Question 1-10 which of the following statements are correct? Explain your answers. A.

The hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins. False. The hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its DNA not proteins. B. Bacterial DNA is found in cytosol. True. In bacteria, nucleoid is structure that contains DNA. However unlike eukaryotic nucleus, bacterial nucleoid is not surrounded by enclosed membrane, rather it is continuous with cytosol. Certainly bacterial plasmids are also part of cytosol. C. Plants are composed of prokaryotic cells. False. Plants are composed of eukaryotic cells. D. All cells of the organism have the same number of chromosomes (with exception of egg and sperm cells) True. All cells in any organism has same number of chromosomes except germ cells because two germ cells (egg and sperm) fuse together to make fertilized egg . Fertilized egg gives rise to an organism. E. Cytosol contains membrane enclosed organelles like lysosome. False. Cytosol is liquid part of cytoplasm which does not include membrane enclosed organelles. F. Nuclei and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane. Ture. Nuclei and mitochondria are organelles of eukaryotic cells and are surrounded by double membranes. G. Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cell that forms tissues, such as flagella, mouthpart, stinging darts, and leglike appendages. False. Protozoans are single cell organisms. So they dont have specialized cells that forms tissues, instead cell projection and specialized structures are responsible for forming flagella, mouthpart, stinging darts, and leglike appendages. H. Lysosome and peroxisomes are the site of degradation of unwanted materials. True. Lysosome and perxisome are specialized organelles that have enzymes for degradation of unwanted reactive compounds.

Question 1-11

The average size of cell =103/1012 cm3 =10-9cm3. The length of side of the cell if it were a simple cube => l3=10-9cm3 l= 10-3 cm Number of pages of essential cell biology if all cells forms single layer Surface area (SA) of page =22*28=616 cm2 (assuming the length and breadth of page as 22 and 28 cm respectively) SA of a cells one side =10-6 cm2 Total SA of sheet formed by all cells =1012*10-6 cm2= 106 cm2 Pages of books =106 cm2/616 cm2=1623 pages Question 1-14 Assuming there are 1million and 1 cell, 1 cell gets mutated so that it multiplies in 15 minute instead of 20 minute for normal 1 million cells. Lets calculate for 24 hours, non mutated cells N=1000, 000*21440/20

N= 1000, 000*272 cells For mutated cells, N=1*21440/15 N=296 cells At 24 hours numbers of mutated cells are more than that of non mutated cells. By calculating back, it was found that in just 20 hours, number of non mutated cells are more than that of non mutated cells. At 20 hours non mutated cells,

N=1000, 000*21200/20 N= 1000, 000*260 cells For mutated cells, N=1*21200/15 N=280 cells Question 1-17 All living cells are made up of few kinds of atoms C, H, O, N, P, S, and few more. Physical and chemical interaction between these elements makes molecules (such as amino acids, nitrogen base, monosaccharide, and simple fatty acid). These molecules interact with each other to form more complex molecules like proteins, DNA, disaccharides and polysaccharides, phospholipids, and many more other molecules. This entire process obeys the laws of chemistry, thermodynamics and physics. The more interesting fact is, every cell is made up of nonliving components, these components at right concentration, coordination, and at the right places makes a cell that divides itself, thus considered as living object. But still almost all the individual process of cell can be studied and manipulated in lab such as DNA synthesis, cell membrane formation, transcription, and translation. Question 1-22 All eukaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles and nuclei. This information can be exploited to distinguish between bacterium and eukaryotes. Staining DNA would reveal the position of DNA. If it is prokaryotic cell DNA should be dispersed in cytosol while in eukaryotic cell DNA should be found in nucleus. The difference in prokaria and archaea is subtle. Sequencing of 16s ribosomal will differentiate between prokarya and archaea, which would also reveal the species level identification.