Penn State Erie, The Behrend College School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Mechanical Engineering Technology

Engineering Graphics Standard

Approved: January, 2001

Introduction:
The goal of this document is to promote consistency in engineering graphics practices taught and used at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College. Being approved by the engineering graphics faculty of the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, this document shall be the governing standard for all drawings and sketches made in the graphics courses taught at the Behrend College. This standard is intended to clarify, not to replace, the national graphics standard ANSI/ASME Y14.

Sheet Layout:
All orthographic sketching assignments shall be done on engineering calculation paper using the format shown in Figure 1. The paper shall be oriented horizontally with the punched holes at the top. A title block shall be sketched along the bottom border of the sheet. All required information is to be neatly printed in the titleblock. Multiple sheets are to be stapled together, in order, with the staple in the upper left-hand corner of the sheet when the sheet is oriented vertically. The following information must appear in the titleblock of each sheet: Course abbreviation and section number. (Ex: METBD 110.6) Your name The date the sketch is created The block number of the part sketched. All letters shall be 1/8 high single-stroke gothic capital letters. STAPLE HERE HAND SKETCHED BORDER 4 SIDES

.60

2
METBD 110.n YOUR NAME

2
DATE

2
BLOCK #

Figure 1: Orthographic Sketch Layout

Isometric sketches shall be made on specially printed grid paper supplied by the instructor. The orientation of the paper is as shown in Figure 1. Drawings made with Pro/ENGINEER shall incorporate the standard drawing template prepared by the faculty. The titleblock, having a horizontal format, will include the student name, the part name, the date, part material and a drawing number. The drawing number will be of the following format:

C11000301
or

A11100203
Where the C = component, A = assembly, 110-003 and 111-002 are course numbers and sections, the last two digits are consecutive drawing numbers. All component or part drawings will have drawing numbers beginning with a C. All assembly drawings will have drawing numbers beginning with an A. See page 16 for stapling requirements for assignment submissions.
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The information appearing in a titleblock for a drawing created using solid modeling software will automatically be extracted from information contained in the solid model file. Students are not to alter the titleblock information within the drawing file. All pertinent information will be changed in the solid model part file.

View Arrangement:
All views of a part shown on a drawing or sketch shall properly aligned and oriented using third-angle projection. The standard view orientation is shown in Figure 2. Unless otherwise assigned, only those views necessary to completely describe the part shall appear on a drawing. The front view will be the view which TOP

BACK

LEFT SIDE

FRONT

RIGHT SIDE

BOTTOM

Figure 2: Standard View Orientation

shows the most shape description with the fewest hidden lines. In general, the part will be oriented to require a minimum of hidden lines. All views must be properly aligned vertically and horizontally. Deviation of this rule is considered to be a major error. Enough space must be provided between views for dimensions. The general rule of thumb is to be consistent in view spacing. Auxiliary views of inclined planes must be properly aligned with the view it is projected from. Typically, we will use partial auxiliary views showing only the inclined surface. The spacing to an auxiliary view will be consistent with other view spacing when appropriate. Auxiliary views of oblique planes can be placed on a sheet in a manner consistent with detail views. Detail views are permitted to be placed in any convenient spot on a drawing. The detail location shall be shown within a detail circle, and the detail view will have a title to identify the view. Where appropriate, drawings containing section views will show the cutting plane line in the correct view. In general, the cross-hatching symbol for cast iron will be used on section views. The pattern angle shall change among adjacent parts in an assembly section. Shafts, fasteners and thin parts, such as washers and gaskets will not be sectioned in an assembly section view. Section views will be identified by title. The text for titles shall be 3/16 high.

Line Weight:
All lines on a drawing should be equally dark with the exception of construction lines which should be barely visible at arms length. Hidden and center lines have the same width. Object lines should be thicker. Dimension and witness lines should be thin lines. Cutting plane lines should be thick phantom lines. Crosshatching lines should be thin and parallel. The spacing of cross-hatching lines should be consistent.

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Hidden Line Conventions:

Hidden lines are shown on drawing views to represent hidden edges or contours. They are made as a series of dashes, approximately 1/8 long, separated by gaps that are approximately 1/16 long. The following rules should be followed when making hidden lines: 1. Hidden lines should neatly intersect with visible lines at the edge of an object.

SHOULDNT HAVE A GAP

CORRECT

INCORRECT

2. Hidden lines should not appear to be a continuation of a collinear object line. This is also true with curved hidden lines and curved object lines. HIDDEN LINE
SEEMS TO EXTEND THE OBJECT LINE

CORRECT

INCORRECT

3. Hidden lines should meet when two or more come together at one point.

CORRECT

INCORRECT

4. Hidden lines make T and L corners where they meet. Hidden lines should not form a cross (+) if the surfaces do not intersect.

CORRECT

INCORRECT

HIDDEN CORNERS
SHOULD MEET

CORRECT

5. Parallel hidden lines should be drawn with a staggered pattern similar to a brick pattern.

CORRECT

INCORRECT

6. Hidden lines should appear to jump over object lines when possible.

CORRECT
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INCORRECT
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7. Hidden line arcs should begin and end with a dash touching the tangent points with other features. DASH SHOULD TOUCH
TANGENT POINT

CORRECT Center Line Conventions:

INCORRECT

Centerlines are used to represent the axis of symmetry for symmetric parts or features. They also are used to represent bolt circles and paths of motion. The centerline is characterized by a long line, a short dash, and another long line. The figure below shows the approximate sizes for a typical centerline. GAPS ARE 1/16 LONG LONG LINES ARE 3/4 TO 1-1/2 LONG

DASHES ARE APPROX. 1/8 LONG Centerlines are used mainly for dimensioning and should be omitted from unimportant rounded or filleted 1 corners and other shapes that are self-locating. Center lines typically extend approximately 1/4 beyond a round feature, except when used as an extension line in dimensioning. In this case, they are extended as necessary. The following rules should be followed when making centerlines: 1. Use a single centerline in the longitudinal view of round features (holes or solid cylinders) and crossing centerlines in the round view. The dashes should intersect at the center of the round feature. Note that centerlines extend approximately 1/4 beyond the feature.

HOLE

LONGITUDINAL VIEW ROUND VIEW SHAFT LONGITUDINAL VIEW

2. For concentric features, the centerline extends approximately 1/4 beyond the largest feature. CENTER LINE EXTENDS ~ 1/4
BEYOND LARGEST FEATURE

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3.

Omit centerlines on self-locating round corners and on fillets and rounds. R.25 THE CENTER OF THE ARC IS SELF-LOCATING - .25 FROM THE TOP & RIGHT EDGES

4.

Join holes in a pattern with centerlines. Include a dash between holes following the rules for the center linetype if space permits.

5.

Do not include dashes in round views of holes or solid cylinders less than 3/16 diameter.

6.

Show centerlines on circular cut features.

7.

Use centerlines to indicate a bolt circle. A bolt circle represents the location of a round pattern of holes with respect to the center of the feature.

Precedence of Lines:
Often times in engineering graphics, an object line, hidden line, and centerline must coincide on a drawing. At this point, the issue of which one to show becomes important. Object lines always have precedence or cover up hidden and centerlines. Hidden lines have precedence over centerlines. In a view having coincident cutting plane and centerlines, the cutting plane line has precedence. See Figure 3.

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OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE

OVER A CENTER LINE

CUTTING PLANE LINE HAS OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE

OVER A HIDDEN LINE PRECEDENCE OVER A CENTER LINE

CENTER LINES SHOWN AS

SHORT DASHES SEPARATED FROM THE OBJECT BY A SMALL GAP.

HIDDEN LINE HAS PRECEDENCE

OVER A CENTER LINE

Figure 3: Precedence of Lines Dimensioning Conventions:

Dimensions are used to convey the size information of the part. It is important to include all of the necessary information in a neat and organized fashion so as to not confuse the reader. Size information should only be given one time on a drawing. The following figure shows the typical proportions for a dimension: 1/16

1/4 MIN 3/8 MIN

3.06 1.31

1/8

1/16 All drawings shall comply with the following dimensioning rules : 1. On a drawing, include only those dimensions necessary to manufacture or inspect the part. Dimensions should be placed on a drawing so that they are clearly understood and are not ambiguous. A dimension should only appear on a drawing one time. Dimensions should be no closer than 3/8 away from the view. Subsequent rows of dimensions should be no closer than 1/4 away from the previous row of dimensions. Longer dimensions should be further away from the view than smaller dimensions. These spacing values may be increased if space is available on the drawing. In this case, the spacing should be consistent on the drawing, and subsequent row spacing should be less than the first space. Witness lines should extend from 1/16 away from the part to 1/16 beyond the last dimension line.
2

2.

3.
2

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4.

Arrows should be approximately 1/8 long and approximately 1/3 that width. They may be open or closed or filled in.

H/3 H
5.

H = 1/8

Overall dimensions and other dimensions that relate to two adjacent views should be placed between the views. Group dimensions together in one view when possible and appropriate.

1.50 1.00 1.00

1.50

CORRECT
6. 7.

INCORRECT

Dimensions should be given clearly between surfaces and points having a functional relationship to each other so that they can only be interpreted in one way. Dimensions for a feature should be placed in the view that best represents the shape of the feature. This is called contour dimensioning.

1.00

1.00

CORRECT
8. 9. 10. Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines. Neither extension lines nor centerlines should join views together.

INCORRECT

Centerlines are used as extension lines when locating holes in a view. In this case, they may continue to be drawn using the centerline linetype or a witness line can be used.

.50 CORRECT
11. 12.

.50 CORRECT

Dimension lines should not cross. Extension lines should not cross dimension lines. Extension lines may cross if necessary. In this instance, no gaps are shown in the extension lines. No line of a drawing should be used as a dimension line or coincide with a dimension line. A dimension line should never be joined end to end with any line of the drawing.
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13. 14. 15.

To avoid tolerance build-up, leave one dimension out of a string of dimensions. Use two-place decimal dimensions unless more accuracy is required. See page 273 in the text for rules on rounding-off numbers. Dimension lines for small features may require the arrows to be on the outside of the witness lines. The proper techniques are shown here. .50 .50 .50

.50

.50 .25 .50 .50 .75 .25

16. 17.

Diameter dimension values must begin with the symbol f. Holes are located by centerlines in their round view. Size dimensions for round hole features are also given in the round view with a leader. If no depth is specified, the hole is assumed to go through the part and is called a Thru Hole. If the hole is to not go through the part, it is called a Blind Hole and the depth of the hole must be given using the depth symbol as shown below. H = the text height. 1.25 f .50 1.25

f .50

.25

.75

.75

THRU HOLE
18.

BLIND HOLE

DEPTH SYMBOL

Leaders should extend from the beginning or the end of a note or dimension, not from the middle. Leaders must be drawn radially, so that the arrow points to the center of the circle.

f .50 f .75
.25

f .50 f .75
.25

f .50 f .75
.25

CORRECT
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INCORRECT

INCORRECT
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19.

Multiple features having the same size can be dimensioned by a single note indicating the number of features followed by an X, followed by the feature size. 3 X f.50 OBSOLETE VERSIONS OF THIS NOTE ARE: f.50 TYP and f.50, 3 PLCS

20. 21.

The diameter of holes can be shown in the rectangular view of the hole IF and only if the rectangular view is a section view. Counterbores are located by dimensioning to centerlines in their round view. Sizes for counterbores are specified in the round view with a note attached to a leader touching the counterbore.

f.50 f 1.00 .25 f 1.00 MEANING .25 ROUND VIEW W/ PROPER NOTE
22. Countersinks are located by dimensioning to centerlines in their round view. Sizes for countersinks are specified in the round view with a note attached to a leader touching the countersink.

f .50

f .50 f 1.00 x 90 90 MEANING f 1.00 f .50

ROUND VIEW W/ PROPER NOTE

23. Slots should be dimensioned by specifying the width of the slot, the center-to-center distance to the ends of the slot, and specifying an R at an end to indicate that they are round. No number is given in association with the R. 14 2XR

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24.

According to ANSI Y14.5M 1994, slots may alternately be dimensioned using the methods shown below. 22 2XR 8 X 22 2XR

25.

Cylinders should be located by centerlines in their round view. The size information for solid cylinders is given in the rectangular view. 2.00

f.75

RECTANGULAR VIEW 26.

ROUND VIEW

The letter R should always precede a radius dimension. The radial dimension line should only have one arrow, and the leader line should point to or pass through the center point of the arc. The arrow should touch the arc. R .50 R .50

R .50

27.

Chamfers should be dimensioned by a note attached to a leader. The note contains either the length of a side and an angle, or the length of both sides. The word CHAMFER need not appear in the note. .06 X 45 .06 X .06 30 .10

45 CHAMFERS ONLY

28.

Dimension constant radius fillets and rounds for cast parts in a note such as:

FILLETS AND ROUNDS ARE R.12.

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29.

Keyways should be dimensioned by giving the width of the key slot and the total height of the hole and key slot. Keyseats in shafts are dimensioned by giving the width of the slot and the distance from the bottom of the keyseat to the opposite side of the shaft.

.315

3.98

1.392

9.3

SHAFT
30. All lettering of notes and dimensions on a drawing should be horizontal. General notes should appear at the bottom left side of the drawing area. If more than one note is required, they should be numbered sequentially from the bottom of the page towards the top. LOCATION OF NOTES

A-SIZE: 8-1/2 X 11 31.

B-SIZE: 11 X 17

All drawings utilizing the metric system shall use the millimeter as the basic unit of measurement. All dimensions shall be given as whole millimeters. Toleranced dimensions are expressed with a decimal portion. Metric drawings shall have the metric symbol, as shown below, on the right side of the drawing just above the titleblock. The text should be centered in the box.

METRIC
32. 33. On metric drawings, values less than one millimeter begin with a zero preceding the decimal point. For drawings dimensioned in inches, zeroes are omitted from the dimension before the decimal point. On casting drawings, finish marks are used to indicate surfaces to be machined. Finish marks should be placed on the edge views of all finished surfaces, including hidden edges and the contour and circular views of cylindrical surfaces. Finish marks may be omitted from holes or other features that include notes indicating a machining operation. Finish marks should not be shown on parts made from rolled stock. Finish marks are not shown upside down.

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Tolerancing:
As it is impossible to mass-produce parts which are exactly alike, every dimension on a drawing has an allowable variation in size. This variation is called a tolerance. Dimensions on a drawing may be specified or implied. Dimensions are not specifically toleranced have an implied tolerance value which is often indicated in the titleblock. Features of size will be dimensioned using plus/minus tolerance dimensions. The tolerances may be given as unilateral or bilateral tolerances as required. 1.234 +.000 - .002 1.232 +.002 - .001 1.234.002

UNILATERAL

BILATERAL INCH SYSTEM

+0.02 - 0.01

BILATERAL

38.49

+0 -0.05

38.49

28.810.02

UNILATERAL

BILATERAL METRIC SYSTEM

BILATERAL

In cases in which the part will be machined individually by hand, limit dimensions should be given. Limits are the maximum and minimum dimensions of a feature. In limit dimensioning, solid features made by cutting material away will have the larger number above the smaller number. For holes and other features enlarged by cutting, the smaller number is given first.

f .505 .500

f .500 - .505

f .500 .505

The location of features should be controlled using a position tolerance specified in a feature control frame. Note that the dimensions associated with the tolerance are basic. Basic dimensions appear in a box, or can be indicated by a general note. The tolerance of the profile of a part should be controlled with a profile of a surface tolerance in a feature control frame. When using geometric tolerances, datums must be specified and shown on drawings.

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Section Views:
Section views are used to show the interior features of complex parts. Drawings having a section view will show the cutting plane line in the appropriate adjacent view:

FULL SECTION FRONT VIEW

FULL SECTION TOP VIEW

FULL SECTION SIDE VIEW

These rules apply to the creation of section views. 1. Crosshatched areas are to be bounded by object lines. 2. Use the cross-hatching pattern for cast iron. All lines are thin and parallel. The spacing should be consistent. 3. Cutting plane lines are to be thick phantom lines long lines separated by two 1/8 long dashes and three 1/16 dashes. The cutting plane line should extend approximately 1/4 to 1/2 beyond the view depending on the situation. ~3/16 ~1/8

Varies from ~ 1/4 to 1/2 4. Hidden lines are omitted from section views. 5. Visible edges and contours behind the cutting plane line should be shown. CONTOURS BEHIND
CUTTING PLANE LINE ARE SHOWN

CROSS-HATCHING IS BOUNDED BY OBJECT LINES NO HIDDEN LINES SHOWN

6. Centerlines used for dimensioning can extend off of cutting plane lines passing through the center of holes, etc.
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7. When a cutting plane passes longitudinally through a rib, the rib, by convention, is not crosshatched in the section view. If the cutting plane line passes transversely through the rib, the rib is crosshatched.

8. In aligned sections, features such as holes, ribs and spokes are rotated into the plane of the drawing and shown true size and true shape in the section view.

Working Drawings:
A set of working drawings contains an assembly drawing, a parts list, and detail drawings of each nonstandard part. When possible, the parts list will appear on the assembly drawing. The parts in the assembly will be keyed to the parts list by balloons, containing the part number, attached to the parts with leaders. The detail drawings will have a balloon containing the part number which corresponds to the parts list and assembly drawing.

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Threaded Features:
The simplified method of thread representation shall be used on drawings. Thread notes for holes shall include the tap drill size and depth, the proper thread note and the depth of thread. Thread notes for threaded rods shall include the thread note and the length of thread. 3/4 10UNC 2A x 1.25 f .656 1.31 3/4 10UNC-2B .88

LENGTH

TYPICAL THREADED ROD

THREADS IN HOLES ARE USUALLY MADE 3P LONGER THAN THE
REQUIRED EMBEDMENT OF THE FASTENER. THE TAP DRILL DEPTH IS THEN 3P LONGER THAN THE THREAD DEPTH.

NOMINAL
THREAD DIAMETER

THREAD DEPTH

TAP DRILL DEPTH

TAP DRILL
DIAMETER

1P = THE THREAD PITCH = 1 / (# OF THREADS/INCH)

TYPICAL THREADED HOLE

For threads created in a part, we will use the following table to find the minimum engagement to prevent pullout of the steel fastener. D is the nominal diameter of the screw. Part Material Steel Cast Iron Brass Bronze Aluminum Zinc Plastic Minimum Thread Engagement D 1-1/2D

2D

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Stapling Sheets Together:

Multiple sheet submissions must be properly stapled together as shown in the figure below:

Staple in this corner

T I T L E B L O C K

Staple in this corner

Typed or Hand-Written Pages

TITLEBLOCK

T I T L E B L O C K

TITLEBLOCK

TITLEBLOCK

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