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OPTICAL FIBER
An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber
that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fiber is used, glass or plastic, to contain and guide light waves Capacity
Microwave at 10 GHz with 10% utilization ratio:
1 GHz BW Light at 100 Tera Hz (1014 ) with 10% utilization ratio: 100 THz (10,000GHz)
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EVOLUTION OF FIBER
1880 Alexander Graham Bell 1930 Patents on tubing 1950 Patent for two-layer glass wave-guide 1960 Laser first used as light source
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INTRODUCTION
Fibers of glass . Usually 120 micrometers in diameter Used to carry signals in the form of light over
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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
Core thin glass center of the fiber where light travels. Cladding outer optical material
surrounding the core Buffer Coating plastic coating that protects the fiber.
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TYPES OF FIBERS
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TYPES OF FIBERS(CONT.)
Optical fibers come in two types:
Single-mode fibers used to transmit one signal per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser. Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many signals per fiber (used in computer networks). They have larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from LED.
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ADVANTAGES
Capacity: much wider bandwidth (10 GHz) Crosstalk immunity Safety: Fiber is non-metalic
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DISADVANTAGES
Higher initial cost in installation Interfacing cost Strength: Lower tensile strength
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AREAS OF APPLICATION
Telecommunications Local Area Networks Cable TV
CCTV
Optical Fiber Sensors
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another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Basic steps : Creating the optical signal using transmitter, Relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, Receiving the optical signal, Converting it into an electrical signal.
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Source-to-Fiber
Fiber-Optic Cable
Fiber-to-light Interface
Light Detector
Amplifier/Shaper Decoder
Output
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Receiver
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optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light. Enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
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BANDWIDTH
Every day the demand for more capacity grows.
AVAILABILITY
High speed throughput is limited by the last mile .
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THE DIFFERENCE
FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE
LOCAL LOOP
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WI-FI
Wi-Fi is the only real option
for wireless connectivity in homes & small businesses. The data transfer rates are less than needed, especially when multiple devices use the same connection. Full multiplexing is not possible for Wi-Fi.
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WIRES
To avoid Wi-Fi bottlenecks, this is the alternative:
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A NEW SOLUTION
Replace radio waves with beams of light
BREAKTHROUGH
Researchers discovered a way to encode infrared
light with data in a way that dramatically improves transmission speed The method delivers speeds more than 1 Gbps
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by Wi-Fi, light photons can deliver broader bandwidth that can be used simultaneously by multiple devices. Also, photons do not interfere with each other or pass through walls like radio transmissions
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HOW IT WORKS
The encoded infrared light is sent through a special
holographic grid resulting in multiple beams all carrying the same data
of a room, and devices fitted with infrared receivers pick up data from the beams anywhere within the array Beams reflect off of walls, desktops, even faces
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bandwidth, white LED lamps could replace infrared in future optical wireless systems. White LEDs could light up rooms efficiently while simultaneously providing broadband wireless access.
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they will become the standard light source for homes because of their energy efficiency. Wireless systems based on them would be easy to integrate into existing fixtures
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MORE ADVANCEMENTS
Chosen for systems requiring higher bandwidth or
spanning longer distances than electrical cabling can accommodate. Can be installed in areas with high electromagnetic interference (EMI), such as alongside utility lines, power lines, and railroad tracks and areas of high lightning. With these benifits,optical fiber technology is stretching its hands in communication field,where thousands of electrical links would be required to replace a single high bandwidth fiber cable
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