Fluid Flow in Pipes

Real Fluid Flow

Laminar vs Turbulent Flow Turbulent flow properties

Flow in pipes
Darcy Weisbach Equation Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Hydraulically smooth Hydraulically rough

Moody Diagram Pipe Flow Problems

Laminar and Turbulent Flows Real Fluids Laminar

mixing on molecular level smooth, well-ordered, laminae Momentum transfer depends upon fluid property (viscosity)

Turbulent
Mixing on macroscopic scale Turbulent eddies superposed on time-averaged velocity Momentum transfer depends upon intensity of mixing 2-D Example: time averaged velocity in x-direction = U time averaged velocity in y-direction = V = 0

U
0

U=U+U ' U ' =0

0

U
time

V=V+V '
0
time

V ' =0

No Slip Criterion
Experimental Observation:
A real fluid adheres completely to any solid surface it contacts (no-slip condition). This is true whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. (e.g. honey sticks to a knife; an ideal, frictionless fluid would not adhere to this same surface)

Turbulent Flow Momentum Transfer

In addition to shear stresses associated with molecular forces (fluid viscosity), in turbulent flow we have additional stresses resulting from the rapid fluctuations in velocity within the fluid. These fluctuations are generated at the fluid boundary and move toward the interior of the fluid.
Region of low momentum Region of high momentum Region of low momentum

Pipe wall

Pipe wall

Laminar flows can be uniform or non-uniform

Turbulent flows can be uniform or non-uniform

Questions: When will flow be laminar? When will flow be turbulent?

Laminar and Turbulent flow in a pipe

Dye pot

Experiments of Osborne Reynolds, circa 1880

Nozzle

valve
Laminar Transition Turbulent

Reynolds Number
Experimental observation- flow characteristics depend on the following dimensionless grouping:
d=diameter (characteristic length) Q V= = average velocity A

Vd Vd = Re
viscocity

Reynolds Number (dimensionless)

kinematic viscocity

In a circular pipe, laminar flow always exists below Re = 2100. (critical Re) For other geometries, we define the velocity and length terms in Re in such a way as to match the geometry. This results in slightly different critical Re. General observation: laminar flows occur at low velocities and/or small characteristic lengths, so therefore laminar flows are not too common in CE practice.

Flow in Closed Conduits (pipe flow)

Flow in Pipes
Energy Equation: 1-D, steady

P1 V12 + z1 + 2g
For flow in pipes

P2 V22 = + z2 + + hL 2g

h L = h friction + h local
hf hlocal = Friction loss = loss associated with localized changes in momentum

hf for uniform, steady flow

Consider a real fluid with shear stresses due to friction. Assume uniform, steady flow inside a pipe, with head loss
HGL
P 1
V2 2g

EGL
P2

hf V2 = V1=V 2

D
1 V1 +s z1 z2

V1 = V2

P 1

V12 P2 V22 + z1 + = + z2 + + hf 2g 2g

P P h f = 1 + z1 2 + z2

Pipe friction losses, hf

From dimensional analysis of uniform, steady flow in a horizontal pipe, we conclude:

P L VD may depend on , , Re = V 2 D D
As the pressure varies linearly with distance along the pipe, we conclude that P is a function of
V 2 L D

Pipe friction losses, hf

Divide by
P V 2 L = h f = is a function of D Specifically, we write L V2 hf = f D 2g
P P hf = + z + z 1 2 where f = "friction factor" that may depend on and Re D

Darcy-Weisbach Equation

Energy Equation:
P1 V12 + z1 + 2g P2 V22 = + z2 + + ( h f )1 2 + ( h local )1 2 2g

Darcy-Weisbach Equation:

L V2 hf = f D 2g

Pipe friction flow regimes

Three regimes 1. Laminar flow 2. Turbulent flow hydraulically smooth 3. Turbulent flow hydraulically rough

How can we quantify the friction factor, f , for each regime?

Laminar Flow
L V2 In general for all flows: h f = f D 2g Combining this general result with the Hagen-Poiseuille* equation for the specific case of laminar flow:

f=

64 64 = VD Re

hf V as Re then f limits: Re 2100

*see text for details

Limited applications in CE practice Has been experimentally verified

Turbulent Flow in Closed Conduits

Turbulent Flow Includes a Viscous Layer Near the Pipe Wall

Main turbulent flow

viscous layer

Laminar flow exists in viscous layer

Hydraulically Smooth < v

f depends on Re (laminar boundary layer) f is independent of

Note: the surface roughness length, , is also written as e

Hydraulically Rough > v

f is independent of Re f depends on

What about transition between regimes?

transition
64 Re

transition

Laminar Hydraulically smooth Hydraulically rough

f=

f is independent of

f depends on f is independent of Re

How do we combine these complex relationships in a useful way?

Determination of f using Moody Diagram:

Recr = 2000

Moody Diagram example 1:

Re = 1.5x104 What is f for a smooth pipe?

f = 0.028

Re = 1.5x104

smooth pipe

Moody Diagram example2:

Re = 1.2x106 What is f for a /D = 0.0003?

f = 0.016

Re = 1.2x106 for /D = 0.0003

What is /D for a 6 diameter cast iron pipe?

For cast iron pipe, the Figure gives = 0.00085 ft at D = 6 inches Therefore /d = .0017 Note: material such as concrete have a wide range of possible values and thus a wide range of /d values, whereas cast iron has only one nominal value.

Pipeline Problems Single Pipes

In general, we want a solution to:

h friction + hlocal

P 1

V12 P2 V22 V22 L V22 + z1 + = + z2 + +f + ( KL ) D 2g 2g 2g 2g

There are three classes of problems Class Knowns Unknown

1 2 3

L, D, , , , Q, K L L, D, , , , H L , L, Q, , , , H L

HL
L L

K , K

Q D

Class 1

Given: L, D, , , , Q, K L

Find: H L

We know Q and D and type of pipe Therefore we also know: v, Re , and /D

Moody diagram

f Re Therefore we can find the friction factor, f, directly from the Moody diagram

Example
GIVEN: 4 cfs of water at steady flow thru 6 inch diameter, cast iron pipe; T = 70 F FIND: Friction factor, f Type of pipe flow (smooth or rough or transition) Frictional head loss over 100 feet of pipe APPROACH: Compute Reynolds number Estimate relative roughness from appropriate data Use Moody diagram to estimate f and determine the type of pipe flow Assume no local losses (KL=0) Use the Darcy-Weisbach equation to compute head loss.

v=

Q 4 ft 3 /s = A (0.25ft )2

Re =

Dv

(0.5 ft )(20.37ft/ sec) = 9.62x105

(0.0000159 ft /sec)
2

For cast iron pipe, the adjacent figure gives = 0.00085 ft at D = 6 inches Therefore /D = .0017 Note: material such as concrete have a wide range of possible values and thus a wide range of /D values, whereas cast iron has only one nominal value.

From the Moody diagram, we estimate f = 0.023. Also from this diagram, we see that the flow is fully rough because the location of the operating point on the diagram is well above the smooth pipe curve and to the right of the transition region (as denoted in Moody diagram). Knowing f, we can compute the head loss from the Darcy-Weisbach formula:
0
2 2 L v 100ft [20.37ft/s] hL = f + KL = 0.023 2 D 2g 0.5ft 2 32.174ft/s

= 29.66 ft water

For turbulent flow, we can also use an empirical formula to estimate f. However, the advantage of using the Moody diagram is that it also immediately tells us what the flow type is. The following formulas are applicable for laminar and turbulent flow: For laminar flow: f = 64/Re for all values of /D For turbulent flow, when 10-6 < /D < 10-2 and 5x103< Re <108 We can use an empirical formula to estimate f. Here we apply the formula using the values from the example problem:
f= 1.325 0.27 5.74 + ln d (Re )0.9
2

1.325 0.27(.00085ft ) 5.74 + ln (0.5ft ) 9.6 x105

0.9

= 0.023

Class 1 Problem: Oil Pipeline Given: 400,000 barrels of oil per day (s.g. oil = 0.95) flows through a 2 ft diameter, horizontal, commercial steel pipeline. Pumping stations are spaced between long stretches of pipe. For optimal performance, the inlet pressure to each of the pumps is designed to be 60 psig and the outlet pressure is 1670 psig. How far apart can we space the pumps?

L =? Approach:
Assume steady flow; no local losses; horizontal pipe Compute maximum allowable head loss from given pressures Knowing the value of /D and Re, determine f from either the Moody diagram or an appropriate empirical formula Use the Darcy-Weisbach formula to estimate the maximum allowable pipe length, L.

4 x105 barrels day hr 5.61 ft 3 3 Q= 24hr 3600 sec barrel = 26.0 ft / sec day
Q 26.0 ft 3 / sec v= = = 8.27 ft / sec A (2 ft )2 /D = (.00015)/2 = .000075 4 assuming T=40F and noting that oil is more viscous than water

Re =

vD

8.27 ft / sec(2 ft ) = 1.5 x10 4 1.1x10 3 ft 2 / sec

Because Re > 2100, flow is turbulent. From Moody diagram (next slide) f = 0.028 and flow is hydraulically smooth.

f = 0.028

Re = 1.5x104

smooth pipe

We can also estimate f using the empirical equation:

f =

1.325 0.27(.00015) 5.74 ln + 2 1.5 x10 4

0.9

= 0.028

The pump design pressures determine the maximum allowable head loss:

( H )

L max

= hf =

(1670 60) lbf2 144in 2

in ft lb f 0.95(62.43 3 ) ft

= 3909ft

From the Darcy-Weisbach formula:

L=

d hf 2 (3909 ) = 2 v (8.27 )2 f 2 g 0.028 2(32.2 )

= 2.6x105 ft = 50 miles

For comparison, consider the Alaska pipeline:

Maximum pump pressure: 1200 psig Minimum pump pressure: 50 psig Flow rate: 1.6 million barrels per day Specific gravity of oil: 0.93 Oil temperature: 120 F Pipe diameter: 4 feet Pipe surface roughness: 0.0005 ft Average velocity of oil: 8.3 ft/sec Reynolds number: 1.7x105 Friction factor, f: 0.017 Length of pipe between pumps: 120 miles Pump horsepower: 36,800 h.p. Pump efficiency: 85%

Pictures: http://patrickendres.com/alaska_oil_pipeline.shtml

Each 40 ft. length of pipe expands .031 inches with each 10 F rise in temperature and contracts the same distance with each 10F drop in temperature. Longitudinal expansion of typical 720 ft. straight above-ground segment from min. tie-in temperature to maximum operating temperature - 9 inches. Note: due to anchoring, the pipeline does not expand lengthwise but shifts laterally on the above-ground supports Maximum above-ground lateral movementTie-in to hot position - 8 ft. Tie-in to cold position - 4 ft.