh'd, ft'd glar".
were so gallantly tIlt' homh hursting
streamin air,
proof throngh
tilt' night that Ollf /lag was still
h,'''',
0',.,
o say
do," that slar-spangl,d hanw'r yd wave tIlt' lalld of till' fn'" & th. horn" of tl,, hrav,?
Oil till' s!ro,,' dilllly S.,'II t!rrough tIll' lIIists of tilt' d,"p. \\'111'''' t!r, IOt's haughty !ro,t ill dn'ad sil"nee "POStS, \\'hat is that II'hich th . h,,,z,. o"'r tIlt' low ring slt'ep. As it fitfully hlow,. half ('olll"'als, half discloses? :\ow it .atchl's Ihl' J.(I,am of th moming's first hl'am In full glory rl'flect .d now shines in the stream 'Tis tilt' star-spangl(d hann"r-O long may it wave O"'r th . lalld of till' I,,. & till' horn. of tIll' hrav,! And will'''' is that halld who so vauntillgly swore. That tilt' havo . of war & tl\!' hattl ., l'ollfusion A horn. & a Coulltry sholiid I"ave us no mo,,'? pollution. Th ir hlood has wash'd Ollt their foullootsll'p's :\0 ,,fllg, tUllld sa\'(' tl\!' hiftling & Slave
pr .pa,,d
alld
writt"n
hy Thomas
From tIll' t"nor of flight or Ih gloom of tht' grav,', Alld th" star-spangl"d hanll r in triulllph dolh wave (f"r till' land of tilt' fr ., & the horn of th hrave.
thus lit' it "v,'r when f""'III"n IktwI"'n
shall stand
their lov'd horne & the war's d"solation!
Bll'st with vict'ry & p a(', may Ih, l]('av'lI rs('ued land I'rai,, tilt' pow"r that halh mad & pr"s rvd us a lIation! '1'111'11'Olll/lll'r 'n' 11111'1. h .n Ollr ('all'" it is ju,l. ( w Alld this I,, our motto-"f n Cod is 0'" Trllst," Alld tl1l' .star-spallgl.d halllll'r ill trillmph shall wav, ()"'r tilt' lalld of IIII' f,,. & tilt' hOIll" of th . hrav ..
:-'llf-~ovtrltln(IIt. HAItH'rica \'"it!" W'Vt'r so gn'al" .'ays a faJu()us \\Titl'f, "as 011 tlu' day wlll'lI sl,, ("'c!a"'d h"r illd .p'.,III,.IIt't ....
1971
ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
-----
26
Section
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
IN
CONGRESS,
l(!LL<. ';1,
4-Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may hy law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written dedaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress maY by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by twothirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume th., powers and duties of his office.
ARTICLE XXVI (The proposed amendment was sent to the states March 23, 1971 by the Ninetysecond Congress. It became effective June 30, 1971.)
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. Section 2- The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section
1-
The Declaration of Independence

111COli gress, JlIly 4, 1 i76
By the RqHeseutatiws
of the United
Stal,s
in Congress
Assemhh'd.
DECLARATION
\V}1!'n, in Ihe coursc of humau "vcnts, it becomes nec('ssary tor 011(' peopl(' to dissoln the political bands \d,ich hay!' conned!d t}1<'m \\'ith anolher, and to assum(' among tll!' pO\\'('rs of the ";ulh I}l!' S<'paral, and "qual station to which 1}1!' la\\'s of nal\ll"" and of natun'\ Cod ,'ntitl, them, a decent resped for 1}1(' opiniom of mankind "'quir,, that I}\('y ,hould d,!lm t}1<' cam,, ,,'hieh impel them to Ih(' S<'paration. "'" hold th,,, tTIIlh, to hI' S<'ff-"videnl;-thal all mell an' cl'!'ated equal; that tl1<')' al'!' !'ndo\\'(,d by t}1<'ir Cn'alor "ilh ('(rtaill inali"nabk righb; that among th,'s,' aI'!' Iii", lib,rl). a IIII I}u' pm,'llit of happim's,; thaI, 10 "'CUI'!' Ih,'''' righb, go\'('mm"nts an' ill,lituted among m"Il, t!,'ri,'ing their jnsl po\\'ers from t}1!' con,,'nl of the gO\'t'nwd; that \\'1\('n,'\'('I' any IO!'ln of gO\'('Tlln1<'nt I)('conws (kslrudin' to 111<'''' ends il is the a n('''' gov,'mm"nl, laying righl of 111<'ptopl,' 10 alter or 10 abolish it. and 10 inslitut!' its foundation on ,uch principl,'s, alld nrganizillg ib pO\\'('rs in such form. as to t}wm shall ""'m mml Ii],;"l)' 10 ..II'TI IIH'ir saff'ty and happintS>. I'Tlld,n(',. inde,d. "ill di('lat!' that gov"mm"nls long "slabli,lwd should nol b,' changed for light and transient causes;
YOUR
lAND
AND
MINE
The (oll.llilulioll
of Ihe ('lIileei Slal".I
:2;')
"lid ;1l"('''nlill~I~' .,11 "'p,,i'I1("1 10,,110,1111\\'1111,,,1 m,,"ki"d "re' mm,' di'p'''''d 10 "dl,r. \\ l,iI, "";1, "", "d!",,,,hl,, 110.," 10 ri~101 IIII'll",'"",,, hy "h"li,loill~ 110,' fllnll' I" \\ hi ." I""',"i">: illtI .y "re' ,""'11,1011""1. Bill \\ h .11 " I,,"~ Ir"ill of "i",,,,, "lid "'11I"p"lioll'. ";tri"I,ly 110, ,,,m,' ol>i,d. ,'ill ., " d"'kll 10 reiI,,,, 11,,'m IIl1d"r ,,1,,01111,' d''I'"li'lII. il i, II.i, nght. il i, 11o"ir dlll~', 10 1111'1)\\ il ",,h ~0"""'1I1I'1II, "lid 10 p,mid, 11"\\ ~lIarol, o fm II.i, 111111'" "',mily. SII.h h", h""11 IIII' p"lic'1I1 ",II"LII"'" "f Ih,,, ,ollllli",. alld ..Ieh i"i lit 1\\ tilt' IItTt", . l ity ,,"hid. ('onstrain" tlH'11\ to alte'l" tlwir fonnt'r 'y ...c'JI1 of g()\"('rJlt m'IIt. TIll" loi,I"I\' "f Ih,' pre''''"1 I\ill~ "f (;,,,,1 Bril"ill i, " loi,lory "f '''1''',,1 .1 i,,,",i," "lid """1',,1;,,",. "II h.,,illg ill dir . 1 ol,i,'''' th, ",I"loli,hllll'lIl of "" ,,1,,01111,' 1,,""11\ "",., II",,,, ,t.II,,. '1'" prm'" thi" 11'11,,1'1,1)1' ,"I"nil",d to" ";111.1,.1\\orld.
Thi, "rlid, ,h,,11 I. illoI1l'rali\' . 1I111.,s il ,hall h,,,'" h''I'1I S,,tioll 2 I!lIli/inl!ioll.'''Iili,d ", "" ""11'".1"11'111 III 1111'(:oll,lillltioll hy 1111'I,'~islallll'" of 11o,,,'-foll,th, 01 110,\(,,,,01 SI"I,', \\ ilhill S,'\,,'II y,'"rs from tl . .1"", of its ,"hmissioll to 110, SI"I," h~ II. COII~"'" ARTICLE
PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (Till' It
XXIII
FOR DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
//lIII,,,h''''III
I)y 1/Irt",
II'IIS .\IIhllli///tf fOllrll,s of IIII'
ICIIS mli{i/'tf
1o Ihl' SIIII,'., ill j,lIll'. 19(j() hy Ihl' 871/, COII!!r,"" SIIII/'s ,III Mllrl'h 2U. HHiI (Iml IWI'II11I/' 1mi' :\l'ril Ih, ,,,,1 of CO\"'mlll"lIt
'IS II . C:OII~f!'SS Ill"y dir .d:
I!..
~ood.
3. l!)(il).
h", r..rll\('d hi, ",,,'nl 10 I",S'S 1111'mo,1 wholl',um,' al\(l ""l'(",ary for Ilw pllhlil S/'I'liOll ,hall I-Th,' appoilll Dislrid con'litlltillg of tho' l'lIit.d SI"t.-, ill ," .h m""'1I"
II" h", lo,hiold"11 hi, ~o\','mor' to P"S' la\\'s of imnl<'di"I<' alld pn'"ill~ import",,,,. n 11111," '"'1"'11.1,.1 ill tl1I'i, op"r"lioll lill Ioi, a''''111 ,hollld I,, IIhl,,"I1"1. "lid, ,d . SII '0"1"'11.1,, I. I", h", IItl<rly ,.gl'L",d 10 ,,1"'".1 10 tI,,m. It- I"" r,'fll,,d 10 p.,,' olh"r law, for Ih, ''''''IIIIlIII/,d"lioll' of Ia .g, , disln .ts of p,'opl,. IInl," Ih", . p,opl . ,"1101.1 .Iin'l"i,h , Ih, lighl 01 n'IHt''''lItalioli ill th . 1,gi,I.,llIn -a .ight 11I",limahl" 10 th"II1, alld fllnnid"hl, to I~T""" Ollly. II" has .,,11,.1 logdh .. I,'gislal"'" hodil'\ at plan', '"II1,";d. '"I1omlo .lahl,', alld di,I,,"t 1",,111 tl . d .p",ilor~ of t!,,'ir pllbli(' ""'Ortls. for Ih, ,01" pllrpo\(' III' fal,glling Ih('m illto cOll1pliam'" "'jlh hi, nl/'",ml'\. r"lHl'\('III"ti,,' hOIl\l" r"l1l'at,dly. I It- h", ,h"ol\'('d n .ss, hi,' im'",ioll' on Ih . rights of lIlt' p('oplt. for oppo,in~. "ith m.lnly firm-
A IIlIml,," 01 ,I.dors of I'n',id"111 "lid \i .-I're,id .llt "'1",,1 10 111<' \\ hol" 1IIIIIII1I'r of S'II"lol'.' "1\(1 H"11I"''''III"li\','' ill COllg"'ss 10 whid, II,, Di,lrid wOllld 111' "lIlill,d if il \\,.". " SI"I . 111,1 ill 110 "\"'111 1ll0f(' 110,," 1111' I"a,t popllioll' SI"I,: Ih,~ ,h,,11 I. io additioll 10 Iho,,' "ppoilll<'d hy 1111'SIal,". hol Ih,'~' ,Ioall 111' ('I,",id",..d. I"r 110" P"'1)O"" 01 II. ,I,'dioll "f 1'f(',id"111 "lid ill \i ..-l'r'.,id .1I1. 10 I,, ,'1''1'111'' "pp"ill",d h~' " SI,,"': "lid II.y ,10,,11 IIWI'! II. Di,I,id "lid p,'rfll,m ," .10 doli," ", prmid,d I" Ih" "",\llh "rli,I, 01 an1<'lIdnll'lIt. S,'('tioll 2-Th,' I,'gi,lalillll. C:olI~r,'" ,h,oIl h;", pO''''r to "lIlor .,' Ihi, artiel, h~ 'q)prop,iat.-
ARTICLE
BARRING (Till' ICliS mli/i/'cl (//1i/'II/hlll'lIl (///(I ',,'cl/lIl1' OF POll
XXIV
FEDERAL elECTIONS SII/II'S
1111
II" "',' r..t "",,1. for ., lon~ tinH' af"'r ,"('h di"olllt;IIn" tll '';11'''' oth"r' to h, .I''I't!'d. \\h"f! h~ I h,' I,~i,lati,, (111\\ 1', illcapabl, of allnihilalioll, " h,,,, ""llInl/,d to II,.. p"opl,' OIl larg, for II.ir '\I'r .i\l'. till' ,lOll" r"lI1aillll'~, ill Ih,' II1t',",lill1", ,'po,,d 10 ,dl tilt' dallgf'r of ill\';I,inll front \\ ithollt and (1I11\'tJbiou<., \\'itlllll. II, I"" tlld,,,,o, .. to IHI'\'t'nt tll/' popllialioll of Iht'''' ,10111'\. lor thaI p"'p",,' ob"trll('till,~ tIle' b\\, for lIalllrali/atioli of fonj~IHr". Tt'fll'inl..!; to "" otllt'r:-. to t'IH't)\lra,l!:t' Ih"ir lI1igralioll Iollh.r, 0111.1aising Ih . (ondilion' r of n,'\\' approp .i.llioll' 01 L,"d,. II" has oh,tnl('",d Ilw admini,tralion .,tahli,hing illdil'iary pow .rs. of i",tiL't', hy rt'fll,in~ hi, "''''nl 10 1.0", f", and
TAX IN
II'IIS .wlmli//l'tf /rill' j(//II III "/
(0 IIII'
COli!!"'SS ArwlI.,( 2';,
Iflr;2.
II
2:1. I.')(j[).
S"CtiOIl I-TIlt' ri~hl of ('iti/"II' of lIlt' llIit,d Sla"" 10 "0'" ill an~ prill1ar~ or ollll'r "I""lioll for I'n',id"lIt or Vin'-I'It',id"III, for "I . do" lor I'n',id"nl or Vi""-h",idt'nl. or lor S"n"lor or Hq)f('\('lIlati\',' ill COlIgn.", ,hall 1101 lit' ,lelli"d III "hri,lged by tilt' l1l1i",d Sial", or allY Sla!<- by n'a',III of faihlf(' 10 pay allY poll ta, or otlll'r la\.
SectiOlI
2-TIIt'
C:olI~n'ss ,hall hav . pOl"'r
10 "lIfort,
Ihi, artid,
hy appropria!<-
Ill' has madl' jlldg.s d"I1<'nd"nt on hi, \\'ill alone the' amolllll 'lI1d payml'nt of Il1I'ir salari,'s.
for tl1<' It'lI1m' III' Illt'ir ollil'l"
I.gislalioll. ARTICLE (.,.It,. /ll'ol'ow'cl

1/1I1/'wlll/l'1I1 'I'I/S S('III l'//I'ctill' FdJrll(/ru
H. ha'
harass
II"
ollr
"f('dl'd a IlIl1ltitlld" of 111'\\' office" I)('opll' and eat Ollt Iheir SlIh,t.IIl(,('. liS, in lim."
.111.1SL'nt hilh,'r
.,\\ann,
of ollill'lS.
to
COIIWI'SS. It
XXV
sll/(1'S jlllu !fJ(j/.) (j, /!J(jr; hu IIII' I-:igl,I!I-lIillllt
(0 (Ill'
/I).
ha, k"pl amollg ollr 1,'~i,lal1lft".
of p,'aL'I', ,Ialldillg
armit",
wilhollt
Ih, "OO"'IIt
of
1),'('11111('
II, ha' all .d .d 10 "'lId .r IIII' mililary
illd<'(1I'IId"II"" of alld .'''11I'rilll 10 Ih" ";\'il pll""r.
Seclioll I-III .01\1' of II. 1'1'111""011 1111'I'rnid"111 11'0111 of ollic . or of Iii, .!,"II, , .,igoalioll. II. Vi, .. I'n',id"lIt ,h,,11 1 . ('0111<'1'f(',id'II1. a \'a"a'"'" ill tl . III1i,, III' IIII' Vi., Pn',id"IIt. Sectioll 2-\\'I"'""""r Ih"f(' Pn',id"1I1 ,h;dl lIolllilla'" a \'i,'" ,irt',id"111 \\ ho ,h,,11 lak" olli,,' "po" [inllalioll hy a lIlajorily \'ok of holh 110,1\(" of COllgn.".
or II,, "011-
II" ha' "lJmhilll'd "ilh ollll'r' 10 ,"hi,'('1 'IS to a jllri,didioll 10n'i~1I III ,"or "oll,liIIIlioll alld 1I11'lI'klll,\\I,'dg,d I,, om ];1\,'" ~i\'ill~ his a""111 III II.ir ad, III 1'.t"IIo\'.1 1,gi,lalioll..
For qllartt'rinc: larg:'
i,
hodif'~ of
arnt,d
troop ... tll110llg "':
For pro"'dillg "hi('h IhlT ,hollid
th,'m. by mOIl tri.d, I rom P"lli,llllI'lIt IIII' allY IIllllo\,'r' {'ommit em IIII' illh"hilalll\ of th,'\(' ,talt'S:
Sl'('(illli ;;-\\'I"'"t'\','r Ih, I'fI',id"1I1 Ir""'lIli" 10 tl . "rl'\id"1I1 I'm 1/"11/111/'" of tl . S"II"I,' alld tl . Sp"ak"r of tl . IIOII\(' of l\c-p"'."'III"ti,,, hi, 'trille-II d,darai, '"I"hl, 10 dis .harg,' 1111'POW'I'.' "lid dllti", of hi, olli,"', alld tioll Ihal ,,"til hI' Ir,,",mi" 10 Ih"1l] a "dlll'lI ,t.-clar"tioll 10 Ih . ('ollirary, ,"('h pm""" dis('har.~td hy IIII' \'i,'" I'n',id"111 'IS Adillg I'n,jd"1I1. alld dllti,', ,hall
I.
I.
24
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
T be Declaration of Indepmdence
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences:
Section 2-The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall hegin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a diffl,rent day. Section 3-If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice-President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-Presidl'nt-ell'ct shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a Presidentelect nor a Viel,-President-elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have-qualified. Section 4-Thl' Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the I-louse of Representatives may choose a President whenever th(' right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a VicePresident wl1('TJ('verthe right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Section 5-SI'ctions 1 and 2 shall take efrect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article (October, 1933). Section 6-This articl(, shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to th( Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
ARTICLE
REPEAL OF THE EIGHTEENTH BY CONVENTIONS
For abolishing the free system of English law in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable altering fundamentally the forms of our government: For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government and waging war against us. themselves laws, and invested
here by declaring us out of his protection, our towns, and
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned destroyed the lives of our people.
XXI
(PROHIBITION) AMENDMENT IN THE STATES.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolution, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. lie has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whos(' known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to 1)(' the ruler of a free people. ?\'or have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. \Ve have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. \Vc have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. \Ye have appealed to their native justicc and magnanimity, and wc have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these llSurpations, which would inevitahly intcrrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to thc voice of justice and consanguinity. \Ye must therdore acquiesce' in the necessity which denounccs our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war-in peace, friends. \Ye, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Cougrcss assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they arc absolved from all allegiance to the British
The Twenty-first Amendment, adopted I)y the seventy-second Congress in 1933, was ratified by 36 States, and made a part of the Constitution, December 5, 1933. Section I-The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. Section 2-'1']1(' transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. Section 3-This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to th(, Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
ARTICLE XXII
(The proposed llInendment was serlt to the states Mar. 21, 1947, by the Eightieth Cungress. It IJecame effective Feb. 26, 1951.) Section I-Limit to number of terms a President mO!l serve.-No person shall be electcd to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to whieh some other person was elected President shall be elected to the offiee of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any pl'rson holding the office of President when this Article was proposed hy thc Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the oUke of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article hecomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as I'residl'nt dllring the remainder of such t<~rm.
10
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
'1'/; . (ollJ/i/li/ion
of/In'
lini/f!d
SIt/In
ARTICLE XVII
BY DIRECT POPULAR VOTE,
28
"Imn" alld
a"d olld,l
Ihal
all p,)lill\'al
('IIII'It'<lillll alld
111'1\\""11 Ihal. ;"
1111'111alld III'" alld all"IIII
111\' ,L,t.' illd,'p","I"1I1
IIf CII'al ,1;11.",
IIlilaill II",y
I', h,,,,' '/'III'

'('('.1 UNITED STATES SENATORS
III III', lol;dl~
di,,"",'d
TO
BE
ElECTED
I,dl 1'"\\"1 10 I"I'~ \\,11, (cIIIlllld, I"'a(." (,lIlIllad do ,.II 011"" ;Il'" alld IIIIII).!' \\ JII( I, ,"d,'p","I,'II,lal," '"pl'"!lol Ihi, d,',blali,,", ''', 1I1l.I'''III~ I'''d).!., III "'" ~')!II"" ,,~' ord .,. alld Inlh a Ii,m h 011"'1 '"tr '" ""'Iall
c", ",la"I"I, ('IIIIIIIIt''''', ,"ay '" II).!III .III, Alltl
alld III fm Ih,'
S"II'IIII'I'III!. /J/I :]6 S"lIa'"
A/III'/II/II/I'III, SIIlI".I, IIf tilt' 11/111IIl1ldl' l'lIi",d
Ildlll,II'd /I I'llrl Sla"'.'
h/I 11if' ,1;XIII-.\("lIlId III 11'1' e"'/.I
(;lIlIg,,.II,
1if'ld /.'1/3
/11
IC)
l::e,
H hall\" Oil II,., pro"'d'"11 01 l)ivlI'" 1""\'Idc'IIl'C, I",.", 0111 IlIrlllll<", alld 0111 ';Il 11'.1 hOIlIl!. COII).!I".".
"'II/i,'d
1;1III 11111 ,\1/1/131, , 011\\0
I.
IIl1l11c'I"II'
:2.
TI",
,1,,111111'
('"mp",('d
S"lIatm'
1""11
"a,h .\IIt" mc,,1
IIf Ih.,
Sla"', I'T",d TIlt' ,1,'(111"
"y tl", p"lIpl., l'It'H'o!. IlIr ,i.\ y".II': alld ill C';1lh Slat" ,hall hav(' 1111' '1l1alificatioll' III Ihe va(';1I1l I." 01 'lIl'h I.,').!i,lalllll' lilt' Sla'" I,,'.)!i,laltll'" ill ,hall tilt' Sla'" re'[m''''lItalioll i","' lill \\ ri" may II\('
":Il'h S"lIalm ,hall "'" . ' 11''1"i,i'" 1m ,Ic'dor' III
P'"
th,
Inall('h \\'hl'lI
haPP"1I Slat.,
"f
all~ thc' ,,~
Sla'" 1':.\I'('lIli,,' .,1,,( li,,"
"'
lilt'
S.'''al., i.", I"
II", 1'10IlI.lk.,
(,\(Tlllil'. vid,'d, may Thai din'lt :J. SC'lIator to-mporary
allthoril~
"f
.,I'Tti,,"
10 fill .,"t'h a'
va('all. 11\(,"'01 II\('
01 all~
"1111'0\"'1 \""0111("'"
appollllm"111 TIll' (h"",t: am.,,"lm"1I1 h..tl1lT
11111" II\(' 1"'01'1" ,hall 11,,1 h . '" I'alid
I t'\.!I,I.,II111
of .111\
l'oll,lnt.,eI .1' part
a, to all.'('t
II\(' .,I"tti,,"
01 !CTIl'
,I I",(omc',
01 II\(' (:,,",I.ll1liOIl,
VI
ARTICLE
lIOUOR PROHIBITION
XVIII
AMENDMENT.
Till' flJllfil'l/I'!1
1
Eig},'/'I''''}, 31; SllIln, AII"I
AIIII,,,t/,,,,,,,, 111/" IIIIII/. lrom
111/"1'/1'1/ hI/IIII' /I I'lIrl "I
li.lll/frll},
(',,"g/'ns, JII"IIII"1 Ih.
},,.!,, ::e~), UIIU.
'"
I~)I~,
""I
IIII' CIIII\III"'i",,, 01 thb artid,'
0111' ~.'al illto.\i .a!ill)! t!w l'lIito-d
II", lalili .al.oll
m:llllllattll"',
'011." "'
1"",,, fo,
portat'''11 of II\('r . ,,1 from h.,\.'la).!.'

:2.
liqllor' :-'Ialc'.'
\\',Ihill, Ih. impor!alioll alld a!l I.'rritor~ ,"hj"I'1
th . n'ol to Ih.
IIltO, or II,, jmi"l1ttioll
"'portal,oll IIH'I .of
porpo"" TI1I'
i, h,'r . hy allel
prohihito-d, :-'Ialc" ,hall hav., "0III'lInt'1I1 pm"'1 10 ,'nll))(" Ih"
COIl>!"'"
II\(' ,,'v"lal
arlllI., :;. m"lI!
,,~ apploplI.tI, Till, 10 thc' alii..!.,
1.,)!"la"oll ,hall hc h~ III0p.Tatilc' II\(' 11111.,." II ,hall 01 IIII'

the'
ha\ .. 1""'11 "'v,',,d Sial.", ,tllHlli illll
ratifi .d a, a\
aI,
all",,"IIII 1111'
(:oll,ltll1ll1l1'
1..')!I,l:ttll""
pIOvidc'd
COII. tltIlIIOIl.
\\ It hili 't'\'t'11
~I'ar'" Inll))
date
01 XIX
tilt'
IH'rt'ot
10 tlu
~I.ltl'
h~ 1111' (:oll).!n'",
ARTICLE
GIVING NATION-WIDE
SUFFRAGE
TO
WOMEN,
'/'111' "'"II""""'}, 11'11,'wllfi,.d

;26, liJ:2fi,
AIIlI'lIdllll"", "I III/'
1It/"I'lnl SIIII,'s,
1'1/ III/' III/(/ Stall'.'
s;xIII-sixl}, "I
C""grn,l, III/'
/11'1"
III
UII'!
AIII!II'"
hI} l},rl'l'-I""rl!i.1
11/(/(/" II I'lIrl to voll' ,hall
CIIII,'illll;"" m"Inll
I,
011(' 11/11Il1I
I'f
Th . n).!hl Sla""
"I "Iti,
,hall
. m 01 tl1l' l'lIil.d
1101 1>1' d""lI'd
!)!'"I
h~ Ih . l'lIi",d (If
or h~ allY StOll., 011 a ('('011 11 01 "'\. I l1av,' 1'0\\"1. hy appropna'" I,').!i,latloll, 10 "lIfo" .. II\(' pn\VI.'IOII'
IIII'!!./,('alni
d(ll'l/mCIII.I
SIIII('s.
It
(T(,/,
drali'll
liu
or
II/all I"al
IUIS ciril
1111' COllsli
l'xisl('/I(,(' s"l1/'n
:2,
of th"
COlIgrt" arllt,I..
11,(, 1'lIilcd fad,

illdiridl/lIl, (' lid'I,I ('/1'"
cml}()din' /If TIlt' oj
rrI'l'UI"ill!!.
/'t/(('
/I'(ll/i/l',1
i/'/'(',,/)('('Iil'l
1I/1([ II/'(' ;lIsli('(', II fell'
I'/'('('d (If 111'('
O/' ,lllIliOI/, SJlt'('I'11
ARTICLE
TERMS OF THOSE PRESIDENT OF AND VICE-PRESIDENT AND SENATORS
XX
TO BEGIN ON ON JANUARY 10, JANUARY
:11 1/.1 /11 I ,I('('/il , / l'ill)it'l" III/d sll'}; ('SllIlil',lllI'd III(' ('(//'1"
wi,.ile!!.1'
/'dic'ioll
lilt' TlI/'
REPRESENTATIVES
J,
11/'/" I" ;11 Un;?
I'ollll!!.,
IIII'
!!.ill.1 '/(//I(lr'(1
II
dOlnl
1(1 11,1 ill
'{II 1'11111'11,11111'11"11/1'111,1It/"I'II'tI : Illf :W :-'/1111'.1,1111/1 111/11/,.II I'arl t,'rnl.' of th" 1'",,"1"/11 /-'1'111'
I"f "/
IIII' IIII'
.\I'1"I'"/!/,'I'I""tI VII,,I'II"III.'1I1
C,,"g"'.I,', ,hall "1\(1 at
Ii!o(ld I'ffl'('/il'l' //(/rl'
,11/('111 0/
101('(1/'(1 I/It'
Of//' ((lIIIII!!.('III/,1
Ilf/ililill!: mosl III/(I dl'lll(l(,/,ll/ic
lo/'('jlllill'/'s,
i,1 111101111'1 (///(1

(III Ihe
11/(1/1'
II 11,1I/,II/il'll ","'/11'"
C'1/1.11il II II" " , 1t,1""'lfli
un:;
11001'1 1111 tI"
/1II'SI'ITil/!!.
/1111111111 /'i!!,lils C:lllt'/lII/lI'1I1
1t.1 /)(illl'i/lIl',1
f((('I'
alld
/(11'111 (1/
nf
2011. day 01 Jallllarl' 0111.1 II\(' t . nll' III :-"'lIato" '"II! Ikp"''''lIlatJv,'' I """" cHI II", :;,,\ day "I J;lIIlIary, 01 1111' ~.'al' III \\ hi .h 'lI('h I.'rn" 1,,\111.1 haVt' "II,Io'd If Ihi, allid., had 1I0t 1)("'11 ral,f,,'d, 0111.1II\(' I.'rm, "I Ih . 11 "It It''''''' ,h,dl 11\('11 11t').!II!.
22
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.
~;\.)~d~~. ~~~
~.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States aecording to their respective numbers, emlnting the whole numlJl'r of persons in each State exe\uding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for Presid<.'nt and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, of the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or othcr crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
POWER OF CONGRESS TO REMOVE DISABILITIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICIALS FOR REBELLION.
------=-~~~~=->~-=....---=- .?' *
~~~~
The Constitution
OF THE UNITED STATES
3, No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress or elector of President and Vice-President or holding any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature or as an exeeutive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof, But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
WHAT PUBLIC DEBTS ARE VALID.
PREAMBLE
\Ve, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the bleSSings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America.
ARTICLE
4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, ine\uding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection amI rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any elaim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all sllch debts, obligations, and elaims shall be held illegal and void. 5, The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE
EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WHITE
Section
1-( Legislative
powers: in whom vested:)
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, Section 2-( House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen. Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.) 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall hav(: the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State I.cgisJatuT('. 2, i\o person shall he a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years and I)('en seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, ",hen elected, hc an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3, Hepresmtatives and direct taxes shall he apportioned among the several States ,,'hich may he included \\'ithin this Union according to their respective numbers, which shall he determined hy adding to the whole number of free persons, including those hound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other l)('rsolls. The actllal enumeration shall be made within three years after tlw first meeting of the Congress of the United States, amI within every subsequent term of ten Y(',US, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The numher of Representatives shall not exceed one for evcry thirty thousand, but eaeh State shall have at least on('
XV
AND COLORED CITIZENS.
The Fifteenth Amendment, adopted by the fortieth Cungress, held in 1869, was ratified by 29 of the 37 States, then in the Uniun, and made a part of the Constitution, March 30, 1870, I. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on acwunt of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power appropriate legislation.
INCOME
to enforce
XVI
the provisions
of this artie\e by
ARTICLE
TAXES AUTHORIZED.
The Sixteenth Amendment, adopted by the sixt!/-first Congress, held in 1909, and after ratificatioll liy 42 States, Icas made a part of the Constitutioll, Fe1JTtwry 2.5, 1913, The Congn'ss shall have power to lay ali(I collect taxes on incomes, from whatever SO\HC('S derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to
any ('('nS'IS or {'nnmeration.
11
12
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
The (oll.l/illilioll
oj fhl! l lJiln/ SIt/lo
21
H,'pn',,'ntatlv.. and IIntil sn("h "lJIlm.'lation ,hall h., mad . tlH' ~tal. of '\ ." I !:lInp,hin' ,hall h. .'Iltitll'd to .1:0.'" .1. \la"a, hllsdb. Ii: Hhod., hland and I'n)\ld.'n,., Plallta tit)!),. J COII!Wcf}(,lIt 5 \.'". York. Ii: :'\.,\\' .I." ., ,I. I'.'nnsylvama, Ii D,'la"ar." I \Ialyland. Ii V"gnlla, 10 .'\."th Calolma, ,). SOlllh Carohna, Sand l,.'oll.:ia, :} ,I \\'llI'n Va"al\( i.,s happ .n il: Ih . 'I'\H.wntatlttn lrolll an' Stat. ,'\11tholltv Ih.,,,.,, ,hall IS'l" \\'111.' oj ('!..cfion " fill ,n( h V''''"J1'It, Tht 11011,,' of l1.-p,.''''nlatl\'l'' .,hall ,Iwow shall hav. II", .sol. PO\\('I of IIllp .al hml'nt
.5
rh(, 11,.1\(');111""\('1 of Ih., L'nllt'd Sial<', ,hall not 1,. (on'lnll'd '0 nit-lid 10 alJ\ LI\\ ur t'tpllt~ ~'olnlllt'IHTd 1)1 IH(J:-.tTUltd .U!;IIII:--1 0111 III th . lltllt d .'Lllt .. h~ , l'IfIII'II' 01 dllnth.T ~t:llt' OJ h~ ~'itl/t'II' CI)' '1I1J1t'l'h III ,In~ filIi 1l!11 'I.ltl'
'1111 III
th.
Ev. (1111\.
MANNER OF CHOOSING
ARTiClE
XII
AND VICEPRESIDENT.
PRESIDENT
t!H'il Sp .akn
."" o tilt' 1 olli, "1', .11"!
rill' /) ('
I'll. If I},
0\",. '''/''It'1I1
Iltlol",'d
/"()3.
<;1'/11"11//"'1'
'"1.\ I'III'fll'''
2S.
1","
iI/I Ihr"I,/o"r//t., 1,"()1
('",.<'/(\' 1,,'Ie/ III \\ '1.'/011<:1011 tlj 1/" S/til .,. 111"/ ,,,,,,I,' " 1"111 PI :/,. ("'"'111'''
hI( 1/',
.',g},l},
S,"'I"'f! 3-1 ~("natol' ho,,' and I,, whom elm,,'n /1m, c\as.slli.d SI,tI. E.W'lIlJ\", \\'h.'n 10 mak., It'mporalY' appointlllt'llts. in ("a,,, I'll'. t)nahfil'allons of ;1 lilt' Sl'lIalt'. hi, light to volt' P,!'Sid.'nt pro It'm, and ... 'natol I'lnid. nt "th'T of/ilt'IS of Ihl' S.I.at. how d,o,,'!. 1',1\\('1 to In imp"a, hm.'III' \\'h"I! 1'1."ld.'nl is tll' d ctuel JUStlt'!' 10 pns"l. S.'nll'lIlt"
I Th . Sl'lIal., of tilt' L'mt .d Stat.', ,hall ,'omp,,,,'d of I,\(t S"natol' th.",of, fOi SJV v,'ar': and ("11h S"I"ltOI Slat . ("h,,'n h' tJlI' L, g"latnn' nnt' \'off'
I.
from ,hali
,'ath h,]\.,
TIlt' LI'TI.", ,hall 1111'." III t!"'lr ""IH'tll\. St"I .,. III.d \olt- I,) h,dlot 'P' !'/( 'ld"I.! alld \,,'('I'It'ld. lit 01'" of "hom at I,",t ,hall 1101 !1t' all Illhahital1l "I 1\11 '1111' ~'at" \\ Ith tb'IIL,.,h'(',. ttH'~ ,hall n.ttHt' in Iht'll halIpl, tL,' Ptl\UIJ \tlttd fIll ;1' Ptt''1dt tI! .illd IIi d,'IIIII' h.dlol' till p, "'"I \l,t, .I t", ," \ ", -1'" ,,,I,", ,'1'" th" ,1"t1II1I"~" .11'1.", I h,It (d ;II! p. r\()lI' \,(:t,'d fnl ,I' PIC"ltltlit. .llld of .ill PC'f'llIl\ \ott'd tOI .I' \ Jlt,I'ft"'('. PI .111(1 01 !Iw 111]11111('1 "f \ofl-, hit I'at II, \\ ILl 11 I!'h tlH'~ ,h.dJ "~!i .:11.1 (,'rtd~. oIlHI tI;!P'11\11 ' .ai, d ,,, II" ""I III lilt' t ,II\( mill. lit "I II;, lllllt'li S""I.". ,III. ,I.d t, 11;., 1'" _,,1,"1 "I tilt ~I H;dl Ih, l'lt'llll lit oj tIlt' ~1'II;tll ,11.dl, iI! tflt jllt't'IH'C (I lilt ~t'II,ltl,Hid If'II!,. Id 1\"11/'("'"Iali,,',. "1"'11 ,.II tilt' ... ili,at'" ,11,,1 lilt' 'I"n I ,h,tI' tlll'l' '" '1'""I,d tl" P'I'OI1
lLI\'1I11.! lilt i!lt'.dt", !.lImJ)t I oj \'IJt,.,
tOI
Imm.,.haltly aft.'r t!..,y ,hal: 1. a''''mhl.'d II, ('on.""I'"'IH'I' ,[ th. fir'! It-l'III", th/'v ,hall I" dlvII!.-d a' "I,lIall) a' rn .y' h. illl tlm'., ,las,' Th., ,.'ats "I lilt' S"I .IOI' ,,[ ,hall 1", "I"att'd .1 Ihl' "vpllal1l1l1 of tilt' "T.md ,.'111 "f th. "(\>lId ,Ia" th. first "I lit" '.nth at th., ,'\\",alll1l} of th., f"urth y.'a, .nd of lIlt' t!1Ird ,Ia" a' II", \Pll<"'''" n}a~ h., l'hO,t II (',"t'ry '('COO<l year and It \';ICalll'It" hapPt'1l h~ \'~'ar, .. that urw-tlllrd n "''Il'I1"IIOI' ,'r lh.'r\\'IS", dUllng tlu ff'U'" of Ih, "l'i,latuff' of :IIIY :Slat.,. Ih. E"tt:I]\, th",t'o! may mak. kmpnrary ,lppClI1tm. nl ul1tli tlu 11.'\1 mel'lirlg of tl1\' I.. gl,laluff \\'Iuch ,hall tlH'TI fill 'uch \ alalH'lf"
Pn"Hkl,t
,lla!!
lit'
dh
.IIHI
J>!i
,;d,'r!1
Ii
'!:I
"1!l1I11I!
,I""
1)1 .I IILjI{)nt~ ot tilt, \\ h"li IIIIIIIIH'I td IJI.liOl1t~ rill II trol11 1111'P1 r'oll' ha\IIJI.!
.tppollJtl'd, tlU' III\..dw,t IIIIIIILI'I
t'li'l'Iol'
d
t
Jltl{
11(\ 1'1"",1 I! 'LI\t \11 ,d II d.' till', ii'
I!( I ttlf
Ii'l 01 tlu)',
!"
1",110'
\otl'd tor d:- PIt\ld("Ttf th, Ht\ll,t' cd HI'}HI',,-fjLIfI\t' ,I"dll lip,},. IlIlnH'd',i\t I~ 1'1. 'II j, lit B", II, tI"" I':''" ,I" II" ,,"1. '" lilt' \ .,f" '!," II I,., t,lh." ! '''I .t. ' tI]I' Tt'pn '('IILdIOH trnlO t\llh ~Iatl' h;I\,II~ (\111 \nt, ;1 qllnrllili 1(11 rLI' rllrpp" ,Ii.d! ~Ollt}..
'1'1
of
.1
JI}('Tllht"
1'1
Jlll'InlH'r'
hOln
t\\u-thlld,
t'f
tlu
~t.ll(';-,
ala!
<!
IIIal!
f!t~
,1\
th,
3 :,\" per,on ,h .11h., a <;.'nator "ho ,hali 1I0t hav. ,.!taIl1l'.1 thl' "l" of Ihlrt' y. ,n,. "lid b/"'11 111111\t'ar' " "1111"11of tl" L'IlI11'd <;Iall" and" h" ,hall 1101 "h.'n ..!l'dt'(l. h. ,111mhalnlal11 ,,[ that Slat. lor "h" h h. ,hall h., dll""11
of tlH' l'lIil<'d Slat." ,hall 1. Th. \'in'I'It',id,,"t han' 110 \'01<' ""I.,,, 111I'Y1)(' "'I"ally di\'i,lt-d. h., 1'1t""i"lIt of 1111'S,,"alt'. hilt
,hall
,5, Th. S"lIal., ,hall ('hooSt, th.ir otlH'r o!li'l'rs. alld also a PIt'sid"lIt pro I<'I11I)Or.,. III the ahs"I"'" o[ tl1I' Vit ..l'r.'sid.'nt, '" \\'1H'1i }11' ,hall '.\t'rei". tlH' offic., of thl' plt,i, rlent of tl1\' L'lIitl'd Statt-"
Alld it tht IICII't td HtTff' .... tIJLdl\,' ,h.dl ,'(;f ; III)t!" "i',,"id.'II1. "h('II("'1 tl", n,,\;t of ,b",1'! ,h,dl d.,o". IIpOl' tl,..111 !>""It tlH' ".\Jltl .1,,\ "f \1.11' hi" st 10110""1". tlHIl tho \ In 1'1t'ld.'lIt ,1",11 ,I(t ," 1'" "d'III. ,J' III Ih, ',I" "I tilt' d.,,,th or "tl"'1 ,""'111/1111111,,1 d""hilit\ 01 Ih., I'II",,1t'1I1 '1'1:, 1" '''"I J.." II:" till ~"'"I,',t 111I1I111t'1 ,ot.', ,I' \'H.'l'n,,,I"lIt of ,h,,11 h. II,.. \" ,'I'It'"d"1I1 d 'IH I, ""m!>. I })(' iI nl;d()rity oj lh., \\holt' 1111I111H'1 (If Flt'dor, 'Ippnint.'d. ;tlld If Ilti PI r'nll 11<1\" .1 111.1101'I", tI"'1I 110111th., t\\'o hi,,},nl 1I11l11h,'/, 0" ,I,.. }"t tl,.. S,,,,,k ,It,d! ,IH"'" Ih. \ """ 1'1t'.,,,I"III. ,I qllOntlll 101 lit . pllrpo'" ,hall ,,,,,,i,t of t"o,lhird, oj till' ,,1;01., 11111111 01 , ~t'II;1t(Jr;-, . Intl ;( IHdlont: (If thi' \\ 1101(, ll1l1nh"r ~h;tlf IH' IIt'I..I''';II': 101 ,I t IItJin BId lIt) p,r'oll ,oll.,lil"!,ol,,dly IIHII;.:t1<1.,to tl" ollin' 01 1'1t',id"III,h"iI I. "II~t1i1., to tI,,,1 ,01 \'i\'l'I'II 'id.,,,t of th., L'lIikd SI,,!t-,.
~"d;\t(, ...hal1lH'
1I('l't";-,aT~
tt' ,I \ hOlll'
\\h .n 'I(tlllg fOI 6, TI", S.nate shall hav . tl", sol. pm\'l'r to try all impead1lJH'IIIs thai pm!'o,,', tlH'Y shall he on oath or affirm"tloll. \\'h"11 Ih., pft".1"lIt of II", L'nill'd States is tried, till' Chid JlIs(l(e ,hall pft'sid.,: and 110 person shall 1)(' cl1lwil'll'.1 "ithollt Ihl' conCllrn'lIl'l' of I" othird, of Ih" nwmlH''' Pft'S"IIt. 7, Jlldgment of caw, of irnpl'aehml'nt shall not evlelld furth"r than to rt'movaI
ARTICLE
SLAVERY
XIII
ABOLISHED.
T" .. T" irl

1<'>I),i.
.. 1/1/1 . 11i1/'lIdllll'III,
/1/
1II//I/IIl'l/ ",,,/ "",,/
/111IIii' .
'''irl'I,,'i;.:''I'' 1'''1'1 of
COli!!,..'.",
8f),) .
It
fl,'
rut,
ti .d I,u I",,','follrl/l.,
I/Ii'
SIIII.,s.
II
I" CII/J"illl/i,,,1.
1>('1'/'111/""
I,".
from o!fie,'. alld .1isqllalifieatioll 10 hold alld "lIioy allY o!fin' of honor. lrust. or profit IIm!.'1 tlll' 1..'lIit,'d Statt-s, but the party ('onvil'l,'d shall ""\"'rt1ll,le,' 1)(' liald . alld ,,"hjl'd 10 ill.1idrn"II1. trial. )lldgnwnt. alld p"ni,hm,nt. aCl'l1Idillg to la\\'. S"I'lio/J -1-( Tim.,s, I'll'" of holdillg OIH' St'."ion ill .'adl year.) .,I"I'tions. ho\\' pwscrilH'd.
i. :,\,'ilher,Ia,'.'ry I/or ,"\'olu"ta" "'rvillld.,, ".v,.'pt a, " PII/",ltllll'lI' 10, 'Iilll" "h.,I"'o! tl,,' p",ty ,hall ha\'., 1,""11 dilly ,'oll\'Iltt-d, ,hall .',i,t "i\11I1I II,.. L'IIi\,'d SLII,". 01 ,lilY pia,'., ",I,}. 1'1 I" Ih"11 JlITI,dil'li"ll. ,) COlIgrt'" ,ltall h"\'I' pow.'r to "lIfon.,
ARTICLE
CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS NOT
this alti..!,'
XIV
TO BE
Ity app"'III;"t"
1".l'i,Loli'"1
I, Tlw tinH's, plan's alld malllll'r "f holdillg .,J.'dioll' lor S"lIalllT' a"d 1I"I"""",,la g liV/', ,hall III' pII'snil,..d ill .a .h Stal<' hy th., I.. islatlln Ih"II'of: hilI th . COllgII'." may at allY tinw hy la\\' mak., lIT alt .r sllch If'glllations . 'x,' .pt as to plan's o[ d".osillg S,,"ators. 2,
011
ABRIDGED,
li'"I,
1'111' COllgH'" ,hall as,,mht., at )Past onl'" tl1<' first /\Iollday ill l'ml1<'r. 11111.,,, th.,y
rIll' hlllrl""IIII, I,.,l.\ mliti .d /I!I ""''''

JII/U
AIII.'IIdll"'III, 1"1111II"",',/,,"rl""
,,"ol'l,'d
"f
/111 IIII' '''irl!/,"j"I'' C'"I!!""', Iw/d II", SIIII,'''. IlIII/ 1111"/" " 1'1/11 "f IIII'
jll
ISI'f).
(:"".,'il,,
~S, Ism,. ill th., l'lIil<'d Stat ." alld ,,,hi'Tt to tl , 1<"i,d,," Stal." alld "t tl", Stal<' \\'11t'It'ill th.,)' rc~id.,. \"
h"
n..
ill .'",'ry y.'ar. alld ,," .h nH'I'Iillg shall ,hall hy Ja\\' appoinl a dill", .nt day,
I. AlI P"I''''''' hol'll lIT IIaturali/(~d tioll tl1<'II'of. alf' "iti"'II.' "t th . lillil<'d
20
ARTICLE
RIGHT OF SEARCH AND
YOUR
lAND
AND
MINE
T he Constitution of the United States

Section .5-( Memhership, Quorum, Adjournments, Rules. PO\\'('r to punish or exppl. Journal. Time of adjournml'nts, I. Each House its own members. and smaller numher may attendancl' of absent may providc. shall be the judge of the elections, a majority of each shall constitute a adjourn from day to day, and may memhers in such manner and under
13
IV
SEIZURE REGULATED.
how
limited,
etc.)
The right of th, people to be securp in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unn'asonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon prohable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the pIal'" to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V
returns, and qualifications of quorum to do husiness; hut a he authorized to compel the such penalties as each House for timl'
PROVISIONS CONCERNING PROSECUTION, TRIAL AND PUNISHMENTPRIVATE PROPERTY NOT TO BE TAKEN FOR PUBLIC USE WITHOUT COMPENSATION.
2. Each House may determine the rules disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence 3. Each House shall keep a journal
of its proceedings, punish its memhers of two-thirds expel a memher. and from time to
of its proceedings,
i'\o person shall Iw held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a Craml Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, wlll'n in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; in any criminal casp to he a witnl'ss against himself, nor be denor shall 1)(' compelled prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property he taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE
RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL,
puhlish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require the ycas and nays of the memhers of either House on any question shall, of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
secTt'cy; and at the dl'sirl'
4. 0.'either House, during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other. adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Ilouses shall be sitting. Section
6-( Compensation.
Privileges.
Disqualihcation
in certain
cases.)
VI
WITNESSES,
ETC.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, hy an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the criml' shall have been committ,d, which district shall have Iwen previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to he confronlld with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistanc,' of couosel for his defense. ARTICLE VII shall exceed twenty dollars. hy a jury shall be otherwise to the rules of the common
1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the Unitl'd States. They shall in all cases, l'xcept treason, felony, and hreach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same: and for any speech or dehate in either House they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. 1\0 Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States been created, or the emoluments whereof, shall have heen increased and no person holding any office under tbe United States shall be a House during his continuancl' in office. he was elected, be which shall have during such time; memher of either
RIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY,
I n snits at common law, when the value in controversy the right of trial by jury shall 1)(' preserVl'd, and no fact tried re-examined in any court of the Uniteu States than according la\\'. ARTIClE
EXCESSIVE BAilOR FINES AND
all revenue bills. Veto. Bill may he passed hy twoSection 7-( House to originate thirds of each House, notwithstanding, etc. Bill, not returned in ten days, to become a law. Provisions as to orders, concurrent resolutions, etc.) 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other biJIs. but
VIII
CRUEL PUNISHMENT PROHIBITED.
Excpssiv,' bail shall not be f{quired, nor ('xcessive usual punishm"nts inflict,(!. ARTICLE IX
RULE OF CONSTRUCTION
fines imposed,
nor crupI
and
un-
OF CONSTITUTION.
The ('mlITH'ration in the Constitution of certain or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE
RIGHTS OF STATES UNDER
rights
shall not be construed
to deny
X
CONSTITUTION.
Th . powers not dell-gated by it to the States, an' reserved
to the United to the States ARTICLE
States hy the Constitution, nor prohihited respectively, or to the people. XI
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, hefore it hecomes a law, be presented to thl' President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign, hut if not, he shall return it, with his ohjections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the ohjections at large on their journal. and proceed to reconsid,'r it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the ohjections, to the other HOIISe, hy which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved hy two-thirds of that House it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of hoth Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the hill shall he entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any hiJI shall not he returned hy the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall he a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment preVl'nt its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which th,' concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may he necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and hefon' the same shall take effect shall be approVl'd hy him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the
JUDICIAL
POWERS CONSTRUED.
The Ele(;ellt" A,lIendmen!. adopted IJ!/ tli(' third Congress, held in P"i/(/(Ielpllia. /794. was ratified IJY three-fourths of the States, and made a part of the COllstitl/tion. January .'i. /79R.
lt
S"lIall' allll tl . II",,,, ill tl . ('as" of a hill. S,'dioll of Hppns'lItativl's. a('('ordillg
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
The COIIStitlitioll
of tbe I 'llited
Statt'S
Hi
10 th, TIII,s afICl limitatiolls
pn'snil",e1
.'i-I
l'owl'rs of Congrl'ss.)
Congnss. provid,d that 110 am.,,,III)('nl ",hich may 1)(' iliad, prior to tl . Y"ar 011. thollsand "i"ht IIIII"lnd and "ight ,hall ill any II1:1nn.'[ alf"d tt,, lirst and fOllrl I. vlall\('s ill tl . :-':illth S"dioll of th . First Artidl'; alld that 110 Slalt withollt its ('on"'nt, shall I,, dl'pri\,d of its "qllal ,sllflrag, in th . S'lIat,. ARTICLE \ Cl'rtaill (It-hls. dc .. d.dand valid. law, of lilt' l'lIiltd Statt's. Oath to 'lIpport IIsl. ) VI SlIpn'IIIa('y Constitlltion. of Comtitlltioll; tn;lIi,'s. and hy ",horn tak'II. \" r.li"ioll'
I. Till' (; n"rt,ss shall hav,' pO\\"'r to lay alld co1\,('( taws, dllti,s. imposh. alld ,,,i,,,. to pa~' tl,, e11'1.h alld provid, for tl . ('ommOIl dd"IISO' alld g'I .r:d \\Ilfarl' of tl . 1'lIill'd Stat"" hili all dllti,',s, imposts, alld "''';SI'S shall I,, IIl1ifonn Ihn",ghollt tl . 1'lIill'd Slalt,. 2. To horrow mOlH'Y on tl1l' l'rpdit with of till' Unit .d Stall's. nations. and among tlH' ,cvpml bws Stat,s anel of
3. Tn n'gulat . comm,rc, with th,' Indian trilJl's.
fon'ign
.t. To ,,tahlish
h:lnkrnptci,"
.'5.
I. All (It-ht> contractt'd and "II!!a~(I'ult'nt> 'nllnd illto h .fon th . adoptioll of this COnstitlltioll .shall 1)(' as valid agaillst tilt' l'nitt'd Statl'S IIl1d"r thi, Constitillioll .I.S IIl1d., th . COllf.dnatioll .
;2. This COII,titlltion and th, Ia\\S of th, l'nitt'd S(all's whkh shall b, mad, ill pllrof th, ,lIalll" tllt'n'of and all tn'ati,'s mad". or whi .h s!tall 1)(' mad,. IInd"r II. allth",-it\ 1'lIitt-d Statt's, shall hI' tl . "'pn'II'" la\\ of II,, lalld. alld tl . jl"lg,'s in "\('r~ :-,,,;tt- ,shall I". IH>lII"! tl .nh\ :III\,thill" in th . Constitlltioll or Ia\\\ 01 am Stat, to th, ,,,"1,.11\ 1101\\itlrst:lI"hng .... ' :J. Th, ~,,"lIatms .",.1 H"lHl"lItativ., h..tm, m'lIlio'lt'd. alld II,, m"III1" rs of till' ".\",./<d .-;tatt' 1.,gislatllrl'S. alld all ""Tllli\'"s alld ""Ii('ial ollinrs. hoth "f tl" 1lIit.d Stat,s alld 01 tIlt' s"v"ral Stat,s. shall I,.. hOlllld I>v oath 0' allirmation to sllpl'mt Il,is COlIslltlltioll: hilt 110 .Iigiolls tt',t shall ,"','r 1)(' .'1l1ir'd .IS a '1l1ali1i('al,oll to all' ollic" or pnhlil' tmst lIlId"r II,, 1'lIitt'd St:It,s.
a IIniform
TIll, of naturalil:ltion Stat,s, till' va!tll' tllI'nof.
:lnd IInifoml and
on tl1l' sllhi .d coill. and
throll"hollt
till' l'nil<'d
standard
To ('oill mOIlI'Y. nglllatl of \\"'i"hts and nH'a"m'"
of forl'i"n II. wCllriti,"
fix tl1\" loill
n. To provid . for th, Pllllishm"nt of tl", l'niltd Stat,s.

7. To ,,tahli,h post-offi,,'s alld
of ('ollnl<'rft'itin" post-roads.
and ('lIn"lIt
S. To promoI<' tl . pnll!n'ss of 'ci"II('[' and IIsdlll arts IJ\' "'cllrin" for limit<-d tim,s to allthors alld i'IS"'lItors tl . ,,dll,i\, rights to tl1\"ir r"sp"('(i\"(' \\Titin"s alld di,co\',ries.
9. To cOII,titut..
trihunal,
inf"rior
to th( SlIpn'n1l' and
Courl. on th . high ,,as. and. I \\'hat
ARTICLE ratili .ation ,hall
VII COllstitntion.) tl,,
10. To d.lirH' alld pllnish piraci,'s off .n,sts a~ainst th . law of nation,. I I. To d,cIan war; grant It'ttN' captll/ts on land and \\alt-r. 12. To rai,,' alld sllpport armi,,. for a 10Ilg"r tl'rm thall two Yl'ars. 13.
11.
feloni ., ('ommitt..d and r.prisal.
,.stahli,h
of marqlll'
afICl mak, nd,s ('ollc,tIling IH"
'1'1". rat,fi .atioll of tilt' COII\""lIlioll' of IIi,,,' Stat,, shall h .. sllllit-i'111 lor ,stahlishlllt'llt of tliis Constitlltion l,..t""'11 tl,, Statt's '" ratifyin!! tl . sam,. THE AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION I..:,")\, II ,IS
hilt no appropriation
of mOIl.y to that II'" ,hall
To provid.
and mailltain
a lIavy. and r.glllation of tIll' lalld alld na\'al th . laws of th,I'lIi'''I. fOI("'s, s"ppn'ss
TI . Filst T"II ;\IIlt'ndm"lIt,

"A Bill
to tl,.. (:ollslitlltioll
OF RIGHTS"
To mak, mlts for th . gm"'rnm"lIt
15. To providl' for ca1\ing forth tilt' militi:l to 'WCIlt.. insl\!l(dions. allel rl'\Jt'1 invasions.
\\ ,... adoptt'd hy tl . lirst (:on!!nss .. all .d to 1I",,t ill \"\\ Ymk (;,t\. 17H~}. Tl .y ",,r,latn ,atili,d hy th,' \"ari,,,,, Sla"'s, alld on f)"('('mIIlT '\I'n' iliad, a part of th. C'>I,stitlltion. ARTiClE
REliGIOUS OF SPEECH, ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRESS. PROHIBITED. AND RIGHT TO FREEDOM PETITION.
\lard, .1. 1;"). 17~)1.
16. To provid . for organizing. arming. and disciplining tl1\" militia, and for "m,rtIing snch part of tlll'm as may Ill' .mploy,d ill tilt' "',"\'in' of tl", l.'nitld Stal<'s. n.SIrving to tl1<' Stat ., nsp,ctivdy th . appointm .nt of th. offinrs. and tl . allthority of trainill" tIll' militia according to tho' discipline pr .,nil)('d hy Congrt'.ss. 17. To "wrcisp .,clllsivl' ].gislation ill all ca'''s whatsol'V('r <,v"r 'llch district (llot ('\t'l'l'ding t..n mile, sqllan') as may. hy l'('ssion of particlllar Stal<'s alld tilt' ac ..ptall{' of Cong/t". l)('coll1l' tIll' S('at of Cov .rnn1l'lIt of tIll' l;nit .d Stat.s alld to ,, .rcis, Jik, allthority ov,'r :dl pla .,s Pllr .has .d hy till' l'on"'lIt of tilt' l".gislatl\!: of th. Stat<- ill whi.h tl1l' sam . ,ha1\ I,... for th. ,nctioll of forts. ma"azillls. ar,,nals. drnlo .ks. alld otill" 11\""dfnl 1)llildings .. IH. To mak, all Jaws ",hich sha1\l)(' n"("'"ary and prop .r for .arryillg illto ,\t .lIlion till' fon."oillg p"'\I'rs alld all oth .r pow"rs v"sl<'d hy thi, Constitlltioll in tlu: (;m'j'nlln"lIt of th . l1nit"d Statl's. or in allY dq1arln1l'nt or olli"'r tllt'r .of. S'T/ion !)-I Provision as to migration or importatioll of ('rtain P''''"1S. I lal)('a' Corpm. Bills of attaind,r. dc. Ta\ts. 1.0'" apportiOl .d. i'\o "'port dllty. :-':0 l"ollun"r('ial pr..,nncl'. \lon .y. ho", drawlI from Tnasllry. dc. :-':0 titillar uohility. Oflicl'rs not to nc .iv. pnstut>. I'lc.)
COli!!"'" shall lIIak, 110 law n"I",dilli! an "stahli,lm"'nt of nligioll. or prohil>itlng tho' fr,, (,,/(IS, tl ./(of. m ahridgini! th, I.,dolll of Sl"'('('h m of II,, pn'''' or 11,, right "f th, I',"pl, P"''''''ahl) to as"IIII>I, .Il1d to pditioll tl,.. CO\""lIIn"'III lor a "d,,,, of
grit'VtlIH" 's.
ARTiClE
RIGHT TO KEEP AND
II
BEAR ARMS.
.\ \\ .11"",,latt-d ,"i1itia I.n" ""(',ss;ny to II,,' "'('lIrit\ i tl,,' I',"pl, to k.,p .IIIlII .ar alii" shallllot I", ililrill"'(1. ARTICLE
NO SOLDIER TO BE QUARTERED IN
01 air ., St:It,. II . nglil
01
III
ANY HOUSE, UNLESS. ETe.
:\1' ... oldi,,!" ... all. ill h

thl' O\\IIC'L IIClr in
tilI1t,
tinH'
of pt,;~n. ht' qllart,'rcd
ill allY hOH'.' \\ itholl(

hy 1;\\\.
rht'
1'011""111
lit
01 \\;lr, but
ill:l lI\allllt'f
to IH' pn'~l'ri}H'd
18
Sect ion 3- (Treason
defined. Proof of. Punishment
YOUR
LAND
AND
MINE
The Constitution of the United States
15
of.)
I. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power tainder of treason shall work corruption the person attainted. to declare of blood IV acts, etc., of every other State.) the punishment of treason, or forfeiture except during but no atthe life of
I. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importations, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas in cases of rebellion or invasion the public 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto corpus shall not be suspended, safety may require it. law shall be passed. unless from in proportion any State. to the C('lIsm unless when
ARTICLE
4. No capitation or other direct or enumeration hereinbefore directed 5. 1\0 tax or duty
tax shall be laid, to be taken.
Section I-(Each
State
to give credit
to the public
shall be laid on articles
exported
Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of eomml'rce or revenue to tIll' ports of one State oVl'r those of another, nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, c!l'ar, or pay duties to another.
I'
Section 2-( PriVileges of citizens of each State.

up. I. citizens Persons held to service having shall The citizens of ('ach State in the several States.
Fugitives from justice to be delivered escaped, to be delivered up.) to all privileges and immunities of
7. 1'\0 money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequl'nee of appropriations made by law; amI a regular statement and account of the n'c'eipts and expenditurl's of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States. any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever or foreign state. And no person holding of the Congress, accept from any king, prince. powers.)
he entitled
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall lice from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he lied, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall in cons('quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
Section 10- (States
prohibited
from
the exercise
of certain
1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation, grant letters of marque and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any impost or imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for I'xeenting its laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such be subject to the revision and mntrol of the Congress. duties on insp(ction imports or laws shall
Section 3-( Admission

property. )
of new
States.
Power
of Congress
over
territory
and
other
I. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
3. No State shall, without the mnsent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into agreement or compact with another Statl', or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II
Section 4-( Republican
form of government
guarante('d.
Each
State
to be protected.) form of of the against
Section 1-( President;
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican gov('rnment, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convencd) domestic violence. ARTIClE (Constitution; V Proviso.)
his term of office. Electors of Presidt'nt; number and how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualifications of President. On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. President's compensation. His oath of office.) States of with tlH'
how amended.
I. The Executive power shall bl' vested in a President of tl!!' United America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and togdher Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:
The Congress, whenevcr two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it nceessary, shall propOS(' amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Jtgislatures of twothirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amcndments, which in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified hy the legislatures of three-fourths of the severa] States, or by conventions in thn'('-fOllrths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Heprcsentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Hepn'sentative or p('rson holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States and volt> by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves.
1-
- '-.-.
-:.....-
J -:::=..;:.-;
-....:
-= ~ -; '=
f
":::
::
- g~
:2 -:
-~~~j "
-:-
::.,:
.....
""
- -....
'=::
-'
;.....--
=.5
-:::
~ -=
...
~ ~
~../
:.. ---
-/
~:
!~ j~ ]~
-: .= :.. ::.. --/"
~. -
--
~~~~J. - - .. -..::::
--::.. :: 10-.
:..
E "";::
-,...
-.
;...
=
/
~-7~;
! '-
-....
;:
.r
/"
~.:::,: - ~ ~
.
I~
:=
Of.
::: -!
,,.::
-'
tt-
2 -
- --. ::..
;,<' -
".. ,
/
-- ~
:::.
i~J ,
/
:;
'::::: -; /
:=
-;.
.~
.:z~j
...=
-.;:;
:.r..
':J
=.5
-=:7.
c: :{
/ /
: v ; - ~ .:=
~
IE
,...
::
~
:.1.
._
=:
;...-;::: E.-=
(~f;:=
~=.:~ --- --...

.....
- ~
.-]-=~-
~~ ~i
-.
- ~l
J
:.: = -. ~-
>-.
,...
....<
z ~ o
Z
<I:
:;' ~=
:"--=~E-=
/
~ ~
z-::-= .~ ~
- ~ .~
o
Z
<I:
. ---- -
- -..... - ~ -~ ;...
~g
::
~
""
~.~~ ~-:;~
~
g"
...:::
'/ _f...=
- !:
.(
~ -; ~
-;.~
~/.
::' E ::
.
Hj
~ =
'"
::>
>
.~~~~ :
'" ';:( ~.:..= -.:::: - ~
"""
~.~
.:- J.:
:::
::::
...
./
/
~,
- - -. -- ,......
""---
---
"- .....
': :.-_
::::
'E~ ~~
i- ::
I .
- - - c ~.~ ~ ~ ::
,: 'C"
~~L E
,
= ::
-- ~ - - '-
'. ::
- -- --...
- 3 ~ =
--
;::~:J:
:.,
..... ~ ::; 7
:;
- ~~:.:
....;r=
....
:::f .
:;
;.....-
~:::.....,
~~
~.
=
F .. -
"; (~
~ .~.
, ~ ~~1 ~ - ,/
~ -= == -"
- '-
~:.r: 3 ,
~/
-.
- - /
t~ ~
--
-=~~7
1-
H: -~-=..=.~-; !
'::'''
- ~ ;;...= E
---,
-.
-
,~
~ ~~
~I
.,....E .= -...::; ..-'
- --~= :i ]l
= :" -:;
./
:..-'
..r.--::::_
-~
FREEDOM GUARD STA.JE (2HAIRMAN: HENRY-'L. CLERE SPRING STREET JAYCEES
P.O. Box 12005

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA (NO PHONE)
23241
FREEDCM OJ'\RD
THE PURPOSE OF THE FREEDOM GUARD PROGRAM IS TO PROVIDE EACH YOUNG MAN IN THE JAYCEES WITH THE BASIC GUIDELINES AND INCENTIVES HE NEEDS TO BECOME KNOWLEDGEABLE OF HIS LOCAL GOVERNMENT. IT ALSO ENCOURAGES MEMBERS TO BECOME ACTIVE AND TO PARTICIPATE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROJECTS AND AFFAIRS. THE FREEDOM GUARD PROGRAM WILL ASSIST YOUR CHAPTER TO BECOME MORE INVOLVED IN YOUR COMMUNITY IN GOVERNMENTAL ISSUES AND AFFAIRS. You WILL OBTAIN NEW PROJECT IDEAS AND KEEP YOUR CHAPTER INFORMED FROM PARTICIPATING MEMBERS. IMPLEMENTATION: THE LOCAL CHAIRMAN SHOULD PUBLICIZE THE PROGRAM TO MEMBERS AND DISTRIBUTE MATERIALS ON QUALIFICATIONS OF FREEDOM GUARD. PUBLICIZE TO THE MEMBERS UPCOMING JAYCEE GOVERNMENTAL PROJECTS AND COMMUNITY EVENTS AND ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION. MAINTAIN A RECORD OF EACH MEMBER'S PROGRESS. As MEMBERS QUALIFY, COMPLETE THE FREEDOM GUARD AFFIDAVIT AND TURN IT IN TO THE LOCAL PRESIDENT FOR MAILING TO THE STATE OFFICE BUILDING. AFFIDAVITS SHOULD BE SUBMITTED AS SOON AS ONE OR MORE MEMBERS QUALIFY SO THAT CERTIFICATES CAN BE RECEIVED QUICKLY FROM THE STATE CHAIRMAN. QUALIFIERS SHOULD BE PRESENTED THEIR CERTIFICATES AT THE EARLIEST TIME POSSIBLE AND IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THEY BE PRESENTED AT MEMBERSHIP MEETINGS. THIS WILL ASSIST YOU TO PUBLICIZE YOUR FREEDOM GUARD PROGRAM AND ENCOURAGE OTHER MEMBERS TO PARTICIPATE. STATE BOARD AWARDS PROGRAM: FREEDOM GUARD AWARDS MEETING AND AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. WILL BE PRESENTED AT THE STATE
WITH HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF NOVEMBER 15 MEMBERSHIP QUALIFIED. WITH GREATEST NUMBER QUALIFIED. 13. FIVE OU~STANDING INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM GUARD WINNERS (STATE CONVENTION) 4. THE OVERALL INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM GUARD WINNER (STATE CONVENTION) FREEDOM GUARD MATERIALS ARE SPONSORED BY THE SPRING STREET JAYCEES. YEAR END AWARDS FOR THE CHAPTER WITH THE GREATEST PERCENTAGE, THE CHAPTER WITH THE GREATEST NUMBER OF FREEDOM GUARDS QUALIFIED AND THE OVERALL INDIVIDUAL OUTFREEDOM GUARD AWARD ARE SPONSORED BY THE MADISON HEIGHTS JAYCEES. AWARDS FOR THE FIVE INDIVIDUAL OUTSTANDING FREEDOM GUARDS ARE SPONSORED BY THE SPRING STREET JAYCEES. VIRGINIA FREEDOM MANDATORY A. BE A REGISTERED VOTER AND VOTE IN ALL ELECTIONS AND REFERENDUMS. JAYCEES AFFIDAVIT
1. CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER
GUARD
B. TAKE AN "ACTION COURSE IN PRACTICAL ERNMENT ORIENTATION COURSE, OR PASS TAL AFFAIRS MANUAL. C. KNOW READ
POLITICS" THE ACTION ARE. ARE.
, OR A LOCALLY DIVISED GOVCOURSE TEST IN THE GOVERNMEN-
WHO YOUR LOCAL ELECTED ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES U.S. THE U.S. STATE CONSTITUTION ONCE OFFICIALS YEARLY.
D. E.
46
ELECTIVES A. SUBMIT IN YOUR OWN WORDS AMERICANISM CHAIRMAN. A BRIEF PAPER ON FREE ENTERPRISE GOVERNMENTAL TO YOUR AFFAIRS LOCAL PROGRAM
B. PARTICIPATE
(SUCH C. JOIN AND
IN A REGIONAL, AS A SEMINAR OR MOCK PARTICIPATE OR THREE JAYCEE ON
DISTRICT, OR STATE LEGISLATURE). PARTY. ON A LOCAL,
IN A POLITICAL MINUTE DFFICE, SPEECH OR
D. MAKE
E. HOLD F. ENTER G. WRITE H. GET
A TWO ELECTED
STATE
OR
NATIONAL OR
ISSUE. STATE CHAIRMAN.
SERVE OR
AS REGIONAL,
DISTRICT
A DEBATE
A POLITICAL OR PATRIOTIC REGISTERED
GOVERNMENTAL FOR
ISSUE. A JAYCEE PUBLICATION.
A POLITICAL CITIZEN
ARTICLE TO VOTE. MEETING
ANOTHER
I. ATTEND SIONAL J. WRITE K. TAKE
A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL SESSION. A LETTER TO ONE
BODY
OR GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
OR CONGRES-
OF YOUR
ELECTED
REPRESENTATIVES. PRECINCT WORK. AND HAVE IT
PART
IN VOTER
REGISTRATION
OR OTHER
L. PRESENT A NEW GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS ADOPTED, OR BE AN ACTIVE COMMITTEE M. BE AN OFFICER, N. ATTEND A LOCAL, CHAIRMAN DISTRICT, OR DELEGATE STATE OR
PROGRAM TO YOUR CHAPTER, MEMBER ON SUCH A PROJECT. OF A POLITICAL NATIONAL GROUP
ORGANIZATION. CONVENTION. JAYCEES, SUCH AS KI-
POLITICAL OTHER THAN
O. BE AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT WANIS, SCOUTING, ETC. P. NAME

Q. R.
IN A CIVIC SUPREME ED ITOR"
THE
JUSTICES "LETTER
OF THE TO THE
COURT. ON 80% A MATTER OF THE OF TIME. AS A BOND ISSUE, BLUE LAW, ETC. GENERAL PUBL IC CONCERN.
WR ITE A ATTEND
YOUR
CHURCH
OR SYNAGOGUE IN A REFERENDUM CHURCH OR
S. CAMPAIGN T.
U.
ACTIVELY
VOTE,
SUCH OR
HOLD
AN OFFICE
IN YOUR
SYNAGOGUE AND
TEACH A PUBLIC
A CLASS. MEETING IN THE PLEDGE
GIVE INVOCATION OF ALLEGIANCE. THE AMERICAN
AT A JAYCEE FLAG ON ALL
MEETING
LEAD
V. FLY
HOLIDAYS.
W. SERVE X. LOCAL
ON A JURY. CHAPTER oPTIONCAMPAIGN WORKER FOR A CANDIDATE, OR BE A CANDIDATE YOURSELF.
Y. BE AN ACTIVE Z. OPTIONAL
TEST.
47
January
TO ALL ~~NPOWER TEM1 CAPTAINS
4, 1977
Yau as an officer or director, are a leader in the Petersburg Jaycees. If we are to have a truly outstanding year in 197677, you must utilize your leadership abilities and strive diligently toward the goal of being the best. As one step in this drive you should, by February 28th, qualify two persons from your team in addition to yourself for the Virginia Jaycees Freedom Guard Award. All of you should have copies of the Freedom passed out to you a few months back. The following
I
Guard Affidavit
are some suggestions
on how to qualify:
~.ANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
A.
Be sure that you as well as all your team members are registered voters. If they aren't get them registered. We will arrange an Action this requirement. Course that will satisfy
B.
C., D., E. These requirements can be satisfied by attending the February business meeting when these officials will be discussed. F. Obtain several copies of the Constitution and circulate them around your team encouraging each man to read it thoroughly.
II.
ELECTIVES
I in (at
A minimum of 12 activities are required. The electives have listed are those you are most likely to accomplish one month. A. Each man submit to the Chairman a short paper least one page) on Free Enterprise. Check your team, some may already All members Chairmen. qualify.
C. E. G.
of the Board plus our Region and State
Get each man to submit articles to the Spark or other Jaycee publications on some patriotic subject. A perfect choice would relate to the bicentinneal.
H. I. J.
Ask persons
they know and register
one.
Attend a city council meeting. Check on those Jaycees who have already attended. Each man write his representative on some current issue and turn a copy of the letter in to the Chair.man. Many people can qualify another civic group. To be covered here by belonging business to
o.
P.
at February
meeting. in The by or
Q.
R. v. x. Addresses
Encourage writing Progress Index.
to the "Peoples Forum"
Many people already pass this requirement attending church regularly. Check with Jaycees who have led Invocation Pledge of Allegiance at a public meeting. Those who attended Mock Election.
The Honorable Robert W. Daniel, House of Representatives Washington, D. Co 20515 The Honorable william L. Scott u. S. Senate Washington, D. Co 20510 The Honorable Harry Fo Byrd, Jr. U. S. Senate Washington, D. C. 20510
Jro
FREEDOM
GUARD INFO~iATION
1.
Know who your local elected PETERSBURG CITY COUNCIL
officials
are.
Gilbert Ford Arthur Johnson Charles Monti Bob Frazier Cuthbert Shell Clyde Herman Ward Barbara Fauntleroy 1 7 5 ;! 3 Ward 4 6
--
2.
Know who your state elected House of Delegates Senate Elmond
officials Sisisky
are.
Norman T. Gray
3.
Know who your U. S. elected House of Representatives U. S Sene-.!.\ ~
officials
are.
Robert W. Daniel, Jr. Republican - Spring Grove
Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Independent -."'linchester William L. Scott Republican - Fairfax
4.
Name the Justices

NAMES
of the Supreme Court. APPOINTED 1955 195G 1962 1967 1969 1970 1971 1971 1975
William J. Brennan, Jr. Potter Stewart Byron R. White Thurgood ~~rshall Warren E. Burger Harry A. Blackmun Lewis F. Powell, Jr. William H. Rehnquist John P. Stevens
'i UK INT A PREEDOr-l
1 <' r". (701\..:,0
SC')RE U~RD
P.APT
r -. rmt-1DATORY
A.
B
Be 8 regist~rpd
~e.ferendum8.
0. ~z an~
J~t~
T~ke a
Affairs
J OCt.'Ill.)
Ot pass the Act .. 1.:0l":SE~ l.t-'S\. on

Nl1nnal
aJ.
,j
."1';:;
Jd
<;;0 .. t
nsuel i
.in
J..
J.e~tat].on
_.I
..
\... = ,,,ove.rnmen
Know who your lOt
elect.ed oft
LC'l d.lG
ar:'e.
are. are.
Know who your st~te elected officials Know who your U. s. elected Read the U. S. Constitution - ELECTIVES - Minimum officials
once yearly. required.
of 12 activitIes
Submit in your own words a brief paper on Free I''\'"I~e:r'prise to your local Freedom Guard Chairma.n. Participate in a regional,
program
distric
~, or state
party.
G,\. ,'f-.
mental Affairs legislature).
(such as a seminar or mock
Join and participate or national issue.
in a political
Make a two or three nlinute speech on a local,
!t .. ! I
Hold elected Jaycee office, or serve as regional, district, or st8te chairman.
Enter a debate on a pol! tical Write a political or patriotic

publication.
o:r:
gover'nrnental
i ..k.
4
ar'ti<"de for a Jalr;:L
Get another citizen .registered to vote.

Attend a local governmental
Assembly or Congressional
body
meeting or. Gelw'-al

represent
session.
Write a letteL to one ot your elected
I L. /
V"N.
~ ~
Present chapter
member
on such a project.
a new Governmental Affa). s program to you.' and have it adopted I or he an actlve C,,",W1.L t \ .ee chaLcman; or delegate of a pollt
r
~L Be an officer,
organization.
cll
Attend a local, district

convention.
state,
or national po1 ~ .ieo.1

than
Be an active participant in a civic group othet Jaycees, such as Kiwanis, Scouting, etc. Name the Justices of t~e Supreme Court.
~
L./1f.
s.
~~HOJ
,.Trite a "letter
pUblic concern.
to f:he edJtor" on a matter

t)! synagogue
of g~!' '"41
Attend your
ch\.\tC"i1
80% of the time

yote, such a& ,
Campaign actively in a referendum bond issue, blue law, etc.
d an office
a class.
in
YOttJ:
church or synagogue or t~b.t:h

ct pUP1l.CO
Give invocat.ional at a Jaycee meet1ng and lead meet.ing in the Pledge of Alleg.lance.
Fly the America! Flag on all holidays.
Set-'ve on a ju.ry.
x.
Be an active
candidate
campaign
wO.t:ker fo'C a candtdat.e,
u . :j~
yourself.
~rul.~~U~U
tll;
Hi.!:.
::>1'K.lNL> ::iiKJ:;t;T
JAYl;t;t;:)
lUl;liMOND,
VIRGINIA
WE, THE UNDERSIGNED OFFICIALS OF THE (CHAPTER NAME) (ADDRESS) (CITY) STATE _ _ _
VIRGINIA
JAYCEES
FREEDOM GUARD AFFIDAVIT

MANDATO!(Y
CERTIFY THE JAYCEES LISTED BELOW HAVE MET ALL

D. M.'tke
l!.
A. H.
8e a rcgistered voter .1nd vote In .111 clection!i and referendums. tllle .1n "hctlQn COUr/H,' In rr ... u:LJcAl "olt t tC's". or a locally d!vl~H'd Kovt.'rnml'nt orlC'ut'ltlon cour r., ur Pilll'l till' A.tll'" Cuursc (l'st in the COVl'rU!lU'UlOll
A(
a local, E. F. G. II. 1.
t . or three minute speech o stale or national hsue.
on
O.
1'(.'al\
group
nct:ive
other than
participant
Jaycees,
in a civic
such as KI-
Hold elected Jaycee office, or serve as regional, district or state chairman. EntC'r
OJ
wanis.
P. Q.
Scouting,
etc.
of the Supreme Court.
to
REQUIREMENTS OF THE FREEDOM GUARD AWARD AND ARE QUALIFIED CERTIFICATES ACCOMPLISHMENTS. TO RECEIVE FREEDOM GUARD FOR THEIR OUTSTANDING
Name the Justices
debate
i'\fJue.
on
political
or
governmental
Write a " htt~r

m"'llt~'r ur Rot'nl'rnl
to the cdttor
I'ubl iC' rOnt'l'rll. or
on .,
(al
ni
M nual.
Write a poliltcalor patriotic for" Jaycee publication. Get another cithen Attend
iOR or
It.
article
R. At tend your of th(.' timC'. Cl1mpalgn actively church synagogue 80%
C.
Know
IoIh,)
un', arl'.
your
local
('lcct~d
offlcJOIls
registered
Assemb1y
to vote.
S. 1n
iS8U(.'
il referendum
,
vote,
D.
Knu .... your ho
slate
clcctl'd
elected
off1.-;1;,13
local government" 1 body meetGroenl or Congr.'ftT.
such as a bond
Hold an office
blue law. etc.

your church or
sional
U.S. rcprcscntR-
session.
in
PRESIDENT
lEADERSHIP
CHAIRMAN
E.
Know who your
tlvc~ arc.
J.
K. L.
synagogue or teach a class. Write a letter to one of your elected representat ives. Take other Present
program
U.
f.
A.
Read the U.S.
Constitution
ELECTIVES
once
ye.uly.
part in voter registeratioo precinct . ork. a new Governmental or

on such to your
or v.
W.
Give invocation at n Jaycee lIIl'cting and lead a public meeting in the Pledge of Allegiance. Fly the American Flag on all
Serve on 4 jury.
INSTRUCTIONS: (1) WHEN ONE OR MORE NEW JAYCEES COMPLETE FREEDOM GUARD REQUIREMENTS, FILL OUT THIS AFFIDAVIT INCLUDING NAMES AND POINTS OBTAINED AND MAIL ALL COPIES TO YOUR STATE GUARD CERTIFICATES
Affairs
holidays.
Submit.
In j'our
own . ords
a brief
paper
on B.
Frf'e
tnterprise
c.hal;"U1an.
to
your
local
adopted.
member
be
Americanism
chapter, and have 4n active committee a project.
it
X.
Y.
Local chapter
Be an active
option
worker for a
Participate In a r~gion.11. district, or state Governmental Affairs program (such as d semin<.lr or mock legislature). Join . part mcl ic1patc in a politic.'ll
party.
M. Be an officer, of a political N.
chaiman, or delegate organization. or
c8J:1paign
candidate, z. Optional
or be a candidate test.
yourself.
JAYCEES OFFICE. (2) THE LOCAL PRESIDENT WILL THEN BE SENT FREEDOM WHICH HE SIGNS AND PRESENTS TO THE QUALIFIERS.
C.
state Attend a 10C.11, d1strtct, national political convention.
----,
NAME Print
PART 1-MANDATORY
with Ball Point Pen
-----
I~-~-
I~LA
PART FIG I 2 - MINIMUM OF TWelVE
ACTIVITIES REQUIRED ~'~J~L!J~21~~l~L~~LRJ-J T I ~ S
V~~
.
__ ~
I
x_~,j:J
I
-- ----._-
..--- .. ----------------.
1----. ~ .
r--t-f-t-.
__ ._.~.~_ .
~~._._. __... ._._-1- __ _ __ ._ .. _
i .--l.
Ll _ej---_ --1-I --~--I--
--r--f-o
-'.- . ---- ..---__ ,-_". _ _ _ J..- .._.,._-"-L-_,.~_._Jo.
-+---L
i I i
I
h ~ __
J __
I!:
Ii: ! 1-"-Ll--j_ I'-L-t1--+__ I ,I

I i
Certifica
te Of Meri t
IS PRESENTED TO
BY
IN RECOGNITION
OF HIS
DEDICATED
AND
PATRIOTIC
EFFORTS
TO
PRESERVE
AND
GUARD
THE
FREEDOMS
ENJOYED
BY THE
CITIZENS
FREEDO\1 QM[)
OF THIS
GREAT
NATION
AND
GUARANTEED
IN OUR
CONSTITUTION.
THE
VIRGINIA
PRESENTED
THIS
__
DAY
OF
19__
JAYCEES ' .....

.
,''\
,
....
, '.
_/
.
..J
PRESIDENT
FREEDOM
.. ..
- --------------W~
GUARD TEST SHEET
Are they
~ ~.elected many Councilpersons are elected in election? Bow in a general election or in a Ward Petersburg?
.~')
2.
Name the Mayor and Vice-Mayor Mayor
of Petersburg, ViCe-MaYOr~
Virginia?
f0vrn~
~j
b0 elected
)
5t.
3.
Circle how the
and Vice-Mayor
are elected:
a. }
runs for post of Mayor or Vice-do) none of these. General
by Council;
40
Who is P
representative
to the Virginia
ASSemb~
/tJ~ ersburg's
State Senator
5.
Who is Petersburg2s where
in the Virginia
General
Assemb~and
is he from?
_v" f j_~
party ~
T: ~')
j
.2J/~_/
60 Who is Petersburg's representative to the Uo S. Congress, what congressional district does he represent, and what political
he represent? 86/r- ~
0- ---It.-
>
their party
7.
Name Virginiars
U. S. Senators
and identify
affllationV
V fJ;/7~
V7<:-CLtt
W .~. __ ~ Al d f . ----__
take place
~-~----_._-
8. name the Petersb)'lrg s up Councilmanic I and When does wards ~at arenext for el~0t1on? election
--
&
~~&tlt
.'
9.
Name
the Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court?
12.
How many Senators
make up the U. S. Senate?
~Delegates
L..---"
to years.
the U. S. House of Representatives
are elected
ev~ry
in office
lasts
What date did the Continental officially Jefferson's Declaration
Congress
vote independence
(adopt
of Independence)?
J~~
__
~tJu~
Signa'cure
'-.... "
\..
....
.'
. ..
....
. '1
I
1

FreedomGuard (YourLandandMine)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FreedomGuard (YourLandandMine)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

...

I Iis tor)' of till' Flag How to Display the Flag

;,-1; 7 - \(\ 11-21i

'1'111'Constitution The The Star-Spangkd Gettyshurg

U. S, I'n'sidc'lIts States: Flags, Capitals,

States, Flags, Capitols,

and Entry into Union

State: North Carolina

Capital: Raleigh Entered Union: 11/2111789 Chron. No. of Entry: 12

Chron. No. of Entry: 16

State: North Dakota Capital: Bismarck 111211889 Capital: Austin 12129/1845

Chron. No. of Entry: 39

Chron. No. of Entry: 28 State: Texas

State: Ohio Capital: Columbus

Entered Union: 3/111803 Chron. No. of Entry: 17

State: Utah Capital: Salt Lake City 114/1896 Entered Union:

Chron. No. of Entry: 45

State: Oklahoma Capital: Oklahoma City

State: Vermont Capital: Entered Montpelier Union: 3/4/1791

Entered Union: 11/16/1907 Chron. No. of Entry: 46

Chron. No. of Entry: 14

State: Oregon Capital: Salem

Richmond Union: 6/25/1788

The American's Creed

Entered Union: 211411859 Chron. No. of Entry: 33

Chron. No. of Entry: 10 *

Ichose iust po(cel'c~ are derived a democracy

from the con-

sent of the governed;

Chron. No. of Entry: 42

Entered Union: 5/29/1790

Chron. No. of Entry: 13 *

Chron. No. of Entry: 35 Entered Union: 6/20/1863 State: West Virginia

State: South Carolina Capital: Columbia

State: Wisconsin Capital: Entered Madison Union: 5/29/1848

Entered Union: 5/23/1788 Chron. No. of Entry: 8

Chron. No. of Entry: 30

States, Flags, Capitols,

Entry into Union

Entered Union: 6/1 /1792

Chron. No. of Entry: 15

State: Louisiana Capital: Baton Rouge

Entered Union: 4/30/1812 Chron. No. of Entry: 18

State: Montana Capital: Helena Entered Union: 11/8/1889 41

Chron. No. of Entry:

State: Nebraska Capital: Lincoln Entered Union: 3/1/1867 Chron. No of Entry: 37

pledge allegiance of the United and to the

State: Maryland Capital: Annapolis

Capital: Carson City Entered Union: 10/31/1864 36

Republic with lib

Entered Union: 4/28/1788 Chron. No. of Entry: 7

Chron. No. of Entry:

State: Massachusetts Capital: Boston

Entered Union: 2/6/1788 Chron. No. of Entry: 6

:.:r;t ..... ~'!:';:~

Entered Union: 1/26/1837 Chron. No. of Entry: 26

State: New Jersey Capital: Trenton 12118/1787 3

Chron. No. of Entry:

'~ __ ' .,.

Entered Union: 5/11/1858 Chron. No. of Entry: 32

State: New Mex ico Capital: Santa Fe Entered Union: 1/6/1912 47

Chron. No. of Entry:

State: New York Capital: Albany Entered Union: 7/26/1788 II