Session12 IECProtectionTechniques

ExProtectionConcepts Electrical
Symbol TypicalIEC TypicalZones EPL Increasedsafety e Gb 1,2 Typen(nonsparking) T ( ki ) nA A Gc G 2 Flameproof d Gb 1,2 Typen(enclosedbreak) nC Gc 2 Quartz/sandfilled q Gb 1,2 Intrinsicsafety ia Ga 0,1,2 Intrinsicsafety I ti i f t ib Gb 1,2 12 Intrinsicsafety ic Gc 2 Typen(energylimitation) nL Gc 2 Pressurised(upto2007) p Gb 1,2 Pressurised px Gb 1,2 Pressurised i d py Gb b 1,2 Pressurised pz Gc 2 Typen(sealing&hermetic nC Gc 2 sealing) nR Gc 2 Typen(restricted breathing) Typen(simplepressurised) nZ Gc 2 Encapsulation ma Ga 0,1,2 Encapsulation mb Gb 1,2 Oilimmersion o Gb 1,2 Electrical IECStandard Basicconceptofprotection (statusatJuly2008) IEC600797 Noarcs,sparksorhotsurfaces. EnclosureIP54orbetter Enclosure IP54 or better IEC6007915 IEC 60079 15 IEC600791 Containtheexplosion,quenchthe flame IEC6007915 IEC600795 Quenchtheflame IEC6007911 IEC6007911 IEC 60079 11 Limittheenergyofsparksandsurface i i h f k d f temperatures IEC6007911 IEC6007915 IEC600792 IEC600792 IEC600792 IEC600792 IEC6007915 IEC6007915 IEC6007915 IEC6007918 IEC6007918 IEC600796 Keeptheflammablegasout

ExProtectionConcepts Non Electrical NonElectrical

Non-electrical Flow restricted enclosure Flameproof enclosure Inherent safety Constructional safety Control of ignition sources Pressurisation Liquid immersion Symbol fr d g c b p k Typical IEC EPL Possible Zone(s) 2 1,2 0,1,2 0,1,2 0,1,2 1,2 0,1,2 EN Standard (status at July 2008) EN 13463-2 EN 13463-3 prEN 13463-4 EN 13463 5 13463-5 EN 13463-6 EN 13463-7 EN 13463-8 Basic concept of protection Relies on tight seals, closely matched joints and tough enclosures to restrict the breathing of the enclosure Low potential energy (draft standard) Ignition hazards eliminated by good engineering methods Control equipment fitted to detect malfunctions Enclosure is purged and pressurised to prevent ignition sources from arising Enclosure uses liquid to prevent contact with explosive atmospheres

ExProtectionConcepts DustProtectionElectrical Dust Protection Electrical

Dust Protection (Electrical) Symbol Typical IEC EPL Da, Db, Dc Typical Zone(s) 20 21 IEC Standard (status at July 2008) IEC 61241-1 IEC 61241-11 Basic concept of protection

Enclosure Intrinsic safety

t i

Standard protection for dusts, rugged tight enclosure Similar to t, but with some relaxations if circuit inside is intrinsically safe Protection by encapsulation of incendive parts Protection by pressurisation of enclosure

Encapsulation Pressurised

m p Db,Dc

22 21,22

IEC 61241-18 IEC 61241-2

Exd Flameproof (EN/IEC600791:2004) ( / )

Zone1&2Suitable

Exd FlameproofConcept
Lamps,circuitsandsparkingdevicesare containedwithinflameproofenclosure. Wiringentersenclosureviaflameproofcable glandorflameproofbarrier. Jointsoncoversoropeningsareprotectedby i i db theflamepath. Doesnotpreventexplosionoccurringbut containstheexplosionandpreventsignitionof surroundingatmosphere.

Exd FlameproofBarrier

Cable

GlandBody PouredSeal/Compound / EnclosureWall

Exd FlamePath FlangedDesign

Flamepath Flamepath

Enclosurewall

Flameproofvs.ExplosionProof

DifferencebetweenFlameproof&Explosion proofboxes Enclosuremusthave recessedscrewsorboltsfor access 1.5safetyfactorvs.4times Typicallymustbemachined andfabricatedatthefactory vs.thefield MostEXdenclosuresindividuallytested

Exd Flameproof 3typesofjoints 3 types of joints

FlangedJoint

ThreadedJoint

SpigotJoint

FieldModificationofExdEquipment
Flameproofenclosuresarenormallysuppliedcompletewithallinternal Flameproof enclosures are normally supplied complete with all internal componentsfittedandcertifiedasasingleentitybyarecognizedtest authority.Thetestingprocedurewilltakeintoconsiderationthefreeinternal volumeafterallthecomponentshavebeenfitted,thetemperaturerise, creepageandclearancedistancesandtheriseinpressureasaresultofan internalexplosionusingagas/airmixtureinitsmostexplosiveproportions. Thecertification,thereforesealsthedesignoftheapparatussothatany unauthorizedmodificationswilleffectivelyinvalidatethe approval/certification.Modificationswillmodifytheoriginaltestresultsand approval/certification Modifications will modify the original test results and consequently,thefollowingpointsshouldbeobserved: Replacementcomponentsshouldbethesameastheoriginalcomponents. Forexample,acomponentlargerorsmallerthantheoriginalwillaffectthe internalgeometryoftheenclosure.Pressurepilingisapossibilityifalarger l f h l l bl f l componentisfittedandincreasedvolumewillresultifasmallercomponent isfitted. Drillingandtappingoftheentriesshouldonlybecarriedoutbythe g pp g y y manufactureroftheenclosureorhisapprovedagent.Thethreadsofthe entriesarerequiredtobecompatiblewiththoseofthecableglandsor conduitintermsoftypeofthread,threadpitchandclearancetolerancesince flamepathsexistatthesepoints. Gasketscanonlybereplaced,theymustnotbeaddedretrospectivelyifnot includedaspartoftheoriginaldesign.

ExdIIBvs.ExdIICConstruction
Canyouspotthedifferenceinconstruction?...

ExdFlamproofConduitSystems

Although,conduitisnotwidelyusedinNorthernEurope,thistechniqueisincludedintheCENELECstandardand theIECstandardsasoneoftheentrymethodsintoflameproofenclosures.Thedesignandtestingrequirements arecontainedintheCENELECstandard50018andIECStandardIEC600791.Eithertapered(NPT)orparallel (straightormetric)threadsareacceptable.Theconditionsare: TheExdenclosuremustbecertified. OnlythemanufacturercanmakethedrilledandtappedentriesintotheEx denclosure. Only the manufacturer can make the drilled and tapped entries into the Exd enclosure. Allconduitsorcableglandsenteringtheenclosuremustbesealedbyanapprovedmethod. Fromtheareabeyondtheenclosureseal,allofthewiringmethodsandfittingsareconsideredinstallation materialsandnotsubjecttoanycertificateorapproval.Thus,gettingfittingscertifiedtotheATEXdirectivewould notbeacommonpractice.ThecorrectuseofconduitinstallationisspelledoutintheinstallationstandardEN tb ti Th t f d it i t ll ti i ll d t i th i t ll ti t d d EN 6007914andIEC6007914.

WeatherproofingExdEquipment
Ingeneral,theuseofEx d flameproof equipment without the use of gaskets or seals will In general the use of Ex dflameproofequipmentwithouttheuseofgasketsorsealswill onlyprovideprotectionuptoIP54.ForapplicationsrequiringhigherlevelsofIPprotection, theuseofgasketsintegratedwithintheflamepathisacommonoptiontoconsider.Other weatherproofingmaterialsconsideredandcommonlyusedarenonhardeninggreasebearing textiletapeintheUKandnonsettinggreaseorcompounds. Theuseofnonsettinggreaseonmachinedsurfacesofflamepathshastwoadvantagessince inadditiontoprovidinganadditionallevelofingressprotection,italsoinhibitstheformation ofrustonthesesurfaces.Siliconebasedgreasesrequirecarefulconsiderationinorderto avoidpossibledamagetotheelementsofgasdetectors. avoid possible damage to the elements of gas detectors Ingeneral,consultwiththemanufacturerofExdequipmentforrecommendationsinvolving lubricantsandtapestobesure.

FlameproofExdQuiz
Componentswhicharcorsparkinnormaloperationarepermitted withExdenclosures Gapsatflamepaths arenotnecessary True True

A AnenclosuremarkedExdIIAissuitableforallsubgroups l k d d IIA i i bl f ll b

False F l

It i Itisacceptableforonefixingscrewtobeleftourofaflameproof t bl f fi i t b l ft f fl f enclosurecover

False

Itisnotacceptabletoremoveanunusedcomponentfromwithina flameproofenclosure

True

Exe IncreasedSafety ( / (EN/IEC600797:2007) )

FirstdevelopedinGermanyasanalternativetoflameproofintheearly1950s,andofficially becameanIECStandard797in1967.Thesecondeditionwaspublishedin1990. Junctionboxesandterminalenclosuresforuseinhazardousareasmainlycontain nonincendivedevicesi.e.terminals.ForExecertifiedapparatustherearetwo maincriteriawhenspecifyingtheapparatus. 1.Arethecomponentsacceptableforuseintheenclosurei.e.nonsparking,and 2.Willanycomponentsorwiringbehotterthanthetemperatureclassificationof theapparatusallows. the apparatus allows. Tocomplywiththefirstrequirement,onlyterminalsorothercomponentswhich arespecificallyallowedforinthecertificateofcompliance,andpostJuly2003only ATEXcertifiedcomponentsmaybefitted(apparatusconstructedpriortoJuly2003 neednotmeetthisrequirement).Toensurecompliancewiththesecondcriteria d t t thi i t) T li ith th d it i forsafeuse,manufacturerstypicallycertifytheirenclosuresusingthedissipated powermethod.Throughtestingithasbeendeterminedwhatthemaximumpower dissipationcanbefromthecomponentsandwiringinsideeachenclosuresizeto ensurethatthetemperatureofanyofthecomponentsdoesnotexceedthe temperatureclassificationoftheapparatus. Byknowingthetotalcurrentthroughtheenclosureandthetotalresistanceofthe terminalsandwiring,usingOhmsLawitispossibletocalculatethedissipation powerofthecircuit. power of the circuit Zone1&2Suitable

Exe IncreasedSafety (EN/IEC600797:2007)

TypicalTerminalsthatareEExe. CageType Post Type PostType ScrewType Allaresuitableandhavevariousadvantages anddisadvantages Postterminalsareeasytousebutprovidea safetyhazardastheyarepotentiallyexposed duringmaintenance. Wireterminalshavebeenwidelyusedand arethemostcommonformofterminalrated EExe Cageterminalsareafairlynewdevelopment C t i l f il d l t areutilizedmoreduetoreliabilityof terminationandeaseofinstallation.

Exe IncreasedSafety theprinciple.. p p

Generalrequirementsforincreasedsafety,Exe,enclosuresare: ingressprotectiontoatleastIP54andadditionaltestsfor nonmetallicpartsincludingthermalendurance,resistanceto nonmetallic parts including thermal endurance resistance to solvents,ultravioletlight,surfaceconductivityandmechanical resistancetoimpactofeither4or7joulesdependingonthe sizeoftheenclosure.Theincreasedsafetyconceptisonly suitablefornonsparkingapparatusandiscommonlyusedin Zone1and2designatedhazardousareas. Excertifiedelectrical components (withelectricalconnections ( thatcannotloosen bythemselves)

Generalrequirementsforterminalsare: Th Theymustbedesignedtoallowtheconductortobeeasilyinserted tb d i d t ll th d t t b il i t d andclamped,sothatcontactpressureismaintainedwithoutreducing thecrosssectionalareaoftheconductorandshallincorporatea positivelockingdevicetopreventconductorsworkinglooseby vibration. SpecifiedcreepagedistancesasdetailedEN/IEC600797forthe gradeofinsulationmaterial(CTI)andsubsequentmaximumvoltage rating. Temperaturelimitation Currentderatingoftheterminals(andconductors)of50% Current de rating of the terminals (and conductors) of 50%

Exe IncreasedSafety InstallationDetails

CertifiedExeterminalboxesmustbeprovidedwithaninternalorexternal groundconnectionofanadequatesizeforthewiringconfiguration.(Exe terminalboxesarenotdesignedtocarryearthfaultcurrents.)Themain internal/externalgroundconnectionmustbeconnectedtothemainsystem earthwiththecorrectcodedwireofadequatesizebutnotlessthan4mm2. Allexposedmetalpartsmustbegroundedtogetherandtothemainground terminal. IEC60079 14(Installations),subclause9.1.2states Inhazardousareaseach IEC 6007914 (Installations), subclause 9.1.2 states In hazardous areas each unusedcoreinmulticorecablesshalleitherbeconnectedtoearthorbe adequatelyinsulatedbymeansofsuitableterminations.Insulationbytape aloneisnotrecommended.TerminatingthespareconductorontoanExe terminalisrecommendedsincetheconductorcouldbeusedlaterasanactive terminal. i l ImportantconsiderationsforuseofEXTerminals Useconductorsoftheappropriatesizeasdesignatedbytheterminal.E.g.fora2.5mm2terminal,the maximumconductorsizeis2.5mm2.Normally,themanufacturersalsoadvisetheAWGsizeoftheconductor maximum conductor size is 2 5 mm2 Normally the manufacturers also advise the AWG size of the conductor thatis2812AWGfor2.5mm2.Ifalargerconductorisused,thecreepage&clearance distancescouldbereduced. Theconductorinsulationmustbecarriedrightuptotheterminalthroatwithin1mmoftheclamp. Normalindustrialratingsoftheterminalandconductorarederated. Unlessotherwisespecified,onlyoneconductorperterminalclampispermitted. Ifflexible,finestrandedconductorsaresued,caremustbetakentoavoidwhiskeringofthestrandsthatcan reducethecreepageandclearancedistances.Theuseofferrulesisrecommendedtoavoidthisproblem.

IncreasedSafetyExeQuiz
ExedesignedapparatusissuitableforuseinZone0 False

Increasedsafetyenclosuresmustalwayswithstandthepressure causedbyaninternalexplosion

False

Exeequipmentismechanicallystrongtowithstanddamagefrom True i i h i ll ih dd f impact E t Exeterminalsarederatedfromtheirstandardindustrialrating i l d t df th i t d d i d t i l ti True

ExeterminalboxescanbeusedinconjunctionwithExd equipment

True

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety ( / (EN/IEC6007911:2006) )

Zone0,1&2Suitable Circuitiscontrolledtoreducepotentialsparkenergytobelowthatwhichwouldignite anyflammablegaspresent. any flammable gas present I.S.barriersareusedtoprotectthefieldcircuitfromnonprotectedcircuits Thisincludestheoccurrenceof: ia 2faultconditions(EqualtoNADivision1barrier(Zone0) ib 1faultcondition Ingeneral,iabarriersaretypicallytheunitsusedinEuropeduetotherelative insignificantcostofthedifferenceinproducts.

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety ( / (EN/IEC6007911:2006) )

WheretheproblemcomesfromDuringapotentialfault,excessenergy couldbetransmittedtothehazardousareaandifasparkoccurscouldcreate anexplosion.ISzenerbarriersdriveexcessenergytogroundorbyother p gy g y meansprotectthedeviceinthehazardousareafromevercreatingan explosion.Limitedtoabout1wattorlessinmostinstances.

TypicalIgnitionCurvesforI.S.

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety LoopConcept p p

ZenerBarriers Concept
Enclosure Hazardous Location Zener Z Protecting Fuse Currentlimitingresistor Current limiting resistor Fault VoltageSource Voltage Source +

I.S. Circuit

Voltage limiting Zeners

FaultCurrent

NonHazardousLocation Good Isolation fromGround required (500Vmin.) GoodGround Good Ground Connection 1Max.

GalvanicIsolatedBarriers Concept
FaultVoltage Source Transformer ProtectingFuse + Fault Current = Isolation not needed NonHazardousLocation

Hazardous Location

Currentlimitingresistor

I.S. Circuit

Voltage limiting Zeners

SafetyTransformer

Noneedof SafetyGround Safety Ground

ProtectionUnderFaultCondition Zener Barriers

Enclosure Hazardous Location NonHazardousLocation Currentlimitingresistor Current limiting resistor Zener Protecting Fuse FaultVoltage Source +

I.S. Circuit

Voltage limiting Zeners Z

FaultCurrent

FaultCurrent togroundin Hazardous Location! 250V 250A FaultCurrent togroundin Non Hazardous Location! GoodGround Connection i 1Max.

Poor Isolation orshort toGround

ProtectionUnderFaultCondition IsolatedBarriers
Enclosure Hazardous Location Currentlimitingresistor FaultVoltage Source Transformer ProtectingFuse Protecting Fuse + Voltage Voltage limiting Zeners = Fault Fault Current remains in Non Hazardou sLocation

I.S. Circuit

Isolation not needed

NonHazardousLocation

SafetyTransformer

Noneedof SafetyGround

ZenerBarriers
Advantages Lowerpartscost Elementarythreecomponentsdevice Disadvantages DedicatedSafetyGroundCost D di dS f G dC SafetyDependson GoodSafetyGround GoodLinesIsolation VoltageDropacrossResistor Zeners leakageInfl.accuracy IsolationoflinesInfl.Accuracy RequiresroutineChecks. Requires routine Checks Groundednonlinearsemiconductor (Zener)reducesimmunityto interferences(commonmode rejection) Applicableonlywithsensorsthatare wellisolatedfromground(500V)

GalvanicallyIsolatedBarriers
Advantages No Safety Ground requirement (No cost / No NoSafetyGroundrequirement(Nocost/No maintenance) Safetynotimpairedbyafaulttoground. Fullvoltageavailability. Betteroverallaccuracy Better overall accuracy ZenerLeakagedoesnotaffectaccuracy Isolationoflinesdoesnotaffectaccuracy Highercommonmoderejectionandimmunity tointerferences to interferences Allowstheuseofgroundedorpoorlyisolated sensors Disadvantages Higherpartcost Higher part cost

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety WiringMethods g

Intrinsicallysafecircuitsmaybewiredinthesame mannerascomparablecircuitsinstalledfor unclassifiedlocationswithtwoexceptionssummarized asseparationandidentification.Thesewiringpractices as separation and identification These wiring practices aresimpleandclear;however,theyoftenare overlookedandarethesourceofpotentialproblems. Theintrinsicallysafeconductorsmustbeseparated fromallotherwiringbyplacingtheminseparate from all other wiring by placing them in separate conduitsorbyaseparationof2inchesofairspace. Withinanenclosuretheconductorscanbeseparated byagroundedmetalorinsulatedpartition.

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety WiringMethods g

CombiningwiringforISand nonIScircuitscanalsobe nonIS circuits can also be combinedinsingleenclosures aslongaspropersegregation andidentificationmethodsare employed. employed

IntrinsicSafetyExiQuiz
Theminimumrequiredprotectionforintrinsicallysafeequipment isIP55 Terminalsforintrinsicallysafecircuitsmustbeatleast50mm fromterminalsoruninsulatedconductorsofanynonintrinsically safecircuits ExncannotbedesignedforapparatusgasgroupingIIC False

True

False

Intrinsicallysafeequipmentmarked(Exia)IICisdesignedtobe installedinahazardousarea

False

EquipmentmarkedExibIICT4issuitableforinstallationinaZone0 False area

IntrinsicSafetyExiQuiz

Itispermissibletoworkonanintrinsicallysafecircuitwithoutagas True freecertificate Theinsulationresistancebetweenanintrinsicallysafeandnon y intrinsicallysafecircuitmustbecapableofwithstandinga minimumof500VDC True

Intrinsically safe and non intrinsically safe cables may be run in the True Intrinsicallysafeandnonintrinsicallysafecablesmayberuninthe samecabletrayifthecablesarearmoured You cannot use any terminal color but blue for terminals containing False Youcannotuseanyterminalcolorbutblueforterminalscontaining onlyintrinsicallysafecircuits

ExnA NonSparking (EN/IEC6007915:2005) ( / )

ExnANonSparkingisalesserdegreeofprotectionthanEEx e,whereasstandardindustrialequipmentthatunder normaloperationwillnotproducearcs,sparksorsurface normal operation will not produce arcs sparks or surface temperaturehighenoughtocauseignitionofthe surroundinggasvapormixture.IEC6007915definesthe requirementforthisequipment.OnlyrecentlyhastheIEC developedguidelinesonhowtoapplythistechniqueand hasnotbeenwidelyused.ManyusershavefoundthatEEx nAnonsparkingequipmentisnolessexpensivethan comparableEExeequipmentandhavenotmadethechange asofyet. TypicalproductsincludeZone2lightingfixturesandcertain enclosures Zone2Suitable

Electricmotors(Squirrelcage motors),terminalboxes,fuses, LEDs,transformers,apparatus requiringlowenergy, plugconnectors,cells,batteries, plug connectors cells batteries etc.

ExnR RestrictedBreathing(EN/IEC60079 15:2005) )

Zone2Suitable Thisprovidesthecustomertheabilitytousearcing componentsinaZone2environmentw/otheneedfor components in a Zone 2 environment w/o the need for flameproofequipment Enclosures,Glands&Cablemustbesuitable.Inthis,the productissubjecttotemperaturerisetestsandingresstests todeterminetheamountof breathing can take place. If to determine the amount of breathingcantakeplace.If duringtheoperation,theproductthroughtightgasketingor sealinghasbeenfoundtorestricttheairflowbothinandout oftheproduct,itisdeterminedtoberestrictivebreathing.In thiscase,theenclosurecanhousenormallyarcingdevicesina sheetmetalenclosurewithoutfurtherprotection. h l l ih f h i Typicalapplicationsincludelightingwheretemperaturecodes arereducedsignificantlybyusingthistechnique.Also,asa comparisontoNorthAmericanstandards,theuseofstandard enclosedandgasketedproductswasnotasuitablemeansof l d d k d d i bl f protectionintheIECworld,hencethedesignanduseofmuch moreflameprooflightingandcooleroperatingfluorescent fixtures.ItiswidelybelievedthatwiththeadventofEXnR, moreandmoreuseofHIDlightingwillbeusedintheIEC g g world.

ExnR RestrictedBreathing(EN50021IEC 6007915) )

RestrictedBreathing BetterGasketingRestrictsFixture'sBreathing WireEntriesMustBeSealed MaintainsIntegrityofFixture OnlyExteriorTemperaturesConsidered HugeDifferenceInTCodes PermitsUseofHigherWattages Permits Use of Higher Wattages AllowsFlexibilityinLightingDesign

Temperaturebasedupon externalhotspot

Enclosedandgasketedfixtures baseduponlampsurface temperature,significantdifference temperature significant difference

EXnRvs.Division2Lighting Example(NEC)
HighPressureSodium(SON) Wattage 400Watt 250Watt 250 Watt 150Watt 100Watt 70Watt Div.2UnitTCode T2A T2A T 2A T2B T3 T3 ExnRUnitT Code T3C T3C T 3C T3C T4A T4A Change 120oC 120oC 100oC 80oC 80oC

Implicationforlightingdesignistheuseofhigherwattagefixturesandusingfewerofthemfor particularareasmostnotablyforfloodlightsandwellglassapplications

IntheIECworld,itmeansthatmoreZone2HIDcanbeusedsincetheT RatingsarecomparabletoZone1lights,i.e.withnointermediateT Identificationnumbers,HIDforZone2almostalwaysneededaZone1type construction.

ExnR RestrictedBreathing(EN/IEC60079 15:2005) )

CableGlandIssues.PerSIRA,aNotifiedBodyintheUK "Ex nR glands are a recent creation and no such thing existed until recently If the glands have been ExnRglandsarearecentcreationandnosuchthingexisteduntilrecently.Iftheglandshavebeen testedandcertifiedasExcableglandsthentheyareequipmentanddont,intheirownright, needtobereassessedinordertofit.However,theinterfacedoesneedreassessing,justlikeExe glands.Thisisbecausetheglandtoenclosureinterfaceneedstomaintainthesealingforthe restrictedbreathing.Whilstwecouldtestthesealing,sayanOringorflatsealonanexample enclosure,wecantbesurethattheactualenclosuretowhichitisfittedwillaffectthesame l b h h l l h h f d ll ff h sealing.Forexampleitmaybearoundenclosureandthereforewouldntseal. Forthisreason,a conditionofcertificationisimposedrelatedtotheinterfacehavingtobereassessed,butthisis reallytheonlyassessmentrequired(otherthantemperaturelimitsperhaps)." An Exeglandwouldnotdothejob,becauseitneedstosealroundthecabletocontroltherateof breathingasperthe6007915test. AnExdglandispotentiallytheglandforthejob,butExtesthouses now apply the new environmental tests (4 wks with heat etc and 1 day at cold) before doing the restricted environmentaltests(4wkswithheatetcand 1dayatcold)beforedoingtherestricted breathingtest.

ExnL EnergyLimitation(EN/IEC60079 15:2005)

Zone2Suitable

Thelimitationofenergyincircuitsandcomponentsinaccordancewiththeconceptofintrinsic Th li it ti f i i it d t i d ith th t fi t i i safety.ExnLisalowerformofprotectionthanI.S.andistypicalusedincircuitsinindividual componentsbaseduponspacingofcircuitsandotherprotectionconcepts.

ExnP Pressurized(EN50021IEC60079 ( 15)

Zone2Suitable

Pressurizedenclosure,notsubjecttopurging,inwhichfaultsareindicated byadropinthepressure.However,thesystemneednotbeswitchedoff immediately.AgoodexampleofthisisaZone2purgeindicatorthatdoes y g p p g notcontroltheequipmentbeingprotected,butmerelyprovidesindication thattheequipmentisbeingprotected.ExPrequiresdeengergizationof thepanelbeingprotected.

ExnC EnclosedBreak (EN/IEC6007915:2004) (EN/IEC 6007915:2004)

Basic"Encapsulation" encloseddevice nonignitablecomponentContactmechanismorhousingdesignedsuchthat ignitionisavoided. h hermeticallysealeddeviceSealingbymeansofafusingprocesssuchassoftsoldering i ll l d d i S li b f f i h f ld i orbrazing,weldingorfusingofglassinmetal sealeddevicesoconstructed,thatitcannotbeopenedduring normaloperation. encapsulateddevicecompletelyenclosedinan p p y encapsulatingcompound.

NonIncendiveExnQuiz
AcertifiedglandmustalwaysbeusedforanExnapplication ForExnstandards,hermeticsealingofenclosurecanbe satifactory achievedbytheuseofOringsand/orgaskets ExncannotbedesignedforapparatusgasgroupingIIC b d i df i IIC True

True

False

Th T TheTemperatureclassificationforanExnstandardmustalwaystake True t l ifi ti f E t d d t l t k intoconsiderationtheexternalandinternalsurfacetemperature

LiveworkingisnotpermittedonExntypeequipment

True

Exp Pressurized(EN/IEC600792:2008)
Entireroomsorbuildingscanbepressurizedas wellasenclosures. TherequirementsofIEC6007913mustmeetthe following: Positivepressuremusthavesufficientcapacityto maintainpressureofatleast25Pa(2.5mmwater maintain pressure of at least 25 Pa (2 5mm water gauge)intheroomandtheroommusthaveeither airlocksforthedoorsortheoutwardvelocitymust beatleast0.305m/swithalldoorsandany openingssimultaneouslyopened. Pressurizinggasmustbeair(containingatleast 19.5%Oxygenbyvolume Whenthepressurizingsystemfails,any equipmentsuchaslightsthatcannotbeswitched offmustbeprotectedbyothermeanssuitablefor off must be protected by other means suitable for thelocation. Onenote:theNFPArequires25Painternal pressureforenclosures,whiletheIECrequires50 PaforenclosuresinZone1and25Pafor f l i 1 d2 f pressurizedrooms. Zone1&2Suitable

Exq PowderFilled (EN/IEC600795:1997) ( / )

PowderfillingoriginatedinFrancewhereithasbeenusedformanyyears.IEC Standard795introducedin1967establishedthisconceptasaninternational methodofprotection. TheoriginalIECstandardreferredtosandfilledbuthasbeenchangedto powderfilled. ThisprotectionconceptisnormallysuitableuptoandincludingGroupIICgasesand theT6temperatureclassification,inZone1or2hazardousarealocations.The enclosureconstructionrequirementsareapressuretestof0.5bar(1bar=14.5psi) overpressurefor1minuteand,ifnotprotectedbyanotherenclosure,aminimum IngressProtectionofIP54,thesamerequirementforExeenclosures.Ifthe component isprotectedbyanotherenclosure(e.g.acapacitorinthetypeofprotectionq builtintoalightenclosure)thennospecificrequirementsforthetypeofIP protectionisrequired. Whentheenclosureisfilledwiththeqmedium(quartzsand,powderorglass beads)theremustbenovoidsintheenclosure.Themaximumdistancefromlive b d) h b d h l h d f l partsofelectricalcomponentstoearthfittedinsidethemetalenclosureormetal screenis specifiedand,dependingontheappliedvoltage,canvaryfrom10mmat250volts to50mmat6,600volts.Iftheenclosureispermanentlyfactorysealedandthe , p y y voltagedoesnotexceed500volts,theminimumdistancebetweenlivepartsorlive partstoearthcanbereducedby5mm. Zone1&2Suitable

Exm Encapsulation(EN/IEC6007918: 2006) )

Zone1&2Suitable Encapsulationisatypeofprotectionwherebypartsthatarecapableofignitingan explosiveatmosphere,byeithersparkingorheating,areenclosedinacompoundissucha waythattheexplosiveatmospherecannotbeignitedunderoperatingorinstallation h h l h b d d ll conditions.TheselectedcompoundmustbeinlinewiththerequirementsgiveninIEC 6007918andmaybeanythermosetting,thermoplastic,epoxy,resin(coldcuring)or elastomericmaterialwithorwithoutfillersand/oradditives,intheirsolidstate.The temperaturerangemustsatisfythe p g y requirementsofanappropriatestandardforthistypeofprotection.(Thermalstabilityat maximumoperatingtemperature.) WhenconsideringthesafetyaspectsofExmencapsulation,thedesign mustaccountfor: Resistors,capacitors,optoisolators,diodesetc.,mustnotoperateat morethan2/3oftheirratedvoltage. Thetemperatureriseofcomponentsandwiringmustbelimited. Voidsandairpocketsotherthanthoseforrelaysorotherdevicesmust beavoided. Theeffectofacomponentsshortcircuitduringfaultconditions. TheExmencapsulationprotectselectroniccircuitrelays,timers,lamptest devicesandcomponentsinZones1or2hazardousareas.Encapsulationis devices and components in Zones 1 or 2 hazardous areas Encapsulation is findingincreasedusageforprintedcircuitboardsthatareassembledin smallrailmountedhousingssimilartoterminals.

Exo OilImmersion(EN/IEC60079 6:1995) )

Zone1&2Suitable In1968,IECsubcommittee31EwroteIECStandard796whichwas recognizedbymanycountriesforuseinZone1locations.Thiswasalsoused intheUSforcertaindistributionpanelsusedbymanyUSrefineriesinthe50s and60s. TheOilImmersionExoconcepthashistoricallybeenusedforheavyduty switchgear,motorstartersandtransformers. Thebasicprincipleasshownaboveistoimmersetheelectricalpartsinmineraloil,which willpreventanyexposureofthearcingorsparkingtotheanexplosiveatmosphere.Itwill also q quencharcsandlimitthetemperatureriseonelectricalparts.Standardsforoilimmersion p p protection,Exo,requirethatallpartscapableofproducingarcsorsparksmustbe immersedin theoilatadepthnotbethan25mm.Amethodtochecktheoillevelmustbeprovided, e.g.,byasightglassorbysomeotherreliablemethod. Somemineraloilsusedinswitchgearapparatusproduceacetyleneandhydrogengaswhen arcingoccurs.Becauseoftheriskoffireoranexplosionwithoilimmersion,thisapplication forapparatusinhazardousareashasbeengenerallyrestricted.InthePetroChemical industriesthereareveryfewexamplesofExocertifiedproductsinstalledinhazardous areaseventhoughthestandardspermititsuseinZones1and2.

HybridExProtectionTechniques
Itisverycommontouseavarietyofprotectionconceptsinasingle productShownbelowaretwoexamples. ThelightfittingisratedEExedmusingIncreasedsafetyforthehousing& terminal,EExdforthedisconnectswitchandlampholdersandEExmfor terminal EEx d for the disconnect switch and lamp holders and EEx m for encapsulationoftheballast..FinalproductratedEExedm ThecontrolpanelbelowisusingEExeincreasedsafetyforthehousing andterminalsandEExdforflameproofoperatorsFinalproductrated EExed EE d

HybridProtectionTechniques
Theseproductsalsousehybridtechnologiestoreachthesameeffectbutindifferentways These products also use hybrid technologies to reach the same effect but in different ways TheenclosuresbelowareratedeitherEExdflameprooforEExeincreasedsafetywiththearcing componentshousedinthedchamber,whiletheeterminalsareintheattachedeenclosure separatedwiththeuseoflinebushingsthatprovideanflameproofbarrierbetweenthetwo enclosures. Ingeneral,thefirstletterintheprimarymeansofprotectionwhilethecorrespondinglettersarethe secondarymeansofprotection,i.e.EExdeisflameproofenclosure,increasedsafetycomponents, whileEExedisincreasedsafetyenclosurewithflameproofcomponents. while EEx ed is increased safety enclosure with flameproof components

Arcing/Sparking

NonArcing/Sparking o c g/Spa g

HybridExProtectionTechniques
Howmanyprotectiontechniquescanyoufindinthispicture? Hint:Totaloffivemethods

Exm

Exe

Exia

Exd WhatZoneisthisenclosuresuitablefor???

ExnR Zone2

HybridEExd&eProtection
EExeenclosure e&delectricalcomponents: thecontactsmakeandbreak inaflameproofdchamber p EExdecomponent

dswitchorcontacts d it h t t eenclosure dswitch eenclosure

Ingeneral,manyofthelatestdevelopmentsofproductsforhazardous locationsinvolvethecombiningofvariousprotectiontechniques.As longascombinationofprotectiontechniquesareallsuitableforthe sameZoneorCategoryofhazard,theproductissuitableforthat same Zone or Category of hazard, the product is suitable for that hazard.Example,bothe&dprotectiontechniquesaresuitablefor Category2(22)orZone1hazardousareas.

WhichEXprotectionmethodisthemostcost effectivesolution?
Generalities IfZone1locations EExeIncreasedSafetyistypicallythewaytogoifatallpossibleduetoweight, costandeaseofmaintenance EExdusedwheneprotectionisnotpractical,i.e.MotorStarters,Circuit Breakers,etc. Hybride&dusuallythebestconceptwhereyoutakethebestofbothand combinethetwo. combine the two. Lighting Zone1HIDlightingisgoingtoalwaysbeEExdconstruction,where fluorescentsaremorelikelytobeEExeplastics.Forlowmountingapplications, fluorescentsareusuallyamostcosteffectivesolution.Tominimizefixturecount, higherwattageHIDsinZone2ornonhazardouslocationswithintermixed Fluorescentshasbeenthetrend. Fl t h b th t d InstrumentationcircuitsforZone1aretypicallyI.S. Generalities IfZone2locations. MoreprotectionconceptsareavailablesuchasExnRlighting,ExnAlighting,ExnC nonsparking,etc.ThemajorareaofpotentialsavingsisZone2lightingHID, restrictedbreathingvs.FlameproofExdconstruction.Thecomponentissueswith glandsandenclosuresforthemostpartwillnotchangefromZone1construction, i.e.brassglands,fiberglassenclosures,etc. i e brass glands fiberglass enclosures etc Ingeneral,lookatEExeconstructionwhereverpossible,minimizetheEExd whereverpossibleandlookfor